Deck 3: Genetics: Reproducing Life and Producing Variation

Question 1

Homeotic (Hox) genes are

A) structural genes.
B) responsible for the development and location of key body parts.
C) responsible for determining the sex of offspring.
D) not used during embryonic development.

Answer 1

responsible for the development and location of key body parts.

Question 2

In mammals, the male parent's gametes determine the sex of his offspring because

A) the X chromosome originates only from females.
B) sperm are more powerful than eggs.
C) the Y chromosome is present in males only.
D) the X chromosome determines sex.

Answer 2

the Y chromosome is present in males only.

Question 3

Transfer RNA

A) seeks complementary triplet strands of mRNA codons.
B) contains a random sequence of codons.
C) breaks amino acids apart from their polypeptide chains.
D) facilitates the movement of DNA between cells.

Answer 3

seeks complementary triplet strands of mRNA codons.

Question 4

DNA is important for protein synthesis because it

A) is the biological code for the production of hormones and enzymes.
B) serves as a template to which amino acids are attached in protein production.
C) provides the code to produce proteins.
D) transfers information from RNA to proteins.

Question 5

________ DNA is heteroplasmic, meaning it can differ among different parts of a person's body.

A) Nuclear
B) All
C) Ribosomal
D) Mitochondrial

Question 6

Meiosis results in the production of

A) two gametes.
B) four gametes.
C) a single gamete.
D) two identical somatic cells.

Question 7

Proteins consist of

A) genes.
B) RNA plus mRNA.
C) chains of DNA nucleotides.
D) chains of amino acids.

Question 8

DNA replication produces

A) four identical daughter cells.
B) two identical copies of itself.
C) two single strands of DNA.
D) four single strands of DNA.

Question 9

Prokaryotes first appeared

A) 10,000 years ago.
B) 1 mya.
C) 3.5 bya.
D) 65 mya.

Question 10

The gene responsible for lactose persistence among adults in Europe is a ________ gene.

A) structural
B) dominant
C) regulatory
D) Hox

Question 11

Transcription

A) occurs in the nucleus.
B) occurs in the ribosome.
C) results in the production of proteins.
D) results in the transformation of mitochondria.

Question 12

Nucleotide bases in nuclear DNA include all of the following EXCEPT

A) thymine.
B) adenine.
C) uracil.
D) cytosine.

Question 13

Hox genes

A) appear to function in similar ways across diverse groups of organisms.
B) function only in fruit flies.
C) control which amino acids get plugged into polypeptide chains.
D) control the development of language in humans.

Question 14

Haplotypes are

A) not likely to recombine during crossovers.
B) likely to recombine during crossovers.
C) genes that code for similar things.
D) genetic material that come from one parent only.

Question 15

Down syndrome can occur

A) as a result of translocation during mitosis.
B) because of nondisjunction, which yields an extra chromosome.
C) most frequently in the offspring of women under the age of 40.
D) most frequently in the offspring of men under the age of 40.

Question 16

RNA differs from DNA in that it uses

A) uracil instead of adenine.
B) uracil instead of guanine.
C) guanine instead of uracil.
D) uracil instead of thymine.

Question 17

In his work on pea plants, Mendel found that plant height was inherited independently of the type or color of the seed coat.This finding

A) applies only to genes on the same chromosome.
B) demonstrates the law of independent assortment.
C) explains gene linkage.
D) explains inheritance only in simple organisms.

Question 18

Complementary bases in DNA are

A) adenine and thymine.
B) adenine and cytosine.
C) guanine and thymine.
D) guanine and uracil.

Question 19

Somatic cells include all of the following EXCEPT

A) lung cells.
B) gametes.
C) skin cells.
D) neurons.

Question 20

Gametes are

A) diploid.
B) haploid.
C) produced during mitosis.
D) somatic.

Question 21

There are seven types of proteins.Three of them are structural, mechanical, and nutrient. What are the other four?

A) enzymes, gas transport, antigen, and hormones
B) enzymes, gas transport, antibodies, and hormones
C) enzymes, gas transport, antigen, and catalyzing
D) enzymes, transcription, antibodies, and hormones

Question 22

Microsatellites are

A) small satellite transmitters used in genetic research.
B) useful for determining group but not individual identification.
C) highly individualized repetitive stretches of nuclear DNA.
D) known from Watson and Crick's 1950s research.

Question 23

Which of the following statements is an accurate comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A) Prokaryotic cells include the gametes and various single-celled organisms, while eukaryotic cells may occur as single-celled or multicelled organisms.
B) Eukaryotic cells include gametes, have cell membranes and a nucleus, and may occur as single-celled or multicelled organisms.
C) Prokaryotic cells make up single-celled organisms, while eukaryotic cells make up multicelled organisms.
D) The earliest eukaryotic cells appeared about 3.5 billion years ago, while the earliest prokaryotic cells appeared about 1.2 billion years ago.

Question 24

A trait's heritability is the proportion of its variation that

A) is inherited.
B) cannot be explained.
C) is the product of genes and environment.
D) results from the environment alone.

Question 25

The expression of polygenic traits is

A) never determined by the influence of environmental factors.
B) determined by genes at several loci.
C) determined by multiple genes at one locus.
D) determined solely by the influence of environmental factors.

Question 26

In his experiments with garden peas, Mendel found that one physical unit is inherited from the father and one from the mother.This provided evidence for

A) Mendel's law of independent assortment.
B) Thomas Hunt Morgan's ideas of mutation.
C) Mendel's law of segregation.
D) Mendel's concept of nondisjunction.

Question 27

Describe the steps involved in protein synthesis.

Question 28

A doctor finds that the mammary glands of a woman are not functioning due to a genetic abnormality that influences the structural design of the thoracic cavity.This is likely the result of a mutation

A) on the sex chromosomes.
B) in a Hox gene.
C) in HSV-1.
D) in an antibody.

Question 29

Homologous chromosomes

A) are genetically identical.
B) carry genetic information that influences the same traits.
C) are inherited only from the mother.
D) are members of different pairs.

Question 30

What is the evolutionary significance of meiosis?

Question 31

If two alleles influencing the expressed phenotype for a trait are equally expressed, this is an example of

A) polymorphism.
B) codominance.
C) pleiotropy.
D) Mendelian inheritance.

Question 32

Somatic cells are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A) each includes a nucleus at some stage of its development.
B) they are used in multiple tissues throughout the body.
C) each contains half a copy of an organism's DNA.
D) each contains a complete copy of all of an organism's DNA.

Question 33

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) differs from ribonucleic acid (RNA) in that it

A) was studied during Darwin's lifetime.
B) is the so-called recipe for all biological characteristics and functions in animals.
C) was discovered by Mendel.
D) is stored in ribosomes.

Question 34

Use what you know about meiosis to explain Mendel's law of segregation and law of independent assortment.

Question 35

A small molecule known as a methyl group can attach to DNA.Which of the following statements about this event is true?

A) This is the event that initiates DNA transcription.
B) This is the event that stops DNA translation.
C) This event, called methylation, usually stops or represses the expression of a gene.
D) This event, called linkage, was discovered by Mendel but was not completely understood until decades later.

Question 36

Human ABO blood types are determined by

A) regulatory genes.
B) multiple alleles.
C) multiple genes.
D) homeotic genes.

Question 37

Chromosome number is reduced during

A) mitosis.
B) recombination.
C) translation.
D) meiosis.

Question 38

The presence of a recessive allele

A) can always be determined from the phenotype.
B) can be masked in the phenotype.
C) is expressed in the phenotype alongside a dominant allele.
D) can never be expressed in the phenotype.

Question 39

DNA

A) is single stranded.
B) contains six different nucleotide bases.
C) directs cellular function.
D) contains the base uracil.

Question 40

Individuals whose blood type is A and who carry both dominant and recessive genes at this locus have a genotype of

A) AA.
B) AO.
C) AB.
D) OO.

Question 41

Define polygenic and pleiotropic traits and explain their significance for researchers' efforts to link human genotypes to phenotypes.