Deck 13: The Past 10,000 Years: Agriculture, Population, Biology

Question 1

The adoption of agriculture resulted in

A) widespread weight gain.
B) increased infectious disease.
C) an increase in health generally.
D) a decrease in infectious disease.

Answer 1

increased infectious disease.

Question 2

New World domesticated products include

A) wheat.
B) rice.
C) cotton.
D) pigs.

Answer 2

cotton.

Question 3

In the American Midwest, native seed crops goosefoot, sumpweed, and sunflowers were farmed about ________ yBP.

A) 11,500
B) 8,000
C) 6,000-1,000
D) 10,500

Answer 3

6,000-1,000

Question 4

The human population increase of the Holocene was probably due to

A) a decrease in disease as a result of sedentism.
B) more effective medical practices.
C) decreased birth spacing.
D) a dramatic increase in nutritional quality as a result of agriculture.

Question 5

Some cases of anemia, which cause red blood cell production to increase in response to iron deficiency or blood loss, may lead to

A) cribra orbitalia in eye orbits.
B) expansion and porosity of long bones.
C) a parasitic infection.
D) a genetic disease.

Question 6

The masticatory-functional hypothesis states that

A) over time there was a clear reduction in the size of the face and jaws.
B) tooth and jaw size have decreased over time.
C) change in skull form represents a response to decreased demands on the chewing muscles.
D) tooth and jaw size increased over time.

Question 7

Based on the archaeological record from various areas, an initial effect of agriculture was that

A) people became shorter.
B) people became taller.
C) people's height remained the same, but they became more robust.
D) women became taller while men became shorter.

Question 8

Comparisons of the bones from hunter-gatherers to later agriculturalists to modern peoples show

A) a remarkable decline in size.
B) an increase in size.
C) variation in size to a high degree.
D) a near vanishing of sexual dysmorphism in body size.

Question 9

Tooth size and jaw size have reduced in the last ________ yBP.

A) 17,000
B) 10,000
C) 6,000
D) 3,000

Question 10

Dental caries in the New World increased at the same time that populations started growing

A) nuts.
B) corn.
C) seeds.
D) animal protein.

Question 11

As towns and cities began to compete for increasingly limited resources,

A) organized warfare developed.
B) cities dissolved into numerous small villages.
C) agriculture increased as well.
D) violence decreased.

Question 12

Extreme anemia can lead to

A) cancer.
B) porotic hyperostosis.
C) heart disease.
D) measles.

Question 13

Cavities in the teeth are also called

A) hypoplasias.
B) enamel defects.
C) dentin foramina.
D) dental caries.

Question 14

The dog was the first animal to be domesticated by

A) 30,000 and 15,000 years ago.
B) the beginning of the Middle Paleolithic.
C) the Lower Paleolithic.
D) the beginning of the Cenozoic.

Question 15

The frequent occurrence of agriculture around the world was accompanied by which two phenomena?

A) an increase in population size and food shortages
B) a change in climate and consequent changes in environment
C) the distribution of land wealth and trade of produce
D) a decline in nutritional quality and increase in infectious disease

Question 16

Domestication produced more food per unit area of land than had hunting and gathering, meaning

A) more people were needed to produce more food.
B) more people could be fed from the same amount of land.
C) more storage was necessary for the extra food provided by domestication.
D) fewer people were available for labor.

Question 17

The archaeological record suggests that farming began in southeastern Turkey by ________ yBP.

A) 6,000
B) 4,000
C) 1,500
D) 10,500

Question 18

Two-thirds of calorie intake comes from the key cereal grains domesticated in the earlier Holocene, especially

A) barley, sorghum, and wheat.
B) wheat, barley, corn, and rice.
C) oats, wheat, and rice.
D) corn, rice, and beans.

Question 19

One of the MOST important adaptive transitions in hominin evolution is

A) the shift from foraging to farming.
B) having color depth perception.
C) a larger brain.
D) a change in the arm-to-leg ratio.

Question 20

The Neolithic demographic transition resulted in

A) a decrease in birthrate.
B) earlier weaning.
C) a slow increase in the world's population.
D) a shift from high birthrate to low birthrate.

Question 21

An oval cross section of an adult femur suggests that the individual

A) was likely very physically active.
B) was lethargic and largely sedentary.
C) had a nutritional deficiency as a child.
D) You cannot discern anything from the shape of a bone.

Question 22

A symptom of anemia where spongy bone invades the eye sockets is called

A) hyperostosis.
B) trabeculitis.
C) orbital arthritis.
D) cribra orbitalia.

Question 23

A round cross section of a long bone suggests that the bone will

A) have greater strength through one of its axes.
B) have less strength through its y-axis.
C) have equal strength in all directions.
D) break given a small amount of tension.

Question 24

During your lab you are asked to identify the pathological feature of spongy bone invading the eye socket that occurs in the interior upper surface of the eye sockets; you diagnose the condition as

A) porotic hyperostosis, resulting from iron-deficiency anemia.
B) periosteal reaction, resulting from changes in diet.
C) ameloblasts, resulting from changes in diet and parasitic infection.
D) cribra orbitalia, resulting from iron-deficiency anemia or parasitic infection.

Question 25

The domestication of wheat and barley spread to Greece by ________ yBP.

A) 1,000
B) 7,000
C) 15,000
D) 18,000

Question 26

Agriculture resulted in

A) higher-quality nutrition.
B) a stable, healthy food source.
C) population sedentism and crowding.
D) a shift in social dynamics, resulting in larger families.

Question 27

The core of the adaptive success characterized by population explosion was the result of

A) a decreased food supply.
B) an increased food supply.
C) agriculture.
D) a sedentary lifestyle.

Question 28

Agricultural foods eventually shifted nutrition from a generalized diet to one focused on

A) carbohydrates.
B) high levels of fat.
C) poorer-quality protein.
D) carbohydrates and poorer-quality protein.

Question 29

Hunter-gatherers' skeletons tend to show

A) less osteoarthritis.
B) higher levels of activity.
C) lower workload/activity.
D) bones with lower density.

Question 30

Modern diseases made possible by overcrowding include, but are not limited to,

A) measles, mumps, and cholera.
B) smallpox and influenza.
C) chicken pox.
D) measles, mumps, cholera, smallpox, and influenza.

Question 31

The last 10,000 years is called the

A) Cenozoic.
B) Quaternary.
C) Solutren.
D) Holocene.

Question 32

________ iron is found in some foods that provide all the amino acids humans require in their diet.

A) Heme
B) Nonheme
C) Flat
D) Raw

Question 33

The Neolithic site Çatalhöyük is located in

A) southwest Asia.
B) southern Africa.
C) central Mexico.
D) India.

Question 34

What form of subsistence pattern is found in the Neolithic period? Name three geographic regions where Neolithic lifeways appeared independently.

Question 35

Domesticated plants such as ________ come from temperate zone wild ancestors, while ________ come from warmer, more tropical regions.

A) rye and rice; squash and taro
B) yam and taro; sorghum and millet
C) wheat and yam; cotton and barley
D) rye and wheat; yam and manioc

Question 36

What effect did the advent of agriculture have on the level of interpersonal violence seen in the archaeological record?

A) Violence increased.
B) Violence decreased.
C) Violence stayed about the same.
D) Intercultural violence increased.

Question 37

A(n) ________ is a scientist who studies plant remains in the archaeological record.

A) paleontologist
B) paleoethnobotanist
C) ethnologist
D) zooarchaeologist

Question 38

Parasitic infections are a primary cause of ________ in many regions of the globe.

A) iron-deficiency anemia
B) Staphylococcus aureus
C) treponematoses
D) endemic disease

Question 39

By the close of the Pleistocene, the human population numbered

A) several thousand.
B) 7 billion.
C) several million.
D) 1 billion.

Question 40

Comparisons between hunter-gatherers and later agriculturalists show

A) an increase in tooth size.
B) greater robusticity of the long arm bones only.
C) a decline in skull size.
D) an increase in bone density.

Question 41

Discuss the evidence from the skeletons and teeth of early agriculturalists.Then describe the negative consequences of a shift from food foraging to the domestication of food in terms of pathologic evidence.

Question 42

What two models discuss how innovations spread? By what mechanism did wheat spread from the Levant into Europe?

Question 43

Domestication of plants and animals led to stable food supplies during the Holocene; however, it also resulted in significant environmental and health problems.Discuss these problems in terms of natural selection.

Question 44

Discuss how morphologic changes to modern humans' faces, mandibles, and teeth changed after
the shift to agriculture and consumption of softer foods.