Deck 1: The Nature of Learning and Memory

Question 1

Edward Thorndike studied the association between two stimuli.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The inability to form new memories is called __________, whereas the loss of memory from before an accident or incident is called ___________.

A) retrograde Korsakov's syndrome; anterograde Korsakov's syndrome
B) anterograde Korsakov's syndrome; retrograde Korsakov's syndrome
C) retrograde amnesia; anterograde amnesia
D) anterograde amnesia; retrograde amnesia

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The term reminiscence was coined by ________.

A) Maine de Biran
B) Aristotle
C) William James
D) Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A critical feature of experimentation in learning and memory is the operational definition of the constructs included.

Question 5

Sherry is driving down the highway when she hears the familiar sound of a fire truck behind her. She immediately feels her heart race as she pulls off the road. According to Maine de Biran, Sherry has just experienced a __________.

A) mechanical memory
B) sensitive memory
C) representative memory
D) flexible memory

Question 6

Mary recently suffered a stroke and has trouble remembering things. Her memory loss due to the stroke is called _______.

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) progressive Alzheimer's disease
C) amnesia
D) amnestic Alzheimer's disease

Question 7

In an experiment, the control group receives a placebo and the experimental group receives the active ingredient.

Question 8

The ability to alter our skills and add to our knowledge is called _______, while the expression of this ability is called _________.

A) learning; memory
B) genotype; phenotype
C) nature; nurture
D) genetic programming; expressive programming

Question 9

Both Maine de Biran and William James agree that:

A) memory has a strong biological beginning in reflex pathways.
B) familiarity defines memory pathways.
C) simple rehearsal strengthens memory pathways.
D) complicated behaviors are formed from simple habits.

Question 10

William James's work distinguishing between complex memories and simple habits was guided by observations of reflex arcs in biology.

Question 11

Aristotle compared a memory to a replication of a perceived object that we record independently of its original context.

Question 12

Declarative memory is an example of cognitive memory.

Question 13

Clive Wearing suffered serious memory loss from permanent brain damage after a viral infection. The memory loss resulting from his ailment is called ________.

A) Korsakov's syndrome
B) amnesia
C) encephalitis
D) viral memory loss

Question 14

John B. Watson was among the first memory researchers to endorse cognitivism.

Question 15

Genotype correlations generally tell us more about populations rather than individual behaviors and abilities.

Question 16

Recognizing that a vehicle in the parking lot is a Jeep Cherokee is called _________, but remembering specific memories that you have had in your friend's Jeep Cherokee is called __________.

A) recollection; familiarity
B) familiarity; recollection
C) habitual memory; emotional memory
D) emotional memory; habitual memory

Question 17

Genetic predispositions refer to:

A) specific ways in which we use our abilities.
B) specific skills we develop over time.
C) the range of our capabilities.
D) the physical expression of our abilities.

Question 18

Which of the following problems is NOT related to Korsakov's syndrome?

A) chronic alcoholism
B) prefrontal cortex damage
C) selective memory loss
D) high intake of vitamins

Question 19

Genetic transmission helps to explain nurture, and environment is an example of nature when explaining behaviors.

Question 20

According to Maine de Biran, a sensitive memory forms after we practice our response to a specific stimulus.

Question 21

Mark Packard and James McGaugh's 1996 research on learning and memory is a good example of the ____________ perspective.

A) classical
B) cognitive
C) behaviorist
D) neurobiological

Question 22

In a study of the effects of marijuana on a learning task, participants are asked to smoke a "cigarette" before learning how to complete a task. Some participants smoke regular cigarettes while others smoke cigarettes injected with THC (the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana). The errors the participants made while doing the learning task is called the __________ variable.

A) dependent
B) independent
C) control
D) experimental

Question 23

William James called the ability to hold and manipulate information for a short period of time ________ memory, and called the permanent storage of information ________ memory.

A) primary; secondary
B) secondary; primary
C) short-term; long-term
D) sensory; secondary

Question 24

Frederic Bartlett's 1932 work on memory showed that:

A) memories are formed because of simple associations.
B) repetition of information can improve one's memory.
C) memory is not an elaborate network but a set of simple connected ideas.
D) prior knowledge influences what one remembers.

Question 25

Which learning approach best describes why students participate in research projects because they get bonus points?

A) classical conditioning
B) collective conditioning
C) instrumental conditioning
D) response conditioning

Question 26

In a study of the effects of marijuana on a learning task, participants are asked to smoke a "cigarette" before learning how to complete a task. Some participants smoke regular cigarettes while others smoke cigarettes injected with THC (the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana). The type of cigarette smoked is called the ________ variable.

A) dependent
B) independent
C) control
D) experimental

Question 27

Ebbinghaus studied memory processes by using _____________ as his stimuli.

A) binary vowels
B) word pairs
C) nonsense syllables
D) nonsense word pairs

Question 28

Behaviorism is NOT concerned with which of the following learning concepts?

A) intention
B) trial and error
C) reflexes
D) associations

Question 29

Cognitive memory is also called ________ memory.

A) explicit
B) implicit
C) nondeclarative
D) active

Question 30

Which of the following techniques were NOT used by Ebbinghaus to study memory?

A) savings
B) statistical analyses
C) introspection
D) objective assessments

Question 31

Edward Tolman's research in learning and memory was most like that of ___________.

A) John B. Watson
B) Edward Thorndike
C) Frederic Bartlett
D) Ivan Pavlov

Question 32

Jackie is going to study spatial performance on a paper/pencil task under time pressures. One group will be constantly reminded of the time remaining to complete the task while the second group will just be asked to complete the task. The participants receiving the information about the time remaining are in the _________ group and those receiving no time reminders are in the __________ group.

A) independent; dependent
B) dependent; independent
C) control; experimental
D) experimental; control

Question 33

When a rat is placed in a T-maze and learns to turn left to get the food, behaviorists would call this learning strategy an example of ___________.

A) place learning
B) response learning
C) probed learning
D) strategic learning

Question 34

According to a study by Bechera et. al. (1995), the subject with selective hippocampal damage did not __________.

A) remember the task events or show conductance to the boat horn
B) remember the task events
C) show conductance to the boat horn
D) react to the boat horn or show conductance to the different colors

Question 35

Drew is going to conduct a study on memory and he will measure how many items participants can remember after studying a list of words for 30 seconds. The number of words recalled by the participants is called the _____________ variable.

A) operational
B) independent
C) dependent
D) control

Question 36

The finding that hippocampal inactivation selectively eliminated place memory, whereas striatum inactivation selectively eliminates response memory in rats, is an example of ___________.

A) double dissociation
B) selective dissociation
C) selective memory
D) dissociative memory

Question 37

Response learning is very similar to what William James described as a practiced, rigid movement to a stimulus called a(n) _________.

A) reflex
B) automatic reaction
C) habit
D) classical response

Question 38

Ivan Pavlov was a Russian ___________.

A) physiologist
B) psychologist
C) behaviorist
D) doctor

Question 39

Which of the following researchers did NOT use animals to study behavior?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) Edward Thorndike
C) John B. Watson
D) Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 40

After conducting a correlational study between the effects of alcohol on memory, Jamie finds that memory impairments increase with the number of alcoholic drinks consumed. What can he conclude from his study?

A) Memory impairments are directly caused by drinking alcohol.
B) Alcohol causes memory impairments after drinking a certain amount.
C) Memory impairments are associated with increased alcohol consumption.
D) Drinking alcohol causes memory loss.

Question 41

What did Hermann Ebbinghaus contribute to the area of learning and memory?

Question 42

How did early animal studies advance the study of learning and memory? Give specific examples to support your answer.

Question 43

Behavioral memory includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A) habituation.
B) sensitization.
C) perceptual learning.
D) semantic memory.

Question 44

Which if the following is NOT a major theme of this textbook?

A) Observations from many approaches have helped to explain learning and memory.
B) Neurobiological evidence has made a strong contribution to learning and memory.
C) The memory taxonomies apply to both animals and humans.
D) Research in the area of learning and memory can be correlational or experimental.

Question 45

Dominic has a vivid memory of when he was a child at his fifth birthday party. This is a specific example of a(n) ________ memory.

A) semantic
B) procedural
C) episodic
D) habituative

Question 46

Discuss each side of the nature/nurture debate and describe how factors in each area work together in respects to learning and memory. Give specific examples to support your answer.

Question 47

Give specific examples of how studying individuals with amnesia, like Clive Wearing and Jimmie G., can further our understanding of learning and memory.

Question 48

Learning that Freud is the father of psychoanalysis in your psychology class is an example of a(n) _________ memory.

A) semantic
B) procedural
C) episodic
D) habituative

Question 49

Compare and contrast correlational and experimental approaches to the study of learning and memory.

Question 50

Learning how to drive a car is an example of:

A) perceptual learning.
B) emotional learning.
C) sensitization.
D) procedural learning.