Deck 13: Why Do We Sleep and Dream 

Question 1

_____ is influenced by daily biorhythms.

A)Sleeping
B)Feeding
C)Social interaction
D)All of the answers are correct.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Eating behavior is an example of:

A)circadian rhythm.
B)ultradian rhythm.
C)infradian rhythm.
D)circannual rhythm.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A biological clock that is entrained:

A)is a free-running rhythm.
B)has been reset by a Zeitgeber.
C)has been temporarily terminated by a hormonal change.
D)is the same as a sequence of rhythms.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Our biological rhythms are influenced by:

A)Earth orbiting around the sun.
B)the rotational axis of the planet.
C)light.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 5

When all external cues are removed, animals develop a free-running rhythm. The free-running rhythm of a human is:

A)24 hours.
B)more than 24 hours.
C)less than 24 hours.
D)inconsistent and vastly different for all people.

Question 6

The day-night cycle that influences sleeping and waking is called:

A)circadian rhythm.
B)diurnal rhythm.
C)nocturnal rhythm.
D)metabolic rhythm.

Question 7

Which of the following would be the most effective treatment for your friend who seems to develop seasonal affective disorder during the winter?

A)exercise
B)a high-carbohydrate diet
C)phototherapy
D)vitamin C

Question 8

Daily sleep-wake cycles are an example of:

A)circannual rhythm.
B)circadian rhythm.
C)ultradian rhythm.
D)infradian rhythm.

Question 9

If sparrows are tested in constant light, their free-running periods are _____, whereas if they are tested in constant darkness, their free-running periods are _____.

A)more than 24 hours; less than 24 hours
B)less than 24 hours; more than 24 hours
C)absent; extended
D)extended; absent

Question 10

A free-running rhythm is:

A)determined by temperature.
B)determined by light.
C)determined from within the body.
D)determined by temperature and light and from within the body.

Question 11

Which of the following is the most potent Zeitgeber for humans?

A)eating times
B)darkness
C)light
D)temperature

Question 12

The clock on most computers is continually updated and reset via an Internet connection to a time server. In this example, the time server acts as a(n):

A)circadian rhythm.
B)Zeitgeber.
C)free-running rhythm.
D)infradian rhythm.

Question 13

Diurnal is to nocturnal as:

A)night is to day.
B)sleep is to activity.
C)activity is to sleep.
D)day is to night.

Question 14

Migratory cycles of birds are examples of:

A)circannual rhythms.
B)circadian rhythms.
C)ultradian rhythms.
D)infradian rhythms.

Question 15

The human menstrual cycle is an example of:

A)circannual rhythm.
B)ultradian rhythm.
C)infradian rhythm.
D)circadian rhythm.

Question 16

Daily fluctuations in the rhythmical movement of plant leaves come from:

A)temperature changes.
B)conditions within the plant.
C)sunlight changes.
D)changes in the electromagnetic field.

Question 17

When all external cues are removed (e.g., living in a dark, windowless basement) humans will start:

A)going to bed earlier and earlier every night.
B)going to bed later and later each night.
C)eating less and less every day.
D)eating more and more every day.

Question 18

Ultradian rhythms have a period of _____, while infradian rhythms have a period of _____.

A)less than one day; more than one day but less than one year
B)more than one day but less than one year; less than one day
C)one day; less than one day
D)less than one day; one day

Question 19

The time required for a complete cycle of activity is called a(n):

A)biological rhythm.
B)phase.
C)period.
D)epoch.

Question 20

Cues that maintain rhythmicity are known as:

A)entrainers.
B)cyclers.
C)pacemakers.
D)Zeitgebers.

Question 21

People who are blind:

A)do not have an entrained circadian rhythm.
B)still have an entrained circadian rhythm.
C)have a faster circadian rhythm than sighted persons.
D)have a slower circadian rhythm than sighted persons.

Question 22

_____ expose(s) individuals to artificial light and disrupts circadian rhythms.

A)Jet lag
B)Zeitgebers
C)Entrainment
D)Light pollution

Question 23

What is the correct sequence of the circadian feedback loop of the SCN?

A)translation-transcription-inhibition-decay
B)transcription-translation-inhibition-decay
C)translation-inhibition-transcription-decay
D)transcription-inhibition-translation-decay

Question 24

Which of the following structures does NOT send inputs to the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A)intergeniculate leaflet
B)raphe nucleus
C)retinohypothalamic tract
D)other nuclei in the hypothalamus

Question 25

One of the most common treatments for the control of seasonal affective disorder is:

A)benzodiazepines.
B)white light.
C)Seconal.
D)sodium amytal.

Question 26

If neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) are isolated from one another, they:

A)increase their rhythm.
B)decrease their rhythm.
C)get out of sync.
D)remain in sync.

Question 27

Research has shown that Zeitgebers are most effective:

A)at sunrise only.
B)at sunset only.
C)during the night.
D)at sunrise and sunset.

Question 28

Rhythmicity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus likely:

A)is learned.
B)originated elsewhere in the brain.
C)is genetically determined.
D)developed as the result of sunlight.

Question 29

Jet lag would be the worst if you were flying:

A)from Boston to London.
B)from Paris to Rome.
C)from London to New York.
D)from Paris to London.

Question 30

David has recently begun working the graveyard shift (from 10 p.m. to 6
A)depression

A)m.).Since the change, he has been getting sick more often.He believes that he might have developed _____ because of the change, and it has caused his immune system to falter.
B)metabolic syndrome
C)a vitamin D deficiency
D)SAD

Question 31

If a female rat is lesioned in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, so her behavior is no longer rhythmic, and she subsequently becomes pregnant, her pups will:

A)fail to develop a circadian rhythm.
B)have to learn rhythmic behavior by watching intact rats.
C)develop a normal circadian rhythm.
D)adopt nocturnal rhythms.

Question 32

According to a study by Curt Richter, running, eating, and drinking no longer occurred at appropriate times following lesions to the:

A)orbitofrontal cortex.
B)thalamus.
C)hypothalamus.
D)tectum.

Question 33

The brain's master clock is housed in the:

A)pineal gland.
B)caudate nucleus.
C)pituitary gland.
D)suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Question 34

The effects of lesioning the suprachiasmatic nucleus can be reversed by:

A)intense exposure to light.
B)electrical stimulation.
C)transplants of SCN cells.
D)stem cell transplants.

Question 35

The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives light-related inputs from retinal ganglion cells containing:

A)melanopsin.
B)rhodopsin.
C)retinol.
D)vitamin A.

Question 36

The pigment melanopsin is sensitive to wavelengths of:

A)red light.
B)yellow light.
C)green light.
D)blue light.

Question 37

Shift workers (e.g., working 11 p.m. to 7
A)insomnia.

A)m.) tend to develop:
B)hypersomnia.
C)metabolic syndrome.
D)anxiety problems.

Question 38

Which of the following would describe the electrical activity of neurons in a rat's suprachiasmatic nucleus if it were removed and placed in a dish?

A)The rhythm of the neurons would speed up.
B)The rhythm of the neurons would slow down.
C)There would be no change in the rhythm of the neurons.
D)The suprachiasmatic nucleus would lose all rhythm.

Question 39

Light information reaches the suprachiasmatic nucleus via the:

A)lateral geniculate pathway.
B)occipital cortex.
C)thalamic pathway.
D)retinohypothalamic pathway.

Question 40

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the:

A)optic chiasm.
B)thalamus.
C)hypothalamus.
D)cerebellum.

Question 41

In studies, a sleep state is NOT commonly established by recording:

A)brain-wave activity.
B)neck muscle activity.
C)eye movement.
D)heartbeat.

Question 42

_____ promote(s) rest and relaxation, whereas _____ promote(s) arousal.

A)Glucocorticoids; melatonin
B)Melatonin; glucocorticoids
C)GABA; melatonin
D)Glucocorticoids; GABA

Question 43

Lesions to the suprachiasmatic nucleus:

A)abolish eating.
B)abolish sleep.
C)disrupt the timing of sleep and eating.
D)have no effect on either eating or sleeping.

Question 44

Glucocorticoids are released primarily during the _____ portion of the circadian cycle.

A)dark
B)light
C)last
D)late evening

Question 45

What is the correct order of EEG patterns, from lowest frequency to highest frequency?

A)alpha, beta, delta
B)beta, alpha, delta
C)delta, alpha, beta
D)delta, beta, alpha

Question 46

Distinctive patterns in circadian rhythms are referred to as:

A)pacemakers.
B)chronotypes.
C)dimers.
D)Zeitgebers.

Question 47

Melatonin is secreted by the:

A)suprachiasmatic nucleus.
B)pineal gland.
C)gonads.
D)hypothalamus.

Question 48

Tyrone is in a deep sleep, and it would be very difficult to wake him. Which of the following rhythms is most likely occurring while he sleeps?

A)alpha rhythm
B)beta rhythm
C)delta rhythm
D)theta rhythm

Question 49

Which of the following neural structures functions as a pacemaker?

A)lateral geniculate nucleus
B)amygdala
C)suprachiasmatic nucleus
D)hypothalamic nucleus

Question 50

John is participating in a sleep study. While examining John's EEG pattern, the researcher notices that the waves are extremely regular, with a frequency of 7 to 11 Hz. Based on this observation, the researcher can conclude that John is:

A)still wide awake and alert.
B)asleep.
C)dreaming.
D)awake but relaxed, with his eyes closed.

Question 51

A waking EEG rhythm is the same as the:

A)alpha rhythm.
B)beta rhythm.
C)delta rhythm.
D)theta rhythm.

Question 52

Male hamsters that have _____ have enlarged gonads, whereas male hamsters that have _____ have smaller gonads.

A)low levels of melatonin; high levels of melatonin
B)high levels of melatonin; low levels of melatonin
C)low levels of glucocorticoids; high levels of glucocorticoids
D)high levels of glucocorticoids; low levels of glucocorticoids

Question 53

Sarah is participating in a sleep study. Although she appears to be sleeping, her EEG pattern exhibits fast brain-wave activity, and the recording from the electrooculogram seems to indicate that she is moving her eyes. This suggests that Sarah:

A)is having a seizure.
B)is lying with her eyes closed and is relaxed but not actually sleeping.
C)has a sleep disorder.
D)is in REM sleep.

Question 54

Electrooculography (EOG) measures:

A)brain-wave activity.
B)muscle activity.
C)eye movements.
D)heart rate.

Question 55

The suprachiasmatic nucleus does NOT entrain slave oscillators via connection(s) with the:

A)thalamus.
B)hypothalamus.
C)pituitary.
D)heart.

Question 56

The suprachiasmatic nucleus controls the release of the hormones:

A)melatonin and cortisol.
B)epinephrine and norepinephrine.
C)oxytocin and epinephrine.
D)melatonin and glucocorticoid.

Question 57

The EEG patterns taken from skull recordings of REM sleep are characterized by:

A)low-frequency waves, as if the person were awake.
B)low-frequency waves similar to those found in stage 4 sleep.
C)high-frequency waves, as if the person were awake.
D)high-frequency waves similar to those found in stage 2 sleep.

Question 58

Eating, body temperature, and motor activity are hypothesized to be driven by:

A)pacemakers.
B)slave oscillators.
C)entrainment cells.
D)phase modulators.

Question 59

Which of the following sequences accurately depicts the process by which rhythms are linked to hormones?

A)suprachiasmatic nucleus, slave oscillators, hormone release
B)slave oscillators, suprachiasmatic nucleus, hormone release
C)hormone release, suprachiasmatic nucleus, slave oscillators
D)suprachiasmatic nucleus, hormone release, slave oscillators

Question 60

Electromyography (EMG) measures:

A)brain-wave activity.
B)muscle activity.
C)eye movements.
D)heart rate.

Question 61

Restless legs syndrome is frequently treated with:

A)L-dopa.
B)SSRIs.
C)benzodiazepines.
D)haloperidol.

Question 62

Who is likely to have the longest periods of R-sleep throughout the night?

A)Joey, an infant
B)Amanda, a young adult
C)Horatio, a middle-aged man
D)Mila, an elderly woman

Question 63

According to the _____ hypothesis, dreams are taken from an individual's personal memories and experience but have no meaning.

A)Freudian
B)activation-synthesis
C)Jungian
D)evolutionary

Question 64

An example of sleep as a biologically adaptive behavior is seen in the tendency of _____ to sleep longer than _____.

A)predators; prey
B)prey; predators
C)humans; cats
D)dogs; cats

Question 65

According to psychoanalysts, the _____ of dreams is important, as it might reveal insight into the patient's problems.

A)manifest content
B)sexual content
C)latent content
D)frequency

Question 66

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are associated with:

A)N1 sleep.
B)N2 sleep.
C)N3 sleep.
D)R-sleep.

Question 67

Someone who feels tingling and pain in the legs at night when trying to sleep may have:

A)poor blood circulation.
B)had too much caffeine during the day.
C)restless legs syndrome.
D)sleep dystonia.

Question 68

Letizia is participating in a study on sleep. As she sleeps, the researchers are likely to notice that in the first part of her night's sleep, _____ sleep is prominent, whereas in the second part, _____ sleep dominates.

A)REM; NREM
B)NREM; REM
C)N2; N1
D)N3; N2

Question 69

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep occurs during:

A)N1 sleep.
B)N2 sleep.
C)N3 sleep.
D)R-sleep.

Question 70

Dreaming occurs most commonly during:

A)N1 sleep.
B)N2 sleep.
C)N3 sleep.
D)REM sleep.

Question 71

Why might eyes and facial muscles twitch during REM sleep?

A)The brain relinquishes control over muscle movements, allowing minor spasms to occur.
B)The brain is tuning the neural circuits needed for these movements.
C)After remaining still throughout NREM sleep, the muscles need to contract.
D)There is no need to regulate muscle movements involved in social cues during sleep.

Question 72

Atonia is the:

A)absence of dreams.
B)inability to sleep.
C)deepest type of sleep.
D)absence of muscle activity.

Question 73

As Ove is in REM sleep, he is most likely to dream about:

A)sex.
B)happiness.
C)sadness and anger.
D)sensations of falling.

Question 74

Adults spend _____ in REM sleep than children.

A)more time
B)less time
C)the same amount of time
D)Children do not engage in REM sleep.

Question 75

Restless legs syndrome is most common in:

A)men.
B)women.
C)teenagers.
D)seniors.

Question 76

The theory that dreams signify distant human memories was expounded by:

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Carl Jung.
C)J.Allan Hobson.
D)Antti Revonsuo.

Question 77

Body temperature generally _____ during sleep.

A)decreases
B)increases
C)remains constant
D)fluctuates several times

Question 78

Victoria is watching her cat sleep on the floor. The cat is sprawled out and very still; only its eyes and paws slightly twitch occasionally. It would appear that Victoria's cat is in _____.

A)N1 sleep
B)N2 sleep
C)N3 sleep
D)REM sleep

Question 79

The coping hypothesis of dreams was expounded by:

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Carl Jung.
C)J.Allen Hobson.
D)Antti Revonsuo.

Question 80

Although Hester, a 4-year-old, spends a lot of time in R-sleep, she regularly experiences frightening dreams called _____ in N-sleep.

A)hypersomnia
B)hypnogogic hallucinations
C)lucid dreams
D)night terrors