Deck 11: How Does the Nervous System Respond to Stimulation and Produce Movement 

Question 1

The _____ connects the somatosensory and motor systems throughout the CNS.

A)cerebellum
B)spinal cord
C)cortex
D)bloodstream

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The _____ control(s) the force of a movement, whereas the _____ control(s) the timing and accuracy of the movement.

A)motor cortex; basal ganglia
B)basal ganglia; motor cortex
C)basal ganglia; cerebellum
D)cerebellum; basal ganglia

Answer 2

C

Question 3

An example of a brain-computer interface (BCI) would be:

A)using only your thoughts to control a computer keyboard.
B)having electrical signals from an electronic device influence brain function.
C)having your thoughts relayed to someone else's brain via a computer.
D)None of the answers is correct.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

_____ is an example of a computer-brain interface.

A)A cochlear implant
B)Using EEG signals to change the channel on your television
C)Using fMRI signals to read someone's thoughts
D)Using single unit recordings in a monkey's motor cortex to control a prosthetic arm

Question 5

The primary motor cortex is responsible for:

A)planning movements.
B)organizing movement sequences.
C)producing specific movements.
D)inhibiting spontaneous movements.

Question 6

Identify the stepwise sequence the CNS performs to produce movement.

A)visual cortex, spinal cord, motor regions, cortical somatosensory regions
B)spinal cord, motor regions, cortical somatosensory regions, visual cortex
C)visual cortex, cortical somatosensory regions, motor regions, spinal cord
D)visual cortex, auditory cortex, motor regions, spinal cord, somatosensory regions

Question 7

Locked-in syndrome can occur following damage to the:

A)basal ganglia.
B)brainstem.
C)cerebellum.
D)primary motor cortex.

Question 8

The prefrontal cortex is responsible for:

A)planning movements.
B)organizing movement sequences.
C)producing specific movements.
D)inhibiting spontaneous movements.

Question 9

The arms are controlled by motor neurons in the _____ levels of the spinal cord, whereas the legs are controlled by motor neurons in the _____ levels of the spinal cord.

A)cervical; thoracic
B)lumbar; sacral
C)cervical; lumbar
D)thoracic; lumbar

Question 10

Signals from the motor cortex to the spinal cord are transmitted via cortical layer(s):

A)1 to 3.
B)2 to 4.
C)4.
D)5 to 6.

Question 11

The premotor cortex is responsible for:

A)planning movements.
B)producing specific movements.
C)producing movement sequences.
D)inhibiting spontaneous movements.

Question 12

In a person performing a sequence of finger movements, cerebral blood flow increases in the:

A)primary motor cortex.
B)temporal cortex.
C)premotor cortex.
D)cingulate cortex.

Question 13

Which part of the brain is responsible for planning and initiating movements?

A)frontal lobe
B)hippocampus
C)basal ganglia
D)cerebellum

Question 14

Walter Hess's classic experiments on stimulating the brainstem in animals revealed that the brainstem controls aspects of:

A)sexual behavior.
B)feeding behavior.
C)grooming behavior.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 15

Sensory pathways are _____, while motor pathways are _____.

A)efferent; afferent
B)afferent; efferent
C)hierarchical; not hierarchical
D)connected to the CNS; connected to the ANS

Question 16

Shortly after birth, baby Alex seemed completely normal; however, a few months later, he started demonstrating signs of increased muscle spasticity, dyskinesia (problems with involuntary muscle movements), and movement tremors. Based on this symptom profile, it appears that Alex may have:

A)developmental dyspraxia.
B)damage to his cerebellum.
C)cerebral palsy.
D)a rare congenital form of Parkinson disease.

Question 17

Each spinal segment corresponds to a region on the body's surface called a:

A)hapsis.
B)homunculus.
C)dermatome.
D)receptor.

Question 18

The decision to set your alarm an hour early so you won't be late for your exam is made in the:

A)prefrontal cortex.
B)primary motor cortex.
C)premotor cortex.
D)basal ganglia.

Question 19

Walter Hess's experiments reveal that one of the functions of the brainstem is to:

A)regulate blood osmolarity.
B)regulate breathing and heart rates.
C)produce species-typical behavior.
D)produce behavior common across all species.

Question 20

Coordinating multiple simultaneous movements to accomplish a goal is a function of the:

A)primary motor cortex.
B)premotor cortex.
C)prefrontal cortex.
D)cerebellum.

Question 21

The first direct evidence that the cortex controls movement was provided by:

A)Wilder Penfield.
B)Paul Broca.
C)Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig.
D)John Hughlings-Jackson.

Question 22

Damage to level C1-C2 of the spinal cord would likely result in:

A)paraplegia.
B)quadriplegia.
C)hemiplegia.
D)numbness in the legs.

Question 23

Which of the following technologies holds promise for restoring function and decreasing the acute effects of spinal injuries?

A)X-ray technology
B)nanotechnology
C)fMRI technology
D)neurotechnology

Question 24

The major motor pathway that relays signals from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord is the:

A)rubrospinal tract.
B)tectospinal tract.
C)corticospinal tract.
D)pontospinal tract.

Question 25

Following a recent stroke, Anthony now has a great deal of difficulty using his right hand, and he has resorted to doing things with his left hand. Your advice to Anthony is to:

A)keep using his left hand so he can become independent more quickly.
B)try using both hands to accomplish a task to recover function in his right hand more quickly.
C)consider the use of nanotechnology to heal his right hand.
D)force himself to use only his impaired right hand to promote neuroplasticity.

Question 26

The motor cortex is activated when a person:

A)plans a movement.
B)imagines making a movement.
C)executes a movement.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 27

Neurons in the primary motor cortex:

A)start to discharge just prior to a movement.
B)discharge during a movement.
C)increase their rate of firing if a weight is added to the movement apparatus.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 28

The sensory and motor cortices are:

A)stable neocortical areas that are fixed in function after birth.
B)stable neocortical areas that are fixed in function after puberty.
C)changed only in response to damage.
D)continuously modified with learning and experience.

Question 29

Corticospinal fibers make synaptic connections with _____ in the spinal cord.

A)motor neurons and bipolar neurons
B)sensory neurons and motor neurons
C)interneurons and motor neurons
D)bipolar cells and interneurons

Question 30

Which of the following sequences is in the correct order from largest to smallest representation in the motor homunculus?

A)feet, hands, lips
B)hands, feet, lips
C)hands, lips, feet
D)lips, feet, hands

Question 31

Injury to level L1-L2 of the spinal cord would likely result in:

A)paraplegia.
B)quadriplegia.
C)hemiplegia.
D)numbness in the legs.

Question 32

Early research on the motor cortex suggested that it _____; however, more recent work suggests that the motor cortex may actually _____.

A)controls individual muscle movements; store a repertoire of movement categories
B)stores a repertoire of movement categories; control individual muscle movements
C)controls only reflexive movements; control both reflexive and voluntary movement
D)controls only learned movements; control both learned and innate movements

Question 33

The spinal cord has a role in:

A)conveying sensory and motor information between the brain and body.
B)reflexive behaviors.
C)walking.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 34

The limb regions of the motor homunculus are involved in activating motor neurons that move the arms, hands, and legs primarily on the _____, and the trunk regions of the motor homunculus are mainly involved in activating motor neurons that move the trunk primarily on the _____.

A)same side of the body; opposite side of the body
B)opposite side of the body; same side of the body
C)same side of the body; same side of the body
D)opposite side of the body; opposite side of the body

Question 35

Early research by Evarts demonstrated that movement force is related to:

A)an increased number of neurons firing in the primary motor cortex.
B)larger (that is, greater amplitude) action potentials in neurons in the premotor cortex.
C)an increase in the rate of firing in neurons in the premotor cortex.
D)an increase in the rate of firing in neurons in the primary motor cortex.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a cause of cerebral palsy?

A)seizures starting around 5 years of age
B)a tangled umbilical cord during birth
C)hydrocephalus
D)prenatal infections

Question 37

In the spinal cord, laterally located motor neurons project to the _____, whereas more medially located motor neurons project to the _____.

A)trunk; limbs and digits
B)limbs; trunk and feet
C)arms; legs
D)limbs and digits; trunk and shoulders

Question 38

The _____ controls limbs and digits, whereas the _____ controls mainly trunk muscles.

A)lateral corticospinal tract; anterior corticospinal tract
B)anterior corticospinal tract; lateral corticospinal tract
C)rubrospinal tract; lateral corticospinal tract
D)lateral corticospinal tract; tectospinal tract

Question 39

The person MOST credited with mapping the human motor cortex is:

A)Gustave Fritsch.
B)Eduard Hitzig.
C)Roberts Bartholow.
D)Wilder Penfield.

Question 40

On the motor homunculus:

A)all muscles are given equal representation.
B)an inverse relationship exists between motor control and the space allocated on the homunculus.
C)areas of precise motor control are given a larger representation.
D)no clear relationship exists between movement precision and the amount of area allocated on the motor cortex.

Question 41

Tourette syndrome is characterized by involuntary movement, or _____ symptoms, while Parkinson disease is characterized by paucity of movement, or _____ symptoms.

A)hypokinetic; hyperkinetic
B)hyperkinetic; hypokinetic
C)inhibitory; excitatory
D)locked-in; locked-out

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT part of the direct pathway of the basal ganglia?

A)caudate nucleus
B)globus pallidus external
C)globus pallidus internal
D)putamen

Question 43

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia?

A)globus pallidus internal
B)thalamus
C)caudate nucleus
D)subthalamic nucleus

Question 44

The globus pallidus is an internal component of the basal ganglia that is involved in:

A)skilled motor movements.
B)determining whether a movement will be weak or strong.
C)species-specific behaviors.
D)involuntary motor behaviors.

Question 45

Damage to the _____ results in _____.

A)substantia nigra; Huntington disease
B)striatum; Huntington disease
C)striatum; Parkinson disease
D)putamen; Parkinson disease

Question 46

What constitutes the "final common path"?

A)sensory neurons
B)muscles
C)motor neurons
D)the corticospinal tract

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a shared characteristic between Tourette syndrome and Huntington disease?

A)hyperkinetic symptoms
B)damage to the basal ganglia
C)loss of dopamine cells in the substantia nigra
D)excessive movement

Question 48

In all animals, a large proportion of the motor cortex is represented by:

A)the tongue and paws or hands.
B)the arms, legs, and other large muscle groups.
C)no single area.There is equal representation of all muscles.
D)muscles over which an animal has skilled and intricate control.

Question 49

Neurons in the anterior corticospinal tract in the left hemisphere control _____ muscles on _____ of the body

A)limb; the right side
B)trunk; the right side
C)trunk; both sides
D)limb; both sides

Question 50

Tourette syndrome likely reflects an abnormality in the right hemisphere of the:

A)cerebellum.
B)basal ganglia.
C)motor cortex.
D)homunculus.

Question 51

In the basal ganglia, movement excitation is to _____ as movement inhibition is to _____.

A)putamen; globus pallidus
B)direct pathway; indirect pathway
C)indirect pathway; direct pathway
D)subthalamic nucleus; thalamus

Question 52

The neurotransmitter system that is MOST important for basal ganglia function is the:

A)nigrostriatal dopamine system.
B)mesolimbic dopamine system.
C)acetylcholine system.
D)norepinephrine system.

Question 53

Researchers suggest that Tourette syndrome may result from abnormal activity in brain systems that:

A)create skilled movement.
B)control language development.
C)mediate learning by imitation.
D)influence decision making.

Question 54

The _____ contributes to motor control by adjusting the forces associated with movements, while the _____ compares the intended movement with actual movement for the improvement of movement skill.

A)motor cortex; cerebellum
B)cerebellum; basal ganglia
C)basal ganglia; motor cortex
D)basal ganglia; cerebellum

Question 55

_____ muscles move the limb away from the trunk, whereas _____ muscles move the limb back toward the trunk.

A)Extensor; flexor
B)Flexor; extensor
C)Dorsal; ventral
D)Medial; lateral

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT part of the basal ganglia?

A)globus pallidus
B)amygdala
C)caudate nucleus
D)putamen

Question 57

Cellular recordings from the globus pallidus internal in patients with Parkinson disease show:

A)excessive activity.
B)underactivity.
C)no activity.
D)intermittent spikes of activity.

Question 58

Selective dystonias stem from:

A)attempting to complete a new and difficult task.
B)engaging in repetitive tasks.
C)damage to the basal ganglia.
D)excessive reuptake of dopamine.

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT associated with Tourette syndrome?

A)motor tics (for example, hitting, jumping)
B)unwanted cries and vocalizations
C)excessive levels of dopamine
D)hypokinetic symptoms

Question 60

The neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is:

A)choline.
B)acetylcholine.
C)glutamate.
D)dopamine.

Question 61

Proprioception is the perception of:

A)fine touch.
B)the location of one's body in space.
C)pain.
D)chemical irritants.

Question 62

The motor system sends a copy of the instructions for a movement to the cerebellum via the:

A)inferior olive.
B)superior olive.
C)basal ganglia.
D)thalamus.

Question 63

_____ skin is much more richly endowed with receptors and is exquisitely more sensitive to a wider range of stimuli than _____ skin.

A)Glabrous; hairy
B)Smooth; glabrous
C)Smooth; hairy
D)Hairy; glabrous

Question 64

Nociception is the perception of:

A)fine touch.
B)the location of one's body in space.
C)pain.
D)noise.

Question 65

The three major classes of sensory receptors are:

A)nociception, hapsis, and proprioception.
B)flocculoception, nociception, and hapsis.
C)stasisception, nociception, and proprioception.
D)flocculoception, nociception, and proprioception.

Question 66

The somatosensory system is unique among sensory systems in that it:

A)is confined to a single organ.
B)is localized in the head.
C)is distributed throughout the body.
D)has receptors only on external organs.

Question 67

Hapsis is the perception of:

A)fine touch.
B)the location of one's body in space.
C)pain.
D)chemical irritants.

Question 68

_____ are the primary output cells of the cerebellum.

A)Purkinje cells
B)Basket cells
C)Stellate cells
D)Pyramidal cells

Question 69

If a patient with cerebellar damage is asked to throw darts while wearing a pair of glasses that shift the vision to the right, the patient will most likely:

A)learn to adjust movements leftward to compensate for the visual shift.
B)begin throwing farther and farther to the right on successive throws.
C)fail to show any adaptation to compensate for the visual shift.
D)learn to adjust movements rightward to compensate for the visual shift.

Question 70

The lateral parts of the cerebellar hemispheres control:

A)movement of the body midline.
B)movement of limbs and digits.
C)eye movements.
D)balance.

Question 71

The ability to discriminate the distance between two points on the skin is MOST sensitive in:

A)hairy skin.
B)glabrous skin.
C)smooth skin.
D)epidermal skin.

Question 72

Which of the following receptors is MOST responsive to pain and temperature?

A)Pacinian corpuscles
B)free nerve endings
C)Golgi tendon organs
D)dendrites of alpha motor neurons

Question 73

Which of the following receptors are critical for proprioception?

A)free nerve endings for temperature and pain
B)Meissner's corpuscle, Pacinian corpuscle, and Ruffini corpuscle
C)Golgi tendon organs, free nerve endings, and hair receptors
D)muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors

Question 74

The cerebellum sits atop the:

A)motor cortex.
B)cerebrum.
C)brainstem.
D)thalamus.

Question 75

The cerebellum's role in motor behavior is primarily involved with:

A)timing movements and maintaining movement accuracy.
B)initiating movements and timing movements.
C)maintaining movement accuracy and initiating movements.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 76

The cerebellar cortex consists of _____ distinct cell layer(s).

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)six

Question 77

The flocculus of the cerebellum is involved in:

A)control of balance and eye movements.
B)control over the face and midline of the body.
C)gross limb movements.
D)fine finger and hand movements.

Question 78

Pacinian corpuscles are most responsive to:

A)movements of tendons.
B)pain and temperature.
C)pressure and flutter stimuli.
D)movement of tendons and pressure.

Question 79

The cerebellum makes up about _____ of the mammalian brain.

A)1 percent
B)half
C)10 percent
D)70 percent

Question 80

Out of the following parts of the body, which is the least sensitive?

A)lips
B)tongue
C)hands
D)arms