Deck 5: How Do Neurons Communicate and Adapt

Question 1

_____ is a neurotransmitter that slows down heart rate, whereas _____ speeds it up.

A)Acetylcholine; norepinephrine
B)Epinephrine; norepinephrine
C)Norepinephrine; acetylcholine
D)Epinephrine; acetylcholine

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The synapse between two neurons is surrounded by many structures, such as a(n) _____, which contributes to chemical neurotransmission by supplying the building blocks for neurotransmitters, confining the movement of the neurotransmitters to the synapse, and cleaning up excess neurotransmitters.

A)astrocyte
B)storage granule
C)synaptic cleft
D)presynaptic membrane

Answer 2

A

Question 3

_____ are membranous compartments that hold several vesicles containing neurotransmitters.

A)Storage granules
B)Synaptic vesicles
C)Transporter proteins
D)Golgi bodies

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Chemicals released by a neuron onto a target with an excitatory or inhibitory effect are called:

A)messengers.
B)action potentials.
C)neurotransmitters.
D)second messengers.

Question 5

The axon terminal is formed by the _____, whereas the dendritic spine is formed by the _____.

A)postsynaptic membrane; presynaptic membrane
B)soma; neuron
C)presynaptic membrane; postsynaptic membrane
D)neuron; synapse

Question 6

Neurons in which the ion channels from one cell connect directly with ion channels on another cell are called:

A)gap junctions or chemical synapses.
B)electrical synapses or ion synapses.
C)chemical synapses or gap junctions.
D)gap junctions or electrical synapses.

Question 7

Parkinson disease is linked with the loss of _____ neurons in the midbrain.

A)acetylcholine
B)dopamine
C)norepinephrine
D)serotonin

Question 8

Acetylcholine helps _____ muscle contraction in the somatic nervous system (SNS), whereas it acts to _____ muscle contraction in the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

A)excite; excite or inhibit
B)inhibit; slow down
C)excite; inhibit
D)inhibit; excite

Question 9

Compared with chemical synapses, electrical synapses:

A)transmit messages faster.
B)transmit messages more slowly.
C)require more metabolic energy.
D)do not require presynaptic activation.

Question 10

Electrical synapses _____ in mammals.

A)are not present in the nervous system of
B)are not as common as chemical synapses
C)account for roughly 50 percent of all synapses
D)are the prime mechanism of neurotransmission

Question 11

Electron microscopy is a useful tool in the study of synaptic morphology. The electron microscope allowed researchers to determine that:

A)neurotransmitters are packaged into vesicles located at the end terminals of axons.
B)neurotransmitters are located only in select hormones in the bloodstream.
C)neurotransmitters are not chemicals, as had been previously thought.
D)there are more than 1000 neurotransmitters in the human body.

Question 12

Which of the following would NOT be found at the axon terminal?

A)mitochondria
B)cell membrane
C)synaptic vesicles
D)axon hillock

Question 13

The notion that the nervous system communicates using chemical messages was first demonstrated by:

A)Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
B)Camillo Golgi.
C)Otto Loewi.
D)Donald Hebb.

Question 14

_____ is linked with shaking in the limbs, loss of balance, and general loss of muscular control.

A)Parkinson disease
B)Lou Gehrig disease
C)Huntington disease
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 15

_____ acts to increase heart rate.

A)Acetylcholine
B)Norepinephrine
C)Serotonin
D)Dopamine

Question 16

A synaptic vesicle contains:

A)neurotransmitters.
B)structural proteins.
C)DNA.
D)neurotransmitters, structural proteins, and DNA.

Question 17

_____ can also act as neurotransmitters.

A)Synapses
B)Mitochondria
C)Hormones
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 18

A synaptic cleft is the space between:

A)a synaptic vesicle and an axon terminal.
B)a dendrite and an ion channel.
C)an ion channel and an axon terminal.
D)an axon terminal and a dendrite.

Question 19

_____ contain the neurotransmitters.

A)Synaptic vesicles
B)Ribosomes
C)Axons
D)Dendrites

Question 20

Synaptic structure was first viewed in the 1950s, with a(n):

A)electron microscope.
B)light microscope.
C)confocal microscope.
D)Nissl-stained microscopic procedure.

Question 21

For an action potential to be elicited:

A)one quantum of neurotransmitter must be released from the presynaptic cell.
B)multiple quanta of neurotransmitter must be released from the presynaptic cell.
C)calcium ions must enter the postsynaptic cell.
D)one quantum of neurotransmitter must be released from the presynaptic cell, and calcium ions must enter the postsynaptic cell.

Question 22

When a neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to a transmitter-activated receptor, which of the following may occur in the postsynaptic cell?

A)membrane depolarization
B)membrane hyperpolarization
C)initiation of chemical reactions
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 23

_____ is the inactivation of a neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft by enzymes.

A)Reuptake
B)Degradation
C)Breakdown
D)Decay

Question 24

Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters via:

A)endocytosis.
B)pinocytosis.
C)exocytosis.
D)phagocytosis.

Question 25

Which of the following is the correct chronological order for presynaptic events?

A)calcium ion influx occurs, action potential reaches the axon terminal, vesicle fuses with membrane, neurotransmitter diffusion occurs
B)action potential reaches the axon terminal, calcium ion channels open, exocytosis occurs, neurotransmitter diffusion occurs
C)exocytosis occurs, calcium ion influx occurs, action potential reaches the axon terminal, membrane depolarization occurs
D)action potential reaches the axon terminal, calcium ion channels open, neurotransmitter diffusion occurs, exocytosis occurs

Question 26

Protein molecules that move substances across a cell membrane are called:

A)microfilaments.
B)microtubules.
C)transporters.
D)microvehicles

Question 27

How is a neurotransmitter removed from the synaptic cleft?

A)diffusion
B)enzymatic degradation
C)uptake by surrounding glial cells
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 28

Ultimately Ca²⁺ serves to aid neural transmission by:

A)causing an action potential.
B)helping to make neurotransmitters.
C)opening K⁺ channels on axon terminals.
D)causing the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

Question 29

Precursor chemicals that form the building blocks for neurotransmitters are synthesized using energy provided by the:

A)mitochondria.
B)blood supply.
C)cell nucleus.
D)Golgi apparatus.

Question 30

_____ is the process of neurotransmitter deactivation whereby the neurotransmitter simply leaves the synaptic cleft.

A)Diffusion
B)Enzymatic degradation
C)Reuptake
D)Glial uptake

Question 31

The _____ is rich in voltage-activated calcium ion channels that function in neurotransmission.

A)postsynaptic membrane
B)presynaptic membrane
C)synaptic vesicles
D)dendrites

Question 32

Transmitters are usually released in the blood via _____ synapses.

A)axodendritic
B)axosomatic
C)axosecretory
D)axoaxonic

Question 33

_____ is the inactivation of a neurotransmitter by transporter proteins that bring the transmitter back into the presynaptic axon terminal for reuse.

A)Diffusion
B)Enzymatic degradation
C)Reuptake
D)Neurochemical recycling

Question 34

Peptide transmitters are synthesized in the:

A)cell body.
B)presynaptic terminals.
C)Golgi body.
D)axon terminal.

Question 35

In order for neurotransmitters to be released, _____ must enter the terminal button.

A)Na⁺
B)Ca2⁺
C)K⁺
D)Cl^-

Question 36

Receptors on the presynaptic side that may be influenced by neurotransmitters are called:

A)autoreceptors.
B)presynaptic receptors.
C)presynaptic terminals.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 37

_____ synapses send signals from one axon to another axon.

A)Axoaxonic
B)Axodendritic
C)Dendrodendritic
D)Axosynaptic

Question 38

Reuptake is accomplished by:

A)transporter proteins.
B)glial cells.
C)enzymes.
D)calcium channels.

Question 39

There are more chemical synapses than electrical synapses in the mammalian nervous system because chemical synapses:

A)transmit signals more quickly.
B)allow better control of messages passed between neurons.
C)send only excitatory signals.
D)cannot be modified by learning.

Question 40

_____ synapses are terminals that have no specific target.

A)Axoextracellular
B)Axosomatic
C)Axodendritic
D)Axosynaptic

Question 41

When an axon terminal synapses on another axon terminal, it is called an _____ synapse.

A)axosomatic
B)axoaxonic
C)axosynaptic
D)axodendritic

Question 42

A(n) _____ is formed when connexin proteins in one cell membrane make a hemichannel that connects to a hemichannel in an adjacent cell's membrane, allowing ions to pass between the two neurons in both directions.

A)autoreceptor
B)chemical synapse
C)gap junction
D)metabotropic receptor

Question 43

Interneuronal communication may occur via _____ gap junctions.

A)axoaxonic and dendrodendritic
B)dendrodendritic and somasomatic
C)somasomatic and axoaxonic
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 44

A chemical that has not yet met all the conditions to constitute a neurotransmitter is referred to as a(n):

A)chemical signaler.
B)secondary messenger.
C)putative neurotransmitter.
D)unclassified neurotransmitter.

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT part of the amine subtype of small-molecule neurotransmitters?

A)dopamine
B)glycine
C)serotonin
D)norepinephrine

Question 46

A Renshaw loop consists of:

A)an interneuron that inhibits the activity of a motor neuron.
B)a sensory neuron that increases the activity of a motor neuron.
C)an interneuron that increases the activity of a motor neuron.
D)a sensory neuron that increases the activity of an interneuron.

Question 47

Which activity do neurotransmitters NOT perform?

A)carry a message from the presynaptic membrane of one neuron to another
B)decide whether a message will be excitatory or inhibitory
C)transmit retrograde messages in the presynaptic direction
D)change the structure of a synapse

Question 48

_____ synapses send signals from an axon to a cell body.

A)Axoextracellular
B)Axosomatic
C)Axodendritic
D)Axosynaptic

Question 49

Which determines whether a message will be excitatory or inhibitory?

A)neurotransmitters and their receptors
B)the ion channel and its receptor
C)neurons and their ion channels
D)the selective activation of hormones

Question 50

_____ is found in foods such as egg yolk, avocado, salmon, and olive oil.

A)Choline
B)Acetate
C)Tryptophan
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 51

The exocytosis mechanism that releases a neurotransmitter may have evolved from which process?

A)growth-related processes in bacteria
B)locomotive processes of marine plankton
C)reproductive processes of viruses
D)digestive processes of single-celled organisms

Question 52

Tyrosine hydroxylase is NOT involved in the synthesis of:

A)acetylcholine.
B)dopamine.
C)L-dopa.
D)norepinephrine.

Question 53

Acetylcholine is deactivated through:

A)reuptake.
B)diffusion.
C)enzymatic degradation.
D)glial reuptake.

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter classification type?

A)small molecule
B)nucleic acid
C)gaseous
D)peptide

Question 55

Gap junctions:

A)can be either open or closed.
B)are also called electrical synapses.
C)allow glial cells and neurons to exchange substances.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 56

_____ is a neurotransmitter that helps control arousal, walking, and the contraction of smooth muscle. When activated in allergic reactions, it also contributes to asthma, a constriction of the airways.

A)Acetylcholine
B)Histamine
C)Glycine
D)Dopamine

Question 57

_____ was the first neurotransmitter discovered in the CNS.

A)Histamine
B)Serotonin
C)Dopamine
D)Acetylcholine

Question 58

Which of the following is a criterion for identifying a neurotransmitter?

A)The transmitter must be synthesized in the neuron or otherwise be present in it.
B)When the neuron is active, the transmitter must be released and must produce a response in some target.
C)A mechanism must exist for removing the transmitter from its site of action after its work is done.
D)All of the above are criteria for identifying a neurotransmitter.

Question 59

Which type of synapses have round synaptic vesicles, are typically located on dendrites, and have dense material in the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes?

A)excitatory synapses
B)inhibitory synapses
C)both excitatory and inhibitory synapses
D)neither excitatory nor inhibitory synapses

Question 60

Which two enzymes are involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine from acetate and choline?

A)acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
B)acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
C)tyrosine hydroxylase and norepinephrine
D)norepinephrine and dopamine

Question 61

When vesicular _____ becomes dysregulated, cognitive decline occurs, whereas maintaining it in homeostasis protects cognitive ability.

A)calcium
B)hydrogen
C)zinc
D)potassium

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT an amino acid neurotransmitter?

A)dopamine
B)glutamate
C)glycine
D)GABA

Question 63

_____ plays a role in regulating mood, appetite, aggression, and arousal.

A)Norepinephrine
B)Dopamine
C)Acetylcholine
D)Serotonin

Question 64

_____ is part of a class of _____ transmitters called endocannabinoids that can influence appetite, pain, sleep, mood, and stress.

A)CB1; lipid
B)Anandamide; lipid
C)Glycine; peptide
D)Met-enkephalin; amino acid

Question 65

Which two neurotransmitters are synthesized from the same precursor molecule?

A)glycine and dopamine
B)glutamate and GABA
C)histamine and serotonin
D)acetylcholine and glycine

Question 66

Which class of transmitters was most recently classified?

A)ion
B)gaseous
C)amino acid
D)lipid

Question 67

The opening of an ionotropic receptor can directly influence the movement of _____ ions across the neuronal membrane.

A)Ca²⁺
B)Na⁺
C)K⁺
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 68

The rate by which dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine can be synthesized is controlled by a rate-limiting factor that is linked to the availability of:

A)tryptophan.
B)ChAT.
C)tyrosine hydroxylase.
D)histamine.

Question 69

Ionotropic receptors:

A)change in shape when neurotransmitters bind to them.
B)have no openings for ion diffusion.
C)activate second messenger systems.
D)are more metabolically expensive than metabotropic receptors.

Question 70

Most _____ is (are) assembled on the neuron's ribosomes, packaged in a membrane by Golgi bodies, and transported to the terminal buttons via microtubules.

A)amines
B)serotonin
C)peptide transmitters
D)amino acid transmitters

Question 71

_____ is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, whereas _____ is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.

A)GABA; glutamate
B)Glycine; glutamate
C)Glutamate; GABA
D)Aspartate; glycine

Question 72

_____ are a class of neurotransmitters that can act as hormones for fertility, childbirth, and lactation.

A)Peptides
B)Amines
C)Transmitter gases
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 73

Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) are gas neurotransmitters that:

A)are stored in synaptic vesicles.
B)are synthesized in the soma.
C)dilate blood vessels in sexual organs.
D)are degraded by digestive enzymes.

Question 74

Which is the correct sequence of amine neurotransmitters?

A)tyrosine, dopamine, L-dopa, epinephrine, norepinephrine
B)L-dopa, tyrosine, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
C)tyrosine, L-dopa, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
D)tyrosine, L-dopa, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Question 75

A metabotropic receptor consists of:

A)complex units of membrane-spanning proteins.
B)a single membrane-spanning protein.
C)a single non-membrane-spanning protein.
D)complex units of non-membrane-spanning proteins.

Question 76

_____ is a standard treatment for patients with Parkinson disease.

A)Acetylcholine
B)Norepinephrine
C)L-dopa
D)Dopamine

Question 77

_____ is a neurotransmitter that is synthesized from tryptophan.

A)Dopamine
B)L-dopa
C)Glutamate
D)Serotonin

Question 78

The rate-limiting factor of dopamine synthesis can be bypassed through the oral administration of:

A)acetylcholine.
B)L-dopa.
C)tryptophan.
D)norepinephrine.

Question 79

What is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the forebrain and cerebellum?

A)GABA
B)glutamate
C)glycine
D)histamine

Question 80

Both THC and anandamide are examples of:

A)endocannabinoids.
B)recreational drugs.
C)excitatory neurotransmitters.
D)All of the answers are correct.