Deck 1: What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior 

Question 1

Patterns in time can be made up of:

A)movements.
B)thinking.
C)both movements and thinking.
D)neither movements nor thinking.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In a study with a patient in a minimally conscious state, Schiff and colleagues found that _____ led to dramatic improvements in the patient's behavior.

A)deep brain stimulation
B)reading to the patient
C)music therapy
D)gene therapy

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which is NOT part of the peripheral nervous system?

A)sensory receptors in the skin
B)connections to motor neurons
C)sensory and motor connections to internal organs (e.g., the stomach)
D)the spinal cord

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The postulation that we make subliminal movements of our larynx and muscles when we imagine was expounded by:

A)D.O.Hebb.
B)Edmond Jacobson.
C)Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt.
D)Fred Linge.

Question 5

The hypothesis that the psyche is responsible for behavior was expounded by:

A)Charles Darwin.
B)René Descartes.
C)Aristotle.
D)Socrates.

Question 6

The _____ is a nonmaterial entity that is responsible for intelligence, attention, awareness, and consciousness.

A)brain
B)heart
C)mind
D)conscience

Question 7

The set of brain structures responsible for most of our unconscious behaviors is called the:

A)cerebral hemisphere.
B)brainstem.
C)cerebrum.
D)cerebellum.

Question 8

Neurons and glial cells are which of the following types of cells?

A)brain
B)skin
C)blood
D)muscular

Question 9

Mentalism is:

A)the study of the mind.
B)mental imagery.
C)the notion that the mind is responsible for behavior.
D)another word for mindfulness.

Question 10

Crossbill birds have a beak that is designed to eat pine cones. If we trim the beak, the bird is unable to eat pine cones. This example illustrates:

A)fixed behavior.
B)flexible behavior.
C)learned behavior.
D)adaptive behavior.

Question 11

All the nerve processes radiating out beyond the brain and spinal cord as well as all the neurons outside the brain and spinal cord constitute the:

A)nervous system.
B)central nervous system.
C)peripheral nervous system.
D)external nervous system.

Question 12

Which of the following statements describes clinical trials?

A)Clinical trials are experiments done on animals.
B)Clinical trials do not directly treat patients' conditions.
C)Clinical trials are consensual experiments.
D)Clinical trials are undertaken without the patient's knowledge.

Question 13

The notion that the mind resides in the pineal body comes from:

A)Charles Darwin.
B)René Descartes.
C)Aristotle.
D)Socrates.

Question 14

In which condition is the patient the least aware and conscious?

A)minimally conscious state
B)persistent vegetative state
C)locked-in syndrome
D)deep brain state

Question 15

Which statement is the MOST accurate?

A)Nonhuman animals have mostly inherited behavior and are little influenced by learning.
B)Humans share many inherited behaviors but are mostly influenced by learning.
C)Unlike nonhuman animals, humans share very few inherited behaviors and are mostly influenced by learning.
D)Unlike nonhuman animals, humans' behavior is totally learned.

Question 16

"Behavior consists of patterns in time" is a definition of behavior expounded by:

A)D.O.Hebb.
B)Edmond Jacobson.
C)Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt.
D)Fred Linge.

Question 17

A person who can display some rudimentary behaviors, such as smiling or blinking, but is otherwise not conscious is described as being:

A)in a coma.
B)in a persistent vegetative state.
C)in a minimally conscious state.
D)brain dead.

Question 18

Brain abnormalities can be related to:

A)500 disorders.
B)1000 disorders.
C)1500 disorders.
D)more than 2000 disorders.

Question 19

Animals with smaller brains and simpler nervous systems have mostly _____ behaviors, whereas animals with larger brains and more complex nervous systems have mostly _____ behaviors.

A)learned; inherited
B)inherited; learned
C)innate; inherited
D)learned; innate

Question 20

The sucking response observed in newborn human infants is an example of a(n):

A)learned response.
B)inherited response.
C)flexible response.
D)adaptive response

Question 21

The first humanlike brain evolved:

A)700 million years ago.
B)250 million years ago.
C)6 million years ago.
D)100,000 to 200,000 years ago.

Question 22

According to the philosophy of dualism, the:

A)body influences the mind.
B)pineal body is the mind.
C)pineal body influences the body by directing fluids from the ventricles to the muscles.
D)pineal body is the mind and influences the body by directing fluids from the ventricles to the muscles.

Question 23

Inherited behavior:

A)is demonstrated only by animal instincts.
B)includes emotional expressions in humans.
C)cannot include emotional expressions in humans because the behavior is learned.
D)includes emotional expression in animals but not in humans.

Question 24

The notion that all living things are related was put forward by:

A)Charles Darwin.
B)Alfred Russel Wallace.
C)neither Charles Darwin nor Alfred Russel Wallace.
D)both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.

Question 25

Research has indicated that the pineal body is responsible for _____ rather than controlling human behavior.

A)vision
B)problem solving
C)movement
D)biological rhythms

Question 26

Which sequences is correct?

A)phylum, order, class, family, genus, species
B)phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
C)phylum, class, family, order, genus, species
D)phylum, family, class, order, genus, species

Question 27

Some of Descartes's followers argued that:

A)the mind and the body are separate at birth.
B)humans and very few other animals have minds.
C)young children do not have minds.
D)those who are mentally ill have minds.

Question 28

The study of how genetic expression is related to the environment and experience is known as:

A)genotyping.
B)phenotyping.
C)epigenetics.
D)environmental genetics.

Question 29

The difficulty in explaining how a nonmaterial mind can influence a material body is called the:

A)mind problem.
B)mind-body problem.
C)brain problem.
D)psyche problem

Question 30

The notion that all behavior can be explained by the workings of the brain is commonly referred to as:

A)psychology.
B)experimentalism.
C)materialism.
D)dualism.

Question 31

Neuroscientists study the nervous systems of other animals such as slugs, snails, fruit flies, rats, and monkeys because:

A)if all animals are related, then all nervous systems are related, and we can learn about the human brain by studying other animals.
B)all animals' nervous systems are different, which means we need to study each animal separately in order to understand how the specific nervous system of each animal works.
C)the mind and the body are separate, which means we need to study a variety of different animals to see how their minds work.
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 32

The branch of biology that is concerned with naming and classifying species is:

A)genetics.
B)embryology.
C)taxonomy.
D)evolutionary biology.

Question 33

A group of organisms that can breed among themselves is called a:

A)genus.
B)species.
C)phylum.
D)genotype.

Question 34

Humans are of the order _____ and the family _____.

A)mammals; primates
B)primates; mammals
C)primates; great apes
D)great apes; primates

Question 35

Images of blood flow in the brain in monkeys have demonstrated that:

A)humans and monkeys use different brain areas for language.
B)humans and monkeys use the same brain areas for language.
C)monkeys show no brain activation for language because they cannot understand language.
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 36

Which is the correct sequence of steps in an experimental procedure?

A)make a prediction, formulate a theory, confirm or modify the theory, test it
B)make a prediction, test it, formulate a theory, confirm or modify the theory
C)formulate a theory, make a prediction, test it, confirm or modify the theory
D)make a prediction, formulate a theory, test it, confirm or modify the theory

Question 37

The first brain evolved approximately:

A)100,000 to 200,000 years ago.
B)3 million to 4 million years ago.
C)250 million years ago.
D)700 million years ago.

Question 38

Individual variation in plants and animals was first explained by:

A)Charles Darwin.
B)Gregor Mendel.
C)neither Charles Darwin nor Gregor Mendel.
D)both Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel.

Question 39

The notion that differential success in the reproduction of characteristics results from interactions between organisms and their environment is known as:

A)natural selection.
B)genetic theory.
C)biological theory.
D)innate behavior.

Question 40

A _____ is a set of characteristics that can be seen or measured.

A)genotype
B)phenotype
C)species
D)genus

Question 41

If other organisms have large brains in relationship to their body size, then why is human behavior in particular so complex?

A)Humans have different kinds of neurons compared to other organisms.
B)Other organisms do not have as many neurons as humans.
C)The large number of neurons in the human brain are densely packed.
D)The neurons of the human brain are loosely packed.

Question 42

Insects have:

A)only nerve nets.
B)only a few ganglia.
C)enough ganglia to be called a brain.
D)the same brain organization as a chordate.

Question 43

Humans, tigers, dogs, and monkeys are all part of the same:

A)species.
B)class.
C)genus.
D)family.

Question 44

How are cladograms used to organize organisms?

A)A cladogram is a chart that shows the effect of fruit eating on diet.
B)A cladogram is a diagram that shows how parents transmit heritable factors to offspring.
C)A cladogram is a chart that displays groups of related organisms.
D)A cladogram is a graph that displays the relationship between brain size and body size.

Question 45

Other than mammals, which chordate has the largest forebrain?

A)reptiles
B)amphibians
C)birds
D)bony fish

Question 46

The correct order of the evolution of nervous systems from simple to complex is:

A)nerve net, segmentation, ganglia, spinal cord, brain.
B)spinal cord, nerve net, brain, ganglia, segmentation.
C)brain, spinal cord, nerve net, segmentation, ganglia.
D)ganglia, nerve net, segmentation, brain, spinal cord.

Question 47

Why do the brains of animals such as primates fold?

A)to allow a small brain to fit in a large skull
B)to allow a large brain to fit into a small skull
C)because all mammals' brains fold
D)because they have a small brain-body size ratio

Question 48

Humans, monkeys, Neanderthals, and chimpanzees all belong to the same:

A)species.
B)genus.
C)family.
D)order.

Question 49

Animals with both a brain and a spinal cord are called:

A)mammals.
B)eukaryotic.
C)primates.
D)chordates.

Question 50

Based on the complexity of their nervous systems, which two organisms have a more recent common ancestor?

A)squids and frogs
B)squids and flatworms
C)sea anemones and flatworms
D)flatworms and frogs

Question 51

Which sequence of events describes the evolution of brain cells and muscles?

A)Brain cells evolved long before the evolution of muscles.
B)Brain cells evolved first, and then muscles evolved shortly after.
C)Muscles evolved first, and then brain cells evolved shortly after.
D)Brain cells and muscles evolved together.

Question 52

Humans are unique in that they have the:

A)largest brain of any animal species.
B)most complex spinal cord of any animal species.
C)largest brain-body size ratio of any living animal.
D)most advanced nervous system of any living animal.

Question 53

The correct order of organisms from the least complex to the most complex nervous system is:

A)flatworm, frog, squid, sea anemone.
B)sea anemone, frog, flatworm, squid.
C)sea anemone, flatworm, squid, frog.
D)frog, sea anemone, squid, flatworm.

Question 54

Why is the species of Homo floresiensis so intriguing?

A)It was the first member of the genus Homo to use sophisticated tools.
B)It was about 3 feet tall and lived up to around 13,000 years ago.
C)It was a subspecies of Neandertals and lived up to 70,000 years ago.
D)It had the largest brain of any member of genus Homo.

Question 55

Which statement applies to Neanderthals?

A)They had larger brains than modern humans.
B)They made music and wore jewelry and makeup.
C)They likely communicated using language.
D)All of the above statements apply to Neanderthals.

Question 56

Chordates are any organisms that have a:

A)brain.
B)spinal cord.
C)peripheral nervous system.
D)brain and a spinal cord.

Question 57

What is the defining feature of hominids?

A)walking upright
B)large brains
C)eating fruit
D)solitary mating

Question 58

A notochord is a:

A)spinal cord and a brain.
B)longitudinal flexible rod in the back.
C)segmented spine.
D)segmented spine and spinal cord.

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true about nervous systems?

A)A nervous system is essential for life.
B)A nervous system is not essential for life.
C)Mammals are the only organisms with nervous systems.
D)Nervous systems do not vary much between organisms.

Question 60

More advanced nervous systems often have similar structures on the left and right sides (e.g., the left and right hemispheres of the brain). This concept is known as:

A)mirroring.
B)bilateral symmetry.
C)bilateral structures.
D)mirror symmetry.

Question 61

Modern Europeans may have acquired genes that helped them adapt to the cold and absorb more vitamin D through interbreeding with:

A)Homo habilis.
B)Homo erectus.
C)Neanderthals.
D)Australopithecus.

Question 62

The oldest fossils that have been identified as human are approximately:

A)5.1 million years old.
B)200,000 years old.
C)2.8 million years old.
D)1.3 million years old.

Question 63

Which has the largest encephalization quotient?

A)monkey
B)chimpanzee
C)Homo habilis
D)dolphin

Question 64

The first primates to walk upright, like modern humans, were:

A)Homo erectus.
B)Homo habilis.
C)a Neanderthal species.
D)an Australopithecus species.

Question 65

Which sequence is correct?

A)Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens
B)Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Homo sapiens
C)Homo habilis, Homo sapiens, Homo erectus
D)Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, Homo habilis

Question 66

As the number of neurons increases in animals with larger brains:

A)new regions and new connections are made, with neurons controlling different functions located all over the brain.
B)new connections are made, but no new regions are made.
C)new regions are made, but no new connections are made.
D)neurons cluster into specific areas for neurons controlling specific functions.

Question 67

The primate order contains approximately:

A)275 species.
B)375 species.
C)475 species.
D)575 species.

Question 68

Why is the SARGP2 gene significant in human evolution?

A)It contributes to the large number of densely packed neurons in the human brain and has mutated twice in the course of human evolution.
B)It controls brain size and has mutated each time a new Homo species has appeared in human evolution.
C)It is the only gene shared between archaic humans, apes, and modern humans.
D)It is active when the cerebrum is developing and has mutated three times over the course of human evolution.

Question 69

Homo sapiens coexisted with:

A)Homo erectus.
B)Homo habilis.
C)Neanderthals.
D)Australopithecus.

Question 70

Which living animal has an encephalization quotient that is closest to that of modern humans?

A)chimpanzee
B)elephant
C)blue whale
D)dolphin

Question 71

What is the difference between topographic maps and connectome maps as representations of neural activity?

A)Connectome maps represent information processing areas involving sensation, cognition, and motion, while topographic maps represent the connections between these regions.
B)Topographic maps represent functional areas, such as the sensory activity and movement, while connectome maps represent the connections between these regions.
C)Topographic maps represent areas related to motor activity, while connectome maps represent areas related to sensory activity.
D)Connectome maps represent CNS activity, while topographic maps represent ANS activity.

Question 72

Tools are associated with:

A)Homo habilis.
B)Homo erectus.
C)Homo sapiens.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 73

Humans and chimpanzees shared a common ancestor approximately:

A)2-4 million years ago.
B)3-6 million years ago.
C)5-10 million years ago.
D)10-15 million years ago.

Question 74

Humans are most closely related to:

A)gibbons.
B)orangutans.
C)chimpanzees.
D)gorillas.

Question 75

Modern humans appeared approximately:

A)50,000 years ago.
B)200,000 years ago.
C)100,000 years ago.
D)1 million years ago.

Question 76

Which of our human ancestors had the largest brain size?

A)Australopithecus
B)Neanderthals
C)Homo habilis
D)Homo erectus

Question 77

The correct order of these early hominids from smallest to largest brain size is:

A)Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Homo neanderthalensis.
B)Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis.
C)Homo neanderthalensis, Homo habilis, Homo erectus.
D)Homo habilis, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo erectus.

Question 78

Although the elephant brain contains many more neurons than the human brain, most of these additional neurons are located in the elephant's:

A)cerebellum.
B)cerebrum.
C)spinal cord.
D)brain stem.

Question 79

The human cerebellum contains about _____ as many neurons as the cerebrum.

A)half
B)one-third
C)four times
D)twice

Question 80

The encephalization quotient is determined by:

A)measuring the size of an animal's brain.
B)measuring the weight of an animal's brain.
C)relating actual brain size to expected brain size.
D)comparing the brain sizes of different species with one another.