Deck 19: Genetics and Inheritance

Question 1

A father is blood type B and a mother is blood type A. They have a child with blood type O. What are the genotypes of the father and mother?

A) The father must be BB and the mother must be AO.
B) The father must be BO and the mother must be AA.
C) The father must be BO and the mother must be AO.
D) The father must be BB and the mother must be AA.
E) This isn't possible.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following human traits is an example of codominance?

A) sickle-cell anemia
B) variation in eye color
C) human height
D) AB blood type
E) both sickle-cell anemia and AB blood type

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Based on the information below, answer the following question(s), assuming complete dominance.
"In humans, the ability to roll the tongue is a dominant trait; the inability to roll the tongue is a recessive trait."
If two individuals homozygous dominant for this trait have a child, what is the chance that the child will not be able to roll his tongue?

A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 100%

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Variations of homologous genes that result in differences in structure and function are

A) alleles.
B) loci.
C) autosomes.
D) dominant.
E) linked.

Question 5

If both alleles of a particular gene are identical, the person is said to be

A) an identical twin.
B) phenotypic.
C) heterozygous.
D) homozygous.
E) genotypic.

Question 6

The offspring resulting from a cross between a nearly white horse (cc) and a chestnut-colored horse (CC) is of an intermediate color (between white and chestnut). Which one of the following patterns of inheritance best explains this?

A) complete dominance
B) codominance
C) sex-linked
D) polygenic inheritance
E) incomplete dominance

Question 7

Based on the information below, answer the following question(s), assuming complete dominance.
"In humans, a widow's peak is a dominant trait, and a straight hairline is a recessive trait."
If an individual homozygous dominant for widow's peak has a child with an individual heterozygous for widow's peak, what is the chance that the child will have a homozygous dominant genotype?

A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 100%

Question 8

The law of segregation states that

A) when two identical alleles come together, complete dominance occurs in terms of phenotype.
B) genes for different traits assort independently of each other during the formation of egg and sperm.
C) genes separate from each other during gamete formation so that each sperm and egg receive only one allele from each pair.
D) when different alleles for the same trait come together, one allele will be recessive to another.
E) different alleles for the same gene occupy unique loci on sister chromatids.

Question 9

Based on the information below, answer the following question(s), assuming complete dominance.
"In humans, a widow's peak is a dominant trait, and a straight hairline is a recessive trait."
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that results from the inheritance of two recessive alleles. What is the chance that a child will inherit the disorder if one parent is heterozygous for this gene and one parent has cystic fibrosis?

A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 100%

Question 10

Based on the information below, answer the following question(s), assuming complete dominance.
"In humans, a widow's peak is a dominant trait, and a straight hairline is a recessive trait."
If an individual homozygous dominant for widow's peak has a child with an individual heterozygous for widow's peak, what is the chance that the child will have a widow's peak?

A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 100%

Question 11

In polygenic inheritance,

A) all individuals in the population are initially heterozygous for a particular trait.
B) the environment has no influence in phenotype expression.
C) the genotype makeup of individuals in a population is the only factor influencing phenotypes.
D) multiple alleles and genes contribute to a phenotype.
E) all traits are expressed as incomplete dominance.

Question 12

Based on the information below, answer the following question(s), assuming complete dominance.
"In humans, the ability to roll the tongue is a dominant trait; the inability to roll the tongue is a recessive trait."
If an individual homozygous dominant for this trait has a child with an individual who cannot roll his tongue, what is the chance that the child will have a heterozygous genotype?

A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 100%

Question 13

An example of a genotype is

A) attached earlobes.
B) homozygous dominant.
C) brown hair color.
D) long fingers.
E) blood type AB.

Question 14

In 2008 the U.S. Congress passed GINA, an act that prevents insurance companies from

A) requiring genetic testing for potential policy holders with a family history of certain types of genetic disorders.
B) raising the rates of insurance premiums or denying coverage to people who have a pre-diagnosed health condition.
C) increasing insurance costs for healthy individuals based on the results of genetic testing.
D) denying insurance coverage to any U.S. citizen.
E) refusing to pay for genetic screening of a fetus of a couple considered high risk for certain types of genetic diseases.

Question 15

If a plant is inherited by complete dominance where homozygous dominant is a red flower color and homozygous recessive is a white flower color, what must the parents' genotypes be if the offspring was 25% white and 75% red?

A) all red
B) one homozygous dominant, the other heterozygous
C) both heterozygous
D) one homozygous recessive, the other heterozygous
E) both homozygous dominant

Question 16

The Punnett square is a useful tool for

A) determining the rate of segregation of alleles.
B) calculating how many mutations occur during DNA replication.
C) determining which genes or traits assort independently during gamete formation.
D) predicting the ratios of possible genotypes of a particular combination of alleles.
E) predicting the level of crossing over that will occur during meiosis.

Question 17

The flower color in this plant is inherited by incomplete dominance. If a red flower that is homozygous dominant is crossed with a white flower that is homozygous recessive, the color of the offspring flowers will be expected to be

A) all red.
B) all pink.
C) all white.
D) 50% white and 50% pink.
E) 50% white and 50% red.

Question 18

Based on the information below, answer the following question(s), assuming complete dominance.
"In humans, the ability to roll the tongue is a dominant trait; the inability to roll the tongue is a recessive trait."
If two individuals heterozygous for this trait have a child, what is the chance that the child will not be able to roll his tongue?

A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 100%

Question 19

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding an individual who has inherited one sickle-cell gene and one normal gene for hemoglobin?

A) The individual will develop sickle-cell anemia.
B) The individual will produce only abnormal hemoglobin.
C) The individual is more likely to resist malaria than an individual with two normal genes for hemoglobin.
D) The individual will most likely die before the age of 10 from complications associated with abnormal white blood cells.
E) The individual has the homozygous recessive genotype for this trait.

Question 20

Place the following in order from smallest, simplest, least complex, to largest and most inclusive.

A) chromosome, gene, genome, nucleotide
B) nucleotide, gene, chromosome, genome
C) genome, chromosome, gene, nucleotide
D) gene, nucleotide, genome, chromosome
E) nucleotide, gene, genome, chromosome

Question 21

Failure of sister chromatids to separate properly is called

A) segregation.
B) nondisjunction.
C) crossing-over.
D) hemophilia.
E) translocation.

Question 22

A couple is planning to have a child. The female is a carrier for hemophilia; the male does not have hemophilia. What is the chance that a female child will never develop hemophilia?

A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 33%
D) 50%
E) 100%

Question 23

Genes represent the set of instructions for the expression of one or more traits human beings and influence human behaviors by

A) directly causing specific changes in mood or patterns of behavior.
B) producing protein products that serve as switches for directly turning on or off certain behaviors.
C) directing the synthesis of protein products that influence but do not directly cause most human behaviors.
D) activating behavior pathways, like those leading to depression or happiness.
E) functioning as specific behavior suppressors.

Question 24

Which one of the following genetic disorders is caused by the inheritance of a dominant-lethal allele?

A) Down syndrome
B) hemophilia
C) Huntington's disease
D) muscular dystrophy
E) Klinefelter syndrome

Question 25

Which of the following is most likely involved in the determination of intelligence?

A) one gene
B) multiple genes
C) the environment
D) one gene and the environment
E) multiple genes and the environment

Question 26

The trend toward increased height and weight due to improved nutrition in certain human populations is an example of the effect of ________ on phenotypes.

A) gene linkage
B) the environment
C) codominance
D) polygenic inheritance
E) genetic disorders

Question 27

A phenotypic trait is considered sex-linked when

A) a trait occurs only in males.
B) the genes for the phenotype occur on X or Y chromosomes.
C) the phenotype is expressed only after sexual intercourse.
D) the phenotype occurs only in females.
E) the phenotype is polygenic for both sexes.

Question 28

If a piece of chromosome breaks off during mitosis or meiosis and does not reattach, the event is called

A) nondisjunction.
B) translocation.
C) dysplasia.
D) nondysplasia.
E) a deletion.

Question 29

Which one of the following syndromes results in an individual with a nearly normal female phenotype and a tendency to develop mild mental retardation?

A) Trisomy-X syndrome
B) Klinefelter syndrome
C) Double-Y syndrome
D) Turner syndrome
E) Trisomy-Y syndrome

Question 30

A person born with Edwards syndrome has a genotypic condition identified as

A) trisomy 21.
B) trisomy 18.
C) nondisjunction.
D) XO.
E) XXY.

Question 31

Alterations in chromosome number can occur with any chromosome, but most alterations are not seen in human populations because

A) the phenotype is homozygous recessive.
B) the phenotype is expressed in a continuous range in a given population and thus does not stand out.
C) they are lethal during fetal development.
D) most are corrected during the first mitotic event in the fertilized egg.
E) the genotype still represents a normal condition.

Question 32

A recessive allele associated with chromosome 15 causes an enzyme deficiency disease called

A) Tay-Sachs.
B) PKU.
C) Patau syndrome.
D) Turner syndrome.
E) Edwards syndrome.

Question 33

Which of the following is characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome?

A) sterility and mild mental impairment
B) female phenotype
C) XYY genotype
D) nondisjunction of chromosomes after fertilization
E) trisomy 18 genotype

Question 34

What is the significance of crossing-over, independent assortment, and random fertilization?

A) an increase in the number of gametes produced by an individual, thereby increasing the chance that fertilization will occur
B) an increase in the genetic diversity of gametes and zygotes
C) an increase in the number of daughter cells produced by mitosis, thus providing a mechanism for rapidly repairing injured tissues
D) a decrease in the genetic complexity of living systems, making it more likely that a species will survive
E) a decrease in the amount of time it takes to produce gametes

Question 35

When a piece of chromosome breaks off and reattaches at another site on the same or another chromosome, this is called

A) a deletion.
B) nondisjunction.
C) translocation.
D) nontranslation.
E) recombination.

Question 36

Red-green color blindness is an X-linked recessive disorder. Assume that a mother is a carrier and a father is color-blind. What is the chance that their son will inherit red-green color blindness?

A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 100%

Question 37

Polygenic traits display phenotypes that

A) are most commonly reflective of the heterozygous condition.
B) usually express the dominate condition in greater than 75% of the population.
C) represent a continuous range within the population.
D) often are lethal to second generation of children.
E) are masked by a codominance condition.

Question 38

Which of the following genotypes results in a female phenotype?

A) XY
B) XYY
C) XO
D) XXY
E) YO

Question 39

A couple has a daughter who is color-blind. The mother is not color-blind, but the father is. What is the genotype of the mother for this trait?

A) two dominant alleles
B) one dominant allele, one recessive allele
C) three dominant alleles
D) one abnormal Y chromosome, one normal X chromosome
E) two recessive alleles

Question 40

Cystic fibrosis is the most common fatal genetic disease in North America and results in what type of allele located on chromosome 7?

A) recessive
B) dominant
C) homozygous
D) heterozygous
E) polygenic

Question 41

Identify the mode of inheritance for each of the following traits.

A) codominance
B) nondisjunction
C) sex-influenced trait
D) polygenic inheritance
E) incomplete dominance
F) X-linked inheritance
G) inheritance of a dominant-lethal allele
AB blood type

Question 42

Identify the mode of inheritance for each of the following traits.

A) codominance
B) nondisjunction
C) sex-influenced trait
D) polygenic inheritance
E) incomplete dominance
F) X-linked inheritance
G) inheritance of a dominant-lethal allele
Huntington disease

Question 43

Match each of the following disorders to the genotype with which it is associated.

A) Tay-Sachs
B) Turner syndrome
C) Edwards syndrome
D) Klinefelter syndrome
E) Down syndrome
trisomy 18

Question 44

Linked genes are not influenced by crossing-over during meiosis.

Question 45

In incomplete dominance, the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is an intermediate between the phenotype of either homozygous genotype.

Question 46

Identify the mode of inheritance for each of the following traits.

A) codominance
B) nondisjunction
C) sex-influenced trait
D) polygenic inheritance
E) incomplete dominance
F) X-linked inheritance
G) inheritance of a dominant-lethal allele
human eye color

Question 47

Identify the mode of inheritance for each of the following traits.

A) codominance
B) nondisjunction
C) sex-influenced trait
D) polygenic inheritance
E) incomplete dominance
F) X-linked inheritance
G) inheritance of a dominant-lethal allele
Down syndrome

Question 48

Identify the mode of inheritance for each of the following traits.

A) codominance
B) nondisjunction
C) sex-influenced trait
D) polygenic inheritance
E) incomplete dominance
F) X-linked inheritance
G) inheritance of a dominant-lethal allele
straight vs. curly vs. wavy hair in humans

Question 49

Identify the mode of inheritance for each of the following traits.

A) codominance
B) nondisjunction
C) sex-influenced trait
D) polygenic inheritance
E) incomplete dominance
F) X-linked inheritance
G) inheritance of a dominant-lethal allele
baldness

Question 50

Polygenic inheritance depends on gene products from multiple genes.

Question 51

A Punnett square can be used to determine possible phenotypic ratios of offspring given a particular combination of parental alleles.

Question 52

In the human male, genotype and phenotype associated with the genes on the X chromosome are determined by the one X chromosome he inherits from his mother.

Question 53

Alleles are alternative versions of chromosomes.

Question 54

Mendel's law of independent assortment states that genes separate from each other during gamete formation so that each sperm or egg gets only one unit of each pair.

Question 55

If alleles for the same gene are different in the same person, that individual is heterozygous for the trait.

Question 56

Identify the mode of inheritance for each of the following traits.

A) codominance
B) nondisjunction
C) sex-influenced trait
D) polygenic inheritance
E) incomplete dominance
F) X-linked inheritance
G) inheritance of a dominant-lethal allele
red-green color blindness

Question 57

Match each of the following disorders to the genotype with which it is associated.

A) Tay-Sachs
B) Turner syndrome
C) Edwards syndrome
D) Klinefelter syndrome
E) Down syndrome
one X chromosome; no Y or additional X chromosome

Question 58

Match each of the following disorders to the genotype with which it is associated.

A) Tay-Sachs
B) Turner syndrome
C) Edwards syndrome
D) Klinefelter syndrome
E) Down syndrome
XXY

Question 59

A deletion occurs when a piece of chromosome breaks off and is lost.

Question 60

A recessive trait that is inherited through complete dominance can occur only if both parents are heterozygous for the trait.

Question 61

An individual who inherits three copies of chromosome 18 will develop ________ syndrome.

Question 62

Match each of the following disorders to the genotype with which it is associated.

A) Tay-Sachs
B) Turner syndrome
C) Edwards syndrome
D) Klinefelter syndrome
E) Down syndrome
recessive allele on chromosome 15

Question 63

A phenotype is determined by ________ and ________.

Question 64

The inheritance of a trait that is determined by many genes acting together, such as eye color, is called ________ inheritance.

Question 65

A(n) ________ in a chromosome is often lethal and occurs when a part of chromosome breaks off or is lost.

Question 66

________ testing refers to the analysis of an individual's genetic material to determine predisposition to a particular health condition.

Question 67

If the two alleles of a particular gene pair are the same, the individual is ________ for that gene.

Question 68

According to Mendel's law of ________, genes of a gene pair separate from one another during the formation of gametes.

Question 69

A display of an individual's chromosomes is known as a(n) ________.

Question 70

During embryological development, if a certain gene on the Y chromosome is activated during the sixth or seventh week of development, the embryo will develop into a ________.

Question 71

For several phenotypes in the human population, it is clear that more than just the genotype is influencing the expression of the trait. Analysis of human populations indicates that height and weight are examples of phenotypes under environmental influence as well as genotype. Provide evidence that would support the contention that both environment and genotype influence human weight.

Question 72

Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly is called ________.

Question 73

In ________ dominance, the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is an intermediate between the phenotype of either homozygous genotype.

Question 74

Genes for different traits located on the same chromosome in close proximity are called ________ genes.

Question 75

Explain why in some cases, linked genes may be separated during crossing-over, yet at other times, linked genes are not affected by the recombination during meiosis.

Question 76

Alternative versions of the same gene are ________.

Question 77

Genes located on the same chromosome are not always inherited together because of the process of ________, which occurs during meiosis; this process "reshuffles" the genes.

Question 78

A(n) ________ refers to the complete set of DNA within the chromosomes of an individual.

Question 79

Match each of the following disorders to the genotype with which it is associated.

A) Tay-Sachs
B) Turner syndrome
C) Edwards syndrome
D) Klinefelter syndrome
E) Down syndrome
trisomy 21

Question 80

The process by which a piece of a chromosome breaks off and then attaches to another chromosome is referred to as ________.