Deck 15: The Urinary System

Question 1

Using the figure above, identify in which one of the following locations a nephron would be found.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) B and C
Answer: E
Topic: Sec. 15.3
Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 15.3a
GLO: G1
As urine moves through a nephron, it is modified by ions, water, and other materials either being secreted into the fluid or by efflux of substances out of the urine. However, such modifications do not occur in which one of the following regions of the nephron?

A) loop of Henle
B) collecting duct
C) Bowman's capsule
D) proximal tubule
E) distal tubule

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Using the figure above, identify in which one of the following locations a nephron would be found.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) B and C
Answer: E
Topic: Sec. 15.3
Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 15.3a
GLO: G1
The efferent arteriole carries blood from the glomerulus to the

A) renal artery.
B) peritubular capillaries.
C) renal vein.
D) collecting duct.
E) afferent arteriole.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The hairpin design of the loop of Henle allows events on one side of the loop to influence the events on the other side, by a process referred to as

A) paratubular movement.
B) countercurrent exchange.
C) bulk flow.
D) glomerular filtration.
E) tubular reabsorption.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Over 99% of the water filtered through the glomerulus is reabsorbed. At which one of the following locations does most of this water reabsorption occur?

A) loop of Henle
B) distal tubule
C) collecting duct
D) proximal tubule
E) renal pelvis

Question 5

Renin is secreted by which one of the following structures?

A) distal tubule
B) juxtaglomerular apparatus
C) renal medulla
D) glomerulus
E) Bowman's capsule

Question 6

Movement of sodium across the cells of the collecting duct relies on which one of the following?

A) tubular secretion
B) glomerular filtration
C) tubular reabsorption
D) active transport
E) bulk flow

Question 7

Using the figure above, answer this question. All of the following directly excrete wastes out of the body EXCEPT which one?
A) digestive tract
B) circulatory system
C) respiratory system
D) integumentary system
E) urinary system
Answer: B
Topic: Sec. 15.1
Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 15.1a
GLO: G1
The kidneys function to maintain homeostasis in all of the following ways EXCEPT which one?

A) regulating blood volume
B) controlling salt balance in body fluids
C) exchanging blood gases
D) regulating blood pressure
E) regulating vitamin D

Question 8

Using the figure above, answer this question. All of the following directly excrete wastes out of the body EXCEPT which one?
A) digestive tract
B) circulatory system
C) respiratory system
D) integumentary system
E) urinary system
Answer: B
Topic: Sec. 15.1
Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 15.1a
GLO: G1
The primary sources of the nitrogenous wastes that are eliminated by the kidneys are

A) proteins.
B) carbohydrates.
C) vitamins.
D) triglycerides.
E) nucleic acids.

Question 9

Which one of the following is typically removed from the blood by the tubular secretion process?

A) drugs such as marijuana and cocaine
B) urea
C) protein
D) red blood cells
E) water

Question 10

The hormone ADH

A) causes the kidneys to produce dilute urine.
B) is secreted by the kidneys.
C) causes the cells of the collecting duct to be more permeable to water.
D) causes the kidneys to produce a high volume of urine.
E) is usually secreted when the body is completely hydrated.

Question 11

An individual has been diagnosed with persistent proteinuria. This condition is due to damage in which one of the following regions of the nephron?

A) loop of Henle
B) proximal tubule
C) glomerular capsule
D) distal tubule
E) collecting duct

Question 12

Which of the following groupings of organs is responsible for the maintenance of water balance in the body?

A) liver, kidneys, hypothalamus
B) heart, liver, posterior pituitary
C) posterior pituitary, hypothalamus, kidneys
D) kidneys, hypothalamus, liver
E) posterior pituitary, bone marrow, kidneys

Question 13

Using the figure above, identify in which one of the following locations a nephron would be found.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) B and C
Answer: E
Topic: Sec. 15.3
Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 15.3a
GLO: G1
Consider a red blood cell traveling in the renal artery. It passes through several different functional vessels before entering the renal vein. Consider the vessels listed below. Which one of the following answers lists the CORRECT order in which the red blood cell passes through these vessels? 1. peritubular capillaries
2) efferent arteriole
3) afferent arteriole
4) glomerulus
5) renal vein

A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 3, 4, 2, 1, 5
C) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5
D) 2, 1, 3, 4, 5
E) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5

Question 14

Using the figure above, answer this question. All of the following directly excrete wastes out of the body EXCEPT which one?
A) digestive tract
B) circulatory system
C) respiratory system
D) integumentary system
E) urinary system
Answer: B
Topic: Sec. 15.1
Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 15.1a
GLO: G1
The nitrogenous waste ammonia is usually converted to a less toxic substance known as

A) amino acids.
B) urea.
C) fatty acids.
D) sodium chloride crystals.
E) uric acid.

Question 15

Water and nutrients that have been filtered from the glomerular filtrate are returned to circulation as they enter the

A) renal artery.
B) vasa recta.
C) efferent arteriole.
D) peritubular capillaries.
E) vasa recta and peritubular capillaries.

Question 16

Urine formation initiates with glomerular filtration, a process that relies on filtering large quantities of protein-free plasma into the Bowman's capsule by

A) passive diffusion through porous capillaries.
B) active transport from interstitial fluid.
C) active transport from paratubular capillaries.
D) osmotic transport from lymph fluid.
E) micelle transport.

Question 17

Alcohol has diuretic effects, increasing urine output. By which one of the following is this mediated?

A) Alcohol increases the amount of sodium reabsorbed.
B) Alcohol decreases the amount of sodium reabsorbed.
C) Alcohol makes the renal tubules more permeable to water.
D) Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH.
E) Drinks with alcohol also contain a lot of water, and the kidneys excrete this.

Question 18

Using the figure above, answer this question. All of the following directly excrete wastes out of the body EXCEPT which one?
A) digestive tract
B) circulatory system
C) respiratory system
D) integumentary system
E) urinary system
Answer: B
Topic: Sec. 15.1
Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 15.1a
GLO: G1
When urine leaves the kidneys, it enters the

A) urethra.
B) liver.
C) ureter.
D) urinary bladder.
E) nephron.

Question 19

Using the figure above, identify in which one of the following locations a nephron would be found.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) B and C
Answer: E
Topic: Sec. 15.3
Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding
LO: 15.3a
GLO: G1
The capillaries that serve as the major blood supply to the kidneys are called the

A) Bowman's capsule.
B) cortex.
C) proximal tubules.
D) hepatic portal system.
E) glomerulus.

Question 20

Urination depends on

A) blood proteins.
B) water movement into the proximal tubule.
C) the neural micturition reflex.
D) the concentration of urea in the distal tubule.
E) countercurrent exchange in the vasa recta.

Question 21

Renin stimulates the secretion of aldosterone.

Question 22

The ureters connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Question 23

Which of the following regulates salt balance?

A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
D) renin
E) both aldosterone and ANH

Question 24

Given the following events involved in the regulation of blood volume, which one of the following answers best represents the order in which these events occurs? 1. sodium reabsorbed from distal tubules and collecting ducts
3) secretion of renin from juxtaglomerular apparatus
2) secretion of aldosterone
4) decrease in blood volume
5) production of angiotensin II

A) 4, 2, 5, 3, 1
B) 4, 5, 2, 1, 3
C) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5
D) 4, 2, 5, 1, 3
E) 1, 4, 5, 2, 3

Question 25

Osmotic concentration in the descending limb of the loop of Henle increases as water moves out.

Question 26

Aldosterone is secreted in response to changes in

A) blood pressure.
B) blood calcium levels.
C) body temperature.
D) blood potassium levels.
E) blood glucose levels.

Question 27

The major nitrogenous waste product in urine is the ammonium ion.

Question 28

During times of stress, the autonomic nervous system causes the afferent and efferent arterioles to constrict, resulting in an increase in the amount of urine produced.

Question 29

Chloride ions passively follow sodium that has been actively transported out of tubular cells, due to the attraction of negatively charged ions to positively charged ions.

Question 30

Impairments of the kidney that are considered short term and possibly can be overcome by medication or other treatments are called chronic renal failure.

Question 31

The internal urethral sphincter is composed of smooth muscle, and the external urethral sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle; together, they control the process of urination.

Question 32

Blood containing metabolic waste is transported to the kidneys by the renal vein; the renal artery removes blood from the kidneys once the waste has been removed.

Question 33

Many different ions are taken into the body with each meal or produced during cellular metabolism. The kidneys are important in regulating homeostasis of these ions in the body. Match each ion to its function.

A) maintains electrical charges across cell membranes
B) important in muscle and nerve activity
C) maintains acid-base balance
D) determines the volume of extracellular fluid, including blood which can affect blood pressure
sodium and chloride

Question 34

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water so no passive diffusion occurs.

Question 35

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding erythropoietin?

A) It is secreted by the liver in response to rising blood pH.
B) It causes the bladder to store increased amounts of urine.
C) It is part of a positive feedback loop used to control the amount of hydrogen ion secreted by the kidneys.
D) It stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
E) It is secreted in response to rising blood oxygen levels.

Question 36

The function of the kidneys to concentrate urine is under the control of a negative feedback loop.

Question 37

Choose the correct order of steps for the synthesis of Vitamin D. a. Inactive vitamin D is transported to the liver where it is modified.
B) Inactive, chemically altered vitamin D is transported to the kidneys.
C) UV light strikes the skin and converts a steroid molecule into an inactive form of vitamin D.
D) Vitamin D is activated under the influence of PTH.

A) a, b, c, d
B) c, b, a, d
C) c, a, b, d
D) a, c, b, d
E) d, a, c, b

Question 38

Not only are the kidneys considered organs of excretion, but they have an endocrine function as well as an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis through the regulation of blood pH.

Question 39

Minerals that crystallize in the renal pelvis are referred to as

A) kidney stones.
B) pelvic crystals.
C) otoliths.
D) osteocytes.
E) renal deposits.

Question 40

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis involves the circulation of a patient's blood through an artificial kidney machine in order to remove metabolic waste and excess ions; this procedure can now be done in the home.

Question 41

Match each region of the nephron to its description.

A) glomerular capsule
B) proximal tubule
C) collecting duct
D) loop of Henle
E) distal tubule
region where fluids are transported to the collecting duct; active reabsorption of salt occurs

Question 42

The process of reabsorbing water is regulated by ________ hormone.

Question 43

Match each of the following disorders associated with the urinary system to its description.

A) chronic renal failure
B) acute renal failure
C) kidney stones
D) proteinuria
condition that results from crystallization of minerals in urine; can block the flow of urine out of the body

Question 44

Match each region of the nephron to its description.

A) glomerular capsule
B) proximal tubule
C) collecting duct
D) loop of Henle
E) distal tubule
region where 65-70% of the water in the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood

Question 45

Match each of the following disorders associated with the urinary system to its description.

A) chronic renal failure
B) acute renal failure
C) kidney stones
D) proteinuria
condition that results from short-term damage to the kidneys and is usually correctable; can be caused by low blood pressure, infections, or severe injuries

Question 46

Many different ions are taken into the body with each meal or produced during cellular metabolism. The kidneys are important in regulating homeostasis of these ions in the body. Match each ion to its function.

A) maintains electrical charges across cell membranes
B) important in muscle and nerve activity
C) maintains acid-base balance
D) determines the volume of extracellular fluid, including blood which can affect blood pressure
hydrogen

Question 47

Using the letter choices on the figure above, identify the organs of the urinary system.
location of nephrons, which filter blood to remove wastes and retain essential solutes

Question 48

Using the letter choices on the figure above, identify the organs of the urinary system.
muscular tube that passes urine out of the body

Question 49

Using the letter choices on the figure above, identify the organs of the urinary system.
stores urine until it is excreted out of the body

Question 50

Match each region of the nephron to its description.

A) glomerular capsule
B) proximal tubule
C) collecting duct
D) loop of Henle
E) distal tubule
region composed of a descending limb that is permeable to water and an ascending limb that is impermeable to water

Question 51

Match each of the following disorders associated with the urinary system to its description.

A) chronic renal failure
B) acute renal failure
C) kidney stones
D) proteinuria
condition also known as end-stage renal disease; kidneys no longer function properly due to long-term, irreversible damage

Question 52

Countercurrent exchange is used primarily in the hairpin arrangement of the ________ portion of the nephron.

Question 53

Many different ions are taken into the body with each meal or produced during cellular metabolism. The kidneys are important in regulating homeostasis of these ions in the body. Match each ion to its function.

A) maintains electrical charges across cell membranes
B) important in muscle and nerve activity
C) maintains acid-base balance
D) determines the volume of extracellular fluid, including blood which can affect blood pressure
calcium

Question 54

Using the letter choices on the figure above, identify the organs of the urinary system.
delivers urine to the bladder

Question 55

Many different ions are taken into the body with each meal or produced during cellular metabolism. The kidneys are important in regulating homeostasis of these ions in the body. Match each ion to its function.

A) maintains electrical charges across cell membranes
B) important in muscle and nerve activity
C) maintains acid-base balance
D) determines the volume of extracellular fluid, including blood which can affect blood pressure
potassium

Question 56

Nitrogenous wastes are produced during normal metabolism of ________.

Question 57

Match each of the following disorders associated with the urinary system to its description.

A) chronic renal failure
B) acute renal failure
C) kidney stones
D) proteinuria
condition caused by damage to the glomerulus; results in the presence of protein in the urine

Question 58

Match each region of the nephron to its description.

A) glomerular capsule
B) proximal tubule
C) collecting duct
D) loop of Henle
E) distal tubule
ADH increases the permeability of the cells of this region to water

Question 59

The outer portion of the kidneys is the ________, whereas the inner portion is the ________.

Question 60

Match each region of the nephron to its description.

A) glomerular capsule
B) proximal tubule
C) collecting duct
D) loop of Henle
E) distal tubule
region where blood plasma fluid is filtered from the blood into the nephron

Question 61

Sodium is moved out of the proximal tubule by ________.

Question 62

Nutrients, water, and ions reabsorbed by the proximal and distal tubules enter the ________ capillaries.

Question 63

If the Bowman's capsule could be surgically removed so that the end (closed) of the proximal tubule was in contact with the glomerulus, what would be the impact on glomerular filtration?

Question 64

________ not only stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands but also causes constriction of small blood vessels (vasoconstriction).

Question 65

Tubular reabsorption occurs when most of the fluid and solutes move back into the ________.

Question 66

Energy drinks contain several components, including caffeine, that are advertised to boost your energy levels. If you drink several of these caffeine-containing energy drinks in a short period of time, you feel the sensation to urinate. Why?

Question 67

ADH ________ the permeability of the cells of the collecting duct to water.

Question 68

Three organs in the human body are involved in the production of vitamin D; they are the ________, ________, and ________.

Question 69

The glomerulus of each nephron is enclosed by a portion of the nephron known as a glomerular ________.

Question 70

Chloride ions move by ________, following the transport of sodium out of the proximal tubule.

Question 71

The steroid hormone ________ regulates the reabsorption of sodium across the collecting duct and distal tubule.

Question 72

The loop of Henle relies on a countercurrent exchange mechanism to promote movement of water and solutes. Explain the significance of this mechanism to the composition of urine.

Question 73

Each kidney is made up of a million ________, the functional units of a kidney.