Deck 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

Question 1

How many carbons are in this structural formula?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 6
E) 9

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Most enzymes are non-specific, meaning they may bind to substrates indiscriminately and catalyze a wide range of reactions in the body.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Which of the following is one of the 4 major elements found in the body?

A) carbon
B) aluminum
C) iodine
D) calcium
E) selenium

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is a good example of an acidic bodily fluid in a healthy individual?

A) semen
B) cerebrospinal fluid
C) bile
D) blood
E) gastric juice

Question 5

Which of the following statements best characterizes lipid molecules?

A) In general, they have few polar covalent bonds, and are therefore hydrophobic and insoluble in water.
B) They are most commonly found in the body functioning as enzymes.
C) Glucose, fructose, and galactose are classified as triglycerides.
D) Components of these molecules are joined together by peptide bonds.
E) They are toxic in the body and should be eradicated in all forms from the diet.

Question 6

Which of the following is the most plentiful positive ion in the extracellular fluid?

A) nitrogen
B) hydrogen
C) magnesium
D) potassium
E) sodium

Question 7

Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose one or more valence electrons and become positively or negatively charged.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT an example of a hydrogen bond?

A) the bonds formed between H₂O molecules
B) the peptide bonds between amino acids
C) the bonds formed between base pairs of DNA and RNA nucleotides
D) the bonds formed along the polypeptide backbone of a protein to form its secondary structure, the alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets.

Question 9

Salts are always ___.

A) defined as dissociating in water into a hydrogen ion and an anion
B) ionic compounds
C) polar covalent compounds
D) non-polar covalent compounds
E) hydrogen bonded

Question 10

The energy needed to break an existing chemical bond or to form a new chemical bond is called the ___.

A) potential energy
B) catalysis
C) activation energy
D) chemical energy
E) mechanical energy

Question 11

A bond in which electrons are shared unequally is called a(n) ___.

A) hydrogen bond
B) ionic bond
C) amphipathic bond
D) polar covalent bond
E) nonpolar covalent bond

Question 12

Which of these terms describes a large molecule created by covalent bonding of many similar small building block molecules?

A) polymer
B) colloid
C) monomer
D) electrolyte
E) polymath

Question 13

Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule?

A) H₂O
B) CH₄
C) PO₄^3-
D) NaCl
E) HCl

Question 14

The sugar part of the backbone of DNA strands is called deoxyribose.

Question 15

The rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by all of the following except:

A) the presence of the appropriate enzyme
B) the concentration of the reactants
C) the presence or absence of carbon
D) the temperature
E) the presence of the appropriate catalyst

Question 16

The phospholipids that make up the plasma membranes of body cells have a ___ head region and a ___ tail region, a quality essential for the formation of the "lipid bilayer."

A) non-polar, hydrophilic
B) non-polar, polar
C) polar, hydrophilic
D) hydrophobic, hydrophilic
E) hydrophilic, non-polar

Question 17

The lower the pH, the higher the H⁺ concentration.

Question 18

Which of these statements is NOT true of fats and oils?

A) A fat is typically solid at room temperature, while an oil is liquid.
B) Fats contain fatty acids that are mostly saturated, while oils have mostly unsaturated fatty acids.
C) Fats are usually phospholipids, while oils are triglycerides.
D) Fats in our diet are typically from meat products; oils are typically from plant products and some fish.
E) Eating large amounts of saturated fat is associated with heart disease, and eating oils is believed to reduce the risk of heart disease.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding enzymes?

A) They are specific; each one is able to bind only to certain substrates.
B) They lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction.
C) They are all capable of breaking down lipids.
D) They are unchanged at the end of the reaction.
E) They usually end with the suffix -ase.

Question 20

The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties and characteristics of an element is the ___.

A) molecule
B) atom
C) electron
D) proton
E) nucleus

Question 21

This term refers to the average atomic mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element.

A) mass number
B) atomic number
C) atomic weight
D) ionic mass
E) covalent mass

Question 22

The following equation is an example of which of the following concepts?
ATP + H₂O → ADP + Phosphate group + Energy

A) dehydration synthesis reaction
B) anabolic reaction
C) phosphorylation
D) hydrolysis

Question 23

This type of reaction will absorb more energy than it releases.

A) exergonic
B) endergonic
C) potential
D) kinetic
E) activation

Question 24

What region of an atom contains the protons and neutrons?

A) cloud
B) nucleus
C) element
D) ring
E) shell

Question 25

Non-polar covalent bonds between hydrogen and other atoms create partially charged regions on those molecules, and the attraction between other molecules with partially charged regions are called hydrogen bonds.

Question 26

Which of the following particles plays the greatest role in creating chemical bonds?

A) neutron
B) electron
C) proton
D) neutron and proton
E) all of these choices

Question 27

Which of the following bodily fluids is strongly alkaline (basic)?

A) blood
B) gastric juice
C) bile
D) vaginal fluid
E) saliva

Question 28

This is the type of bond between the atoms within a molecule of H₂O.

A) nonpolar covalent bond
B) polar covalent bond
C) hydrogen bond
D) ionic bond
E) treasury bond

Question 29

Which of these conducts an electric current?

A) isotope
B) surface tension
C) compound
D) electrolyte
E) valence molecule

Question 30

Anions are formed when atoms gain or lose one or more valence electrons and become positively or negatively charged.

Question 31

This describes the number of protons in an atom.

A) mass number
B) atomic number
C) isotope
D) valence shell
E) none of these choices

Question 32

Which of the following particles has a neutral charge?

A) neutron
B) atom
C) proton
D) both the neutron and atom
E) all of these choices

Question 33

This term describes the process of forming new chemical bonds or breaking bonds between atoms.

A) homeostasis
B) surface tension
C) isotopes
D) chemical reaction
E) anabolism

Question 34

An enzyme acts to ___.

A) raise the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur
B) lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur
C) convert the activation energy into potential energy
D) convert the activation energy into kinetic energy
E) quench a chemical reaction

Question 35

Atoms with the same number of protons and a differing number of neutrons are ___.

A) compounds
B) cations
C) anions
D) isotopes
E) molecules

Question 36

This type of bond requires a sharing of electrons.

A) covalent
B) ionic
C) hydrogen
D) bail
E) electronic

Question 37

Which of the following is the most plentiful positive ion in the intracellular fluid?

A) Na⁺
B) Cl-
C) H⁺
D) K⁺
E) Mg²⁺

Question 38

Which of the following bonds is the weakest of the chemical bonds but plays a large role in determining the three dimensional shape of large molecules such as proteins?

A) nonpolar covalent bonds
B) polar covalent bonds
C) hydrogen bonds
D) ionic bonds
E) barry bonds

Question 39

This is a negatively charged particle.

A) superoxide
B) isotope
C) catalyst
D) anion
E) cation

Question 40

This term is defined as the capacity to do work.

A) metabolism
B) electrolytes
C) chemical reaction
D) concentration
E) energy

Question 41

This type of lipid is the body's long-term energy storage molecule.

A) steroid
B) phospholipid
C) cholesterol
D) triglyceride
E) lipoprotein

Question 42

Which of these is the solvent in a typical body solution?

A) glucose
B) lipids
C) carbon dioxide
D) water
E) electrolyte

Question 43

Which of the following is considered a proton donor?

A) acid
B) base
C) salt
D) organic compound
E) colloid

Question 44

The major energy storage polysaccharide in humans is ___.

A) cellulose
B) ribose
C) lipids
D) fats
E) glycogen

Question 45

The primary structure of a protein contains ___.

A) alpha helix
B) beta-pleated sheets
C) substrates
D) amino acids
E) all of these choices

Question 46

Which of these is a substance that is added to solutions to add or remove hydrogen ions so that stronger acids or bases are converted into weaker acids or bases?

A) base
B) lye
C) acid
D) alkaline
E) buffer

Question 47

The body uses this type of lipid to create hormones.

A) cellulose
B) phospholipid
C) cholesterol
D) triglyceride
E) lipoprotein

Question 48

A solute that dissolves in water is ___.

A) hydrophobic
B) hydrostatic
C) hydroelectric
D) hydrophilic
E) hydrozone

Question 49

Which of the following is a monosaccharide that is important in producing energy?

A) glucose
B) sucrose
C) lactose
D) ribose
E) deoxyribose

Question 50

Which is the function of RNA?

A) produce electrical impulses
B) storage of energy
C) transfer information for protein synthesis
D) store information for protein synthesis
E) transport of fluids

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT true of phospholipids?

A) They contain a glycerol backbone.
B) The head group is polar.
C) The molecule is an important part of cell membranes.
D) The tail groups are nonpolar.
E) They are a major energy storage lipid.

Question 52

How does RNA differ from DNA?

A) RNA is usually single-stranded while DNA is usually part of a double-stranded helix.
B) The sugar in RNA monomers is ribose; in DNA, it is deoxyribose.
C) RNA uses the nitrogenous base, uracil, where DNA uses thymine.
D) RNA is usually single-stranded while DNA is usually part of a double-stranded helix, and RNA uses the nitrogenous base, uracil, where DNA uses thymine.
E) All of these choices.

Question 53

This type of triglyceride contains more than one double bond in the fatty acid carbon atoms.

A) saturated
B) monounsaturated
C) polyunsaturated
D) acylglycerols
E) lipoprotein

Question 54

This type of reaction will convert larger reactants to smaller products.

A) synthesis
B) decomposition
C) potential
D) exchange
E) activated

Question 55

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are considered ___.

A) amphipathic
B) lipids
C) eicosanoids
D) both lipids and eicosanoids
E) all of these choices

Question 56

This is the most abundant and most important inorganic compound in the body.

A) water
B) oxygen gas
C) carbon dioxide
D) glucose
E) DNA

Question 57

Which of these best describes a solution with a pH value less than 7?

A) basic
B) salty
C) acidic
D) alkaline
E) concentrated

Question 58

This type of reaction combines reactants to produce larger products.

A) synthesis
B) decomposition
C) potential
D) exchange
E) activated

Question 59

Which of these molecules is made up of a nitrogenous base, five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group?

A) amino acid
B) monosaccharide
C) nucleotide
D) fatty acid
E) triglyceride

Question 60

Which of the following is true of inorganic acids, bases and salts in water?

A) An acid dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more cations.
B) A base dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more anions.
C) Salts dissociate into one or more anions and one or more cations, none of which are H⁺ or OH-.
D) An acid dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more cations and a base dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more anions.
E) None of these answer choices are correct.

Question 61

Describe the law of conservation of energy.

Question 62

In the diagram which particles are negatively charged?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) All of these choices
E) None of these choices

Question 63

Describe what is happening at places 1, 2, and 3 in the figure.

Question 64

Why are most lipids insoluble in water?

Question 65

Describe three factors that increase the rate of chemical reactions.

Question 66

Which of these describes a function of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A) produce electrical impulses
B) transfers energy for cell functions
C) surrounds the cell and separates it from environment
D) store information for protein synthesis
E) all of these choices

Question 67

An atom with 4 electrons in its valence shell is ___.

A) very stable
B) likely to ionize
C) a noble gas
D) an oxygen atom
E) a carbon atom

Question 68

Describe what happens to a protein's structure and function when it is denatured.

Question 69

Which of these describes the function of DNA?

A) produce chemical signals
B) storage of energy
C) transfer information for protein synthesis
D) store information for protein synthesis
E) transport of electrolytes

Question 70

Describe the functions of water in the body.

Question 71

What is the difference between atomic mass, mass number and atomic number?

Question 72

List the three major properties of enzymes.

Question 73

List the six major functions of proteins.

Question 74

Describe a hydrogen bond.

Question 75

What is this molecule, where can it be found in a eukaryotic cell and what are the special properties of this molecule?

Question 76

Describe what structures comprise an amino acid.

Question 77

In the diagram, which pH value represents an acidic solution?

A) 12
B) 10
C) 8
D) 6
E) None of these choices

Question 78

What is the monomer used to build RNA and DNA?

A) fatty acid
B) amino acid
C) glucose
D) glycerol
E) nucleotide

Question 79

Give a brief description of what rule this diagram represents.