Deck 3: The Cellular Level of Organization

Question 1

If cells are placed in a hypotonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen?

A) The cells would swell and cell lysis could occur.
B) The cells would lose water and crenate.
C) The cells would crenate at first, but then reach equilibrium with the surrounding solution.
D) The cells would show no change.
E) The cells would maintain a low hydrostatic pressure.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A red blood cell placed in a hypotonic solution would

A) crenate.
B) swell, then crenate as equilibrium is reached.
C) neither crenate nor swell.
D) swell and lyse.
E) have a low osmotic pressure compared to the solution.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is the most plentiful positive ion in the extracellular fluid?

A) potassium
B) sodium
C) magnesium
D) chloride
E) hydrogen

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the sodium-potassium pump?

A) It is a type of primary active transport antiporter.
B) It changes conformation after being phosphorylated, and expels sodium from inside the cell.
C) It relies on the hydrolysis of ATP in order to function.
D) It imports three K⁺ for every 2 Na⁺ it exports from the cell.
E) It releases its phosphate group after it binds to extracellular K⁺.

Question 5

If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could bind with a(n) ___ mRNA codon.

A) UGA
B) AUG
C) UCG
D) TCG
E) GAU

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT an example of hydrogen bonding?

A) The bonds formed between base pairs of nucleotides in DNA.
B) The bonds formed between neighboring amino acids to form a protein's secondary structure.
C) The bonds formed between amino acids to form a protein's primary structure.
D) The bonds formed between molecules of H₂O.
E) The bonds formed between the hydroxyl groups of cholesterol molecules and the surrounding polar heads of the phospholipids in the plasma membrane.

Question 7

Put the steps of the sodium-potassium pump in the correct order.
1) potassium binds to protein pump
2) sodium binds to protein
3) phosphate group is released from protein pump
4) release of potassium into ICF
5) hydrolysis of ATP
6) expelling of sodium

A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
B) 2, 5, 6, 1, 3, 4
C) 3, 4, 2, 6, 5, 1
D) 5, 6, 3, 4, 2, 1
E) 3, 2, 4, 6, 1, 5

Question 8

A human cell placed in a 2% NaCl solution (a hypertonic solution) would

A) swell and lyse.
B) have a low osmotic pressure compared to the solution.
C) maintain its shape.
D) maintain a very high hydrostatic pressure.
E) exhibit no change.

Question 9

If a 0.92% saline (NaCl) solution is isotonic to a cell, a 0.3% NaCl solution ___.

A) would cause the cell to shrink
B) would result in water movement into the cell
C) would cause the cell to crenate
D) is hypertonic to the cell
E) is hyperosmotic to the cell

Question 10

A red blood cell placed in distilled (pure) water (which is hypotonic) would

A) swell and burst.
B) shrink.
C) swell, then shrink as equilibrium is reached.
D) neither shrink nor swell.
E) maintain a low hydrostatic pressure.

Question 11

The cell does not need to expend energy (ATP) in order to perform ___.

A) exocytosis
B) receptor-mediated endocytosis
C) simple diffusion
D) active transport
E) phagocytosis

Question 12

Which statement is the most correct regarding the processes of transcription and translation?

A) The nucleotide sequence in an mRNA codon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for the mRNA, except that uracil replaces adenine.
B) The nucleotide sequence in an mRNA codon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for the mRNA, except that uracil replaces thymine.
C) The nucleotide sequence in an rRNA codon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for mRNA, except that uracil replaces adenine.
D) The nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for an mRNA, except that uracil replaces adenine.
E) The nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for an mRNA, except that uracil replaces thymine.

Question 13

Which of the following cell types would you expect to have an unusually high abundance of free ribosomes?

A) fibroblasts
B) osteoblasts
C) skeletal muscle cells
D) liver cells (which produce many of the proteins found in blood)
E) chondroblasts

Question 14

During ___, the chromosomal centromeres split and the chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell.

A) metaphase
B) anaphase
C) telophase
D) prophase
E) S phase

Question 15

Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the sodium-potassium pump?

A) The ATP driven pump operates as a symport system.
B) The pump transports 3 potassium ions into the cell for every 2 sodium ions it transports out of the cell.
C) Phosphorylation of the ATPase transport protein causes a conformational change resulting in the expulsion of sodium into the extracellular fluid.
D) When potassium binds to the ATPase transport protein, the protein is phosphorylated.
E) It is a secondary transport pump.

Question 16

Put the steps of the sodium-potassium pump in the correct order.
1) potassium binds to protein pump
2) sodium binds to protein
3) potassium released into ICF
4) hydrolysis of ATP
5) sodium expelled

A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 2, 4, 5, 1, 3
C) 3, 4, 2, 5, 1
D) 5, 3, 4, 2, 1
E) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5

Question 17

In which phase of the cellular cycle does DNA replication occur?

A) prophase
B) metaphase
C) S phase
D) G2 phase
E) telophase

Question 18

___ can be thought of as "cell eating" and is practiced frequently by white blood cells, which use it to neutralize bacteria, viruses, and dead or dying cells.

A) Pinocytosis
B) Exocytosis
C) Phagocytosis
D) Autolysis
E) Hydrolysis

Question 19

Which of the following would NOT increase the rate of diffusion?

A) A decrease in the size of the diffusing particle.
B) An increase in the concentration gradient.
C) An enzyme acting as a catalyst.
D) An increase in the temperature.
E) A decrease in the thickness of the membrane across which diffusion was occurring.

Question 20

Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding the cytoplasmic organelles?

A) The Golgi complex is the site of protein transcription.
B) The smooth endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells serves to store Ca²⁺ (ionic calcium).
C) Mitochondria are sites for the processes involved with cellular respiration (using oxygen to produce ATP), and contain their own DNA.
D) Ribosomes consist of large and small subunits, both of which are made in the nucleolus of the cell.
E) Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes that work best at an acidic pH.

Question 21

What regions of a phospholipid molecule are polar?

A) head region
B) tail region
C) both head and tail
D) neither head, nor tail
E) none of these choices

Question 22

This type of membrane protein serves as sort of an anchor and may connect the plasma membranes of two neighboring cells together.

A) transporters
B) receptors
C) ligand
D) ion channels
E) linkers

Question 23

Plasma membranes consist of what three components?

A) phospholipids, glycoproteins, water
B) proteins, cholesterol, fatty acids
C) cholesterol, fatty acids, glycolipids
D) proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol
E) water, proteins, fatty acids

Question 24

What regions of a phospholipid molecule are hydrophobic?

A) head region
B) tail region
C) both head and tail
D) neither head, nor tail
E) none of these choices

Question 25

This type of membrane protein does NOT extend through the entire membrane so that it touches both the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid.

A) integral proteins
B) transmembrane proteins
C) peripheral proteins
D) channel proteins
E) all of these choices

Question 26

What are the three main parts of a eukaryotic cell?

A) plasma membrane, organelles, cytoplasm
B) plasma membrane, organelles, nucleus
C) plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles
D) plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
E) plasma membrane, cytosol, organelles

Question 27

An example of phagocytosis would include ___.

A) a cell in the intestinal tract absorbing glucose
B) a muscle cell contracting
C) a white blood cell ingesting a bacterium
D) a red blood cell transporting oxygen
E) a goblet cell secreting mucous

Question 28

This is the transport process by which gases move through a membrane.

A) osmosis
B) active transport
C) secondary active transport
D) simple diffusion
E) endocytosis

Question 29

This component of a cell membrane enables it to produce chemical products.

A) receptors
B) phospholipids
C) cholesterol
D) enzymes
E) ligand

Question 30

The sodium-potassium pump transports ___ Na⁺ to the extracellular fluid for every ___ K⁺ that it transports into the intracellular fluid.

A) 2, 3
B) 1, 2
C) 3, 1
D) 3, 2
E) 2, 2

Question 31

Which of the following is a membrane protein that binds with hormones and neurotransmitters?

A) transporters
B) receptors
C) enzymes
D) linkers
E) cell identification markers

Question 32

Ribosomes are the sites where ___ occurs.

A) translation
B) transcription
C) mitosis
D) phagocytosis
E) apoptosis

Question 33

This is a measure of a solution's ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content.

A) tonicity
B) facilitation
C) gradient
D) osmotic pressure
E) hydrostatic pressure

Question 34

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in muscle cells has a special name, the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for storing and releasing which important ion?

A) Ca²⁺
B) Mg²⁺
C) Na⁺
D) K⁺
E) Cl-

Question 35

This is the only polar portion of a cholesterol molecule and it forms hydrogen bonds with the polar heads of phospholipids.

A) -OH group
B) -CH3 group
C) -CH4 group
D) -OOH group
E) none of these choices

Question 36

Which of the following does NOT influence the rate of diffusion?

A) steepness of the concentration gradient
B) mass of the diffusing substance
C) thickness of the membrane across which diffusion must occur
D) amount of ATP available
E) temperature

Question 37

In this type of passive transport process a solute, such as glucose, binds to a specific transporter protein on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side after the transporter protein undergoes a change in shape.

A) osmosis
B) facilitated diffusion
C) active transport
D) secondary active transport
E) endocytosis

Question 38

The characteristic of plasma membranes allowing only some substances to move through is known as ___.

A) selective permeability
B) concentration gradient
C) electrical gradient
D) solubility
E) transportation

Question 39

If a transport protein moves two substances in the same direction, it is called a(n) ___.

A) antiporter
B) carrier protein
C) symporter
D) clathrin coated pit
E) phagosome

Question 40

Which of these cannot cross the plasma membrane using channels and carriers but must instead cross by endocytosis or exocytosis?

A) proteins
B) ions, such as K⁺
C) water
D) urea
E) sugars, such as glucose

Question 41

This organelle is studded with ribosomes that are synthesizing proteins.

A) rough endoplasmic reticulum
B) cytosol
C) nucleus
D) centriole
E) mitochondria

Question 42

These perform special functions in cellular growth, maintenance and reproduction.

A) organelles
B) cytoskeleton
C) cytoplasm
D) cytosol
E) nucleus

Question 43

This is comprised of a pair of centrioles and pericentriolar materials.

A) cytoskeleton
B) chromosome
C) centrosome
D) centromere
E) peroxisomes

Question 44

These are small flattened curved membranous sacs with bulging edges.

A) secretory vessels
B) membrane vessels
C) cisternae
D) cis face
E) trans face

Question 45

One type of human cell, the sperm, is capable of movement because it has this projection of the cell surface with a core of microtubules.

A) cilium
B) flagellum
C) cytoskeleton
D) cytosol
E) intermediate filament

Question 46

Which of these is the name for the extension of the plasma membrane that will surround a microbe outside a macrophage?

A) phagocyte
B) exterior vesicle
C) interior vesicle
D) pseudopod
E) pinocytosis

Question 47

Which of these terms describes transport of a substance into, across, and out of cell using vesicles, a process most often seen in endothelial cells such as those lining the blood vessels?

A) active transport
B) exocytosis
C) facilitated diffusion
D) transcytosis
E) endocytosis

Question 48

Proteasomes ___.

A) perform extracellular digestion
B) perform autophagy
C) perform autolysis
D) degrade faulty cellular proteins
E) degrade DNA

Question 49

Mitochondria ___.

A) move the cell
B) generate ATP
C) produce proteins
D) oxidize organelles
E) synthesize glycolipids

Question 50

This is a transport process by which cells secrete vesicular materials into the extracellular fluid.

A) endocytosis
B) exocytosis
C) active transport
D) diffusion
E) osmosis

Question 51

Which of these is NOT a function of the Golgi complex?

A) produces vesicles that transport molecules to other organelles in the cell
B) creates vesicles that secrete processed proteins during exocytosis
C) digests material that enters a cell through endocytosis
D) forms vesicles that ferry new molecules to the plasma membrane
E) modifies and sorts proteins received from the rough ER

Question 52

This is an organelle that modifies proteins produced elsewhere.

A) endoplasmic reticulum
B) Golgi complex
C) peroxisomes
D) nucleus
E) proteasome

Question 53

In this transport process, the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients.

A) primary active transport
B) secondary active transport
C) facilitated diffusion
D) passive diffusion
E) osmosis

Question 54

Which organelle oxidizes organic molecules?

A) peroxisomes
B) mitochondria
C) proteasome
D) ribosomes
E) lysosomes

Question 55

Which organelle recycles worn out organelles?

A) peroxisomes
B) mitochondria
C) proteasome
D) ribosomes
E) lysosomes

Question 56

This organelle is comprised of all three of these elements: microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules.

A) cytoskeleton
B) cytosol
C) cilia
D) flagella
E) ribosome

Question 57

This is a transport process by which cells take up extracellular substances within vesicles.

A) endocytosis
B) exocytosis
C) active transport
D) diffusion
E) osmosis

Question 58

If the solute concentration is greater in the solution on the inside of a human red blood cell, compared to the solute concentration of the solution that is outside the cell, then what direction will water move?

A) into the cell
B) out of the cell
C) no movement

Question 59

The function of the cytosol is ___.

A) ATP production
B) location of chemical reactions
C) production of polypeptides
D) digestion of decomposing proteins
E) protection of nuclear material

Question 60

In this transport process, the energy stored in the Na⁺ or H⁺ concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients.

A) primary active transport
B) secondary active transport
C) facilitated diffusion
D) passive diffusion
E) osmosis

Question 61

Which of these is the structure formed when DNA wraps twice around a core of 8 histone proteins?

A) proteasome
B) centrosome
C) genome
D) chromosome
E) nucleosome

Question 62

Normally how long does the G2 phase last?

A) 8 hours
B) 4-6 hours
C) 2 hours
D) 24 hours
E) 1 day

Question 63

Which of these does NOT occur during meiosis I, the first division in meiosis?

A) The centromeres of sister chromatids are protected from splitting during anaphase.
B) Parts of non-sister chromatids are exchanged by crossing-over.
C) Sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes pair up and tetrads are formed.
D) Sister chromatids separate and move to the spindle poles.
E) Homologous pairs of chromosomes move to opposite spindle poles.

Question 64

The sugary coat on the outside of the cell formed by the carbohydrates on glycoproteins and glycolipids is called the ___.

A) glycogen
B) frosting
C) glycosuria
D) glycocalyx
E) pseudopod

Question 65

Which of these describes the total genetic information harbored in an organism?

A) nucleosome
B) chromosome
C) genome
D) centrosome
E) lysosome

Question 66

The function of mitosis is ___.

A) production of gametes
B) create more cilia
C) form flagella
D) production of proteins
E) segregate chromosomes to two new nuclei

Question 67

In the football-shaped spindle that forms in cells during mitosis and meiosis, the ___ are located on the chromosome and the ___ are at the poles, the ends of the spindles.

A) centrosomes; centromeres
B) centrioles; centromeres
C) actin filaments; microtubules
D) centromeres; centrosomes
E) asters; cleavage furrows

Question 68

Which of the following protects the contents of the nucleus?

A) nucleic acids
B) nuclear envelope
C) nuclear centrosome
D) cilia
E) golgi complex

Question 69

Which of the following statements best describes receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A) It is a highly selective process that is the main mechanism for insulin entrance into body cells.
B) It occurs mainly in phagocytic white blood cells.
C) It is a passive transport process.
D) It is important for absorption of solutes in the kidneys and intestines.
E) It allows for a non-selective way for cells to "sample" the extracellular environment.

Question 70

If a transport protein moves two substances in opposite directions, it is called a(n) ___.

A) antiporter
B) carrier protein
C) symporter
D) clathrin coated pit
E) phagosome

Question 71

What is the major function of a histone protein?

A) protein synthesis
B) adds a charge to dna
C) helps organize coiling of dna
D) degrades proteins
E) enzymatic effect

Question 72

Which of these is NOT a function of the glycocalyx?

A) acts as a molecular signature so that cells can recognize one another
B) protects cells from being digested by some extracellular enzymes
C) can attract a film of fluid to the surface of cells, making them slippery or less likely to dry out
D) allows cells to adhere to one another in some tissues
E) forms the cup that holds the nucleus in place in the cytoplasm

Question 73

This process is the division of the cytoplasm.

A) mitosis
B) meiosis
C) cytokinesis
D) cytosol
E) centrioles

Question 74

Which of these types of movement by phospholipids in the plasma membrane rarely occurs?

A) rotation
B) flip flop from one layer to the layer on the other side of the bilayer
C) sideways movement within the phospholipid's layer
D) wandering to the other side of the cell
E) exchanging places with neighboring phospholipids molecules

Question 75

This binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a protein during translation.

A) mRNA
B) rRNA
C) tRNA
D) DNA
E) cDNA

Question 76

This is a long molecule of DNA that contains genes. There are 46 in each body cell.

A) chromatin
B) chromatid
C) chromosome
D) centromere
E) centrosome

Question 77

This is a process by which the base triplet sequence of DNA is transcribed to the corresponding codons of RNA that then is translated into a sequence of amino acids.

A) cytokinesis
B) genomics
C) anticodons
D) gene expression
E) protein synthesis

Question 78

During this phase the chromatin fibers condense and shorten into chromosomes that are visible under the microscope.

A) interphase
B) prophase
C) metaphase
D) anaphase
E) telophase

Question 79

Which of the following an accurate statement regarding the fluid-mosaic model of cell membrane structure?

A) Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water soluble molecules.
B) Phospholipids consist of a non-polar head and two polar tails made of fatty acid chains.
C) The lipid bilayer is solid at normal body temperature, thus protecting the cell.
D) Proteins cannot span the lipid bilayer and are called peripheral proteins.
E) The fluidity of the membrane allows it to be impermeable.

Question 80

During which of these phases do organelles duplicate and centrosomes begin to replicate?

A) interphase
B) prophase
C) metaphase
D) anaphase
E) telophase