Deck 3: Risk and Prevention of Mental Disorders

Question 1

The perception of stress can be influenced by a person because stress is best described as

A) subjective.
B) declarative.
C) consistent.
D) invariant.

Answer 1

subjective.

Question 2

According to the diathesis-stress model, stress must ____ a predisposition for a disorder to occur.

A) be overwhelmed by
B) interact with
C) deescalate
D) be negated by

Answer 2

interact with

Question 3

Because it partially determines the range and variety of life events we experience, a(n) ____ can also control the stressors to which we are exposed.

A) diathesis
B) instigator
C) phenotype
D) hypothesis

Answer 3

diathesis

Question 4

The model of mental health that sees varying levels of symptomatology on a spectrum between health and disorder depending on levels of stress and predisposition is known as the

A) integrative model.
B) medical model.
C) psychosocial model.
D) diathesis-stress model.

Question 5

Teresa has a long family history of depression and has long been aware of her own increased risk. However, she had not had any significant problems with depression until her company suddenly closed, leaving her without a job and with substantial student loans and other financial obligations. Despite having no personal history of depression, she is now severely depressed. What has most likely changed?

A) her diathesis
B) her protective factors
C) her stressors
D) her resilience

Question 6

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) A diathesis is a vulnerability to a certain disorder, but this does not mean a person will necessarily develop that disorder.
B) A diathesis may arise from either a predisposition to a disorder and stress factors, but not a combination of both.
C) A diathesis cannot affect a person's perception of stress, only the level and type of stress itself.
D) A diathesis affects only the internal physiological structures of a person, not his or her external behaviors or experiences.

Question 7

According to the diathesis-stress model, ____ is(are) needed to produce psychological problems.

A) a predisposition
B) stressors
C) both predisposition and stress
D) neither predisposition nor stress

Question 8

Diatheses are

A) solely environmental.
B) a result of interpretation.
C) genes that control disease onset.
D) biological or psychological.

Question 9

Regardless of individual differences,

A) outcomes are always predictable.
B) predispositions and stress always interact.
C) psychiatry will have appropriate medication.
D) the levels and magnitudes of factors are unimportant.

Question 10

Where one person is naturally outgoing and social, and another person naturally prefers solitude and isolation, it would follow that

A) these two people might choose different experiences.
B) the isolated individual needs to be more outgoing.
C) people are easily categorized by a behavior or two.
D) the differences were conditioned.

Question 11

Suppose two people have virtually identical predispositions to impulsivity. Would they likely have the same risk of developing a disorder related to impulsivity?

A) Yes, when predisposition is the same, outcomes are the same.
B) Maybe, but only if they are the same sex.
C) Maybe, but only if they experience the same levels of stress.
D) No, the predisposition is ultimately unrelated to the disorder.

Question 12

Biological or psychological diatheses do not guarantee one will develop disorders like alcoholism or depression. A diathesis is best understood as a(n)

A) vulnerability.
B) disposition.
C) stressor.
D) impulse.

Question 13

In the example described in your text, Mariella may have been troubled because significant college stress triggered her predisposition for depression. However, her friend, who had the same type of predisposition but stayed at home after high school,

A) showed no symptoms of depression.
B) experienced the same outcome.
C) failed out of college.
D) developed an anxiety disorder.

Question 14

In the DeShawn case described in the beginning of the chapter, DeShawn, a 21-year-old student, was described as possibly having a series of problems associated with

A) cocaine.
B) alcohol.
C) sex.
D) family.

Question 15

If Sam thrives on public speaking and making presentations, and George considers these same behaviors problematic, then we can recognize that

A) George has a phobia that will cause him to fail at school.
B) their perceptions of stress are different.
C) a different pattern of conditioning exists.
D) they should work together on projects.

Question 16

When DeShawn experiences the strong belief that alcohol will make him more social, he experiences a(n)

A) biological predisposition.
B) expectancy predisposition.
C) psychological predisposition.
D) psychosomatic predisposition.

Question 17

According to your text, the combination of ____ and ____ will result in the most symptoms of alcohol abuse.

A) predisposition; high stress
B) predisposition; low stress
C) predisposition; moderate stress
D) genetic vulnerability; predisposition

Question 18

Thom has a family history of alcoholism and has struggled with addiction himself. He believes that, in his case, his use of drugs relates to his desire for excitement and sensation-seeking. When he notices that his five-year-old daughter is quite a daredevil, he becomes concerned and wonders whether she might also be at risk of substance use disorders. Thom is most accurately described as worrying about a possible

A) diathesis
B) protective factor
C) stressor
D) resilience

Question 19

Predispositions and stressors, like many human characteristics,

A) occur on a continuum.
B) are an all-or-none phenomenon.
C) are universal for all people.
D) can be reduced to CNS activity levels.

Question 20

Nancy, like many in her family, has a tendency to be impulsive, to make rash decisions, and to act without thinking about possible outcomes. As a result, she sometimes finds herself buying luxury items she cannot afford or making less-than-healthy relationship decisions, which, in turn, results in her experiencing higher levels of stress that lead to her making more impulsive decisions. This illustrates the

A) direction of causation between diatheses and stress
B) independent nature of diathesis and stress
C) reduction of diathesis by stress
D) interaction of diathesis and stress

Question 21

Lifetime prevalence is highest for ____ disorders.

A) anxiety-related
B) substance use
C) mood
D) personality

Question 22

Who is considered to be one of the modern "fathers" of epidemiology"?

A) Eberhard Schairer
B) Richard Doll
C) Bradford Hill
D) John Snow

Question 23

When mental health professionals study the etiology of a disorder, they are investigating

A) prevention models.
B) treatment outcomes.
C) its causes.
D) its resilience.

Question 24

If one person has a greater tendency toward psychological problems than another person, we can properly consider the first person to have more

A) weakness.
B) denial and repression.
C) risk factors.
D) self destructive tendencies.

Question 25

A major epidemiological survey of Americans was the

A) Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology.
B) National Comorbidity Survey Replication.
C) Descriptive Epidemiology Survey.
D) Survey of Mental Disorders.

Question 26

In the U.S., individuals who have been diagnosed with a mental disorder are most likely to seek services from

A) mental health providers.
B) general medical service providers.
C) alternative health care providers.
D) non-medical care or services.

Question 27

Jane is counting all cases of a mental disorder within a specific time period. She is attempting to determine the

A) prevalence.
B) comorbidity.
C) logistics.
D) cohort effects.

Question 28

The cause of a mental disorder is also called its

A) diathesis.
B) vulnerability.
C) etiology.
D) epidemiology.

Question 29

____ refers to new cases of a particular disorder within a specific time period, whereas ____ refers to all cases of a particular disorder within a specific time period.

A) Prevalence; incidence
B) Incidence; prevalence
C) Epidemiology; etiology
D) Etiology; epidemiology

Question 30

The individual who both identified the cause of a cholera outbreak and identified a simple but effective way to stop the epidemic is

A) Emil Kraepelin.
B) Hippocrates.
C) John Snow.
D) Alfred Binet.

Question 31

The total number of cases of a mental disorder occurring within a specific period yield its

A) prevalence.
B) percentage.
C) etiology.
D) incidence.

Question 32

Analysis of the NCS-R data has indicated that

A) most people who meet the criteria for a mental disorder are in treatment.
B) approximately 26% of Americans experience a mental disorder at some point in their life.
C) mental disorders differ with respect to severity, and many people show only mild symptoms.
D) the only significant risk factors for mental disorders are genetic.

Question 33

Both prevalence and lifetime prevalence estimates help us understand the

A) likelihood of mental disorder.
B) cause of mental disorder.
C) effects of mental disorder.
D) severity of mental disorder.

Question 34

Joan has a career where she studies the patterns of disease or disorder in the general population. She is most likely working as a(n)

A) etiologist.
B) psychologist.
C) diathesis specialist.
D) epidemiologist.

Question 35

Sarah has been diagnosed with depression and panic disorder, which is an anxiety disorder. These disorders are thus seen as ____ because they occur together in the same person.

A) cohorted
B) prevalent
C) comorbid
D) dangerous

Question 36

Because mental disorders differ with respect to severity, and many people show only mild symptoms,

A) many people with disorders do not seek treatment.
B) determining who needs treatment is straightforward
C) everyone who meets criteria for a mental disorder is in treatment.
D) people experiencing symptoms immediately seek treatment.

Question 37

The NCS-R is considered to be a(n) ____ survey.

A) biased
B) representative
C) projective
D) unscientific

Question 38

Scientists who make observations, survey people, and use other methods to investigate the extent of a public health problem are known as

A) entomologists.
B) epidemiologists.
C) ethnographers.
D) etiologists.

Question 39

According to the NCS-R, which disorders have the highest prevalence?

A) depression and substance abuse
B) anxiety and mood
C) neurosis and psychosis
D) obsessive-compulsive and personality disorders

Question 40

According to the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R), who is most likely to have a severe mental disorder?

A) someone with an anxiety-related disorder
B) someone with a mood disorder
C) someone with a personality disorder
D) someone with a substance use disorder

Question 41

Some risk factors, such as ____, are "fixed."

A) social support
B) family history
C) location of residence
D) comorbidity

Question 42

Katherine lives in a state that has a population-based registry for autism spectrum disorders. Whenever a health care provider, mental health professional, or educator diagnosis an individual with an autism spectrum disorder, they are required by state law to report certain information to the health department. When the registry first began, the same individuals were required to report all individuals they provided care or other services to who had autism spectrum disorders, regardless of when the diagnoses were made. As a result, it is possible for Katherine to know the total number of individuals in her state who have been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. That is, Katherine knows the ____ of autism spectrum disorders in her state.

A) incidence
B) prevalence
C) correlation
D) epidemiology

Question 43

Men are more likely than women to develop

A) anxiety disorders.
B) depression.
C) Alzheimer's.
D) substance use disorders.

Question 44

Raquel has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder and a substance use disorder. This is an example of

A) cohort effect.
B) prevalence.
C) comorbidity.
D) selection bias.

Question 45

The fact that autism is more frequently diagnosed in recent years than it was in past years is an example of a(n) ____ effect.

A) incidence
B) cohort
C) selection
D) ceiling

Question 46

According to your text, most persons with a substance use disorder experience ____ symptoms.

A) serious
B) moderate
C) mild
D) negligible

Question 47

Who is the MOST likely to seek treatment?

A) Jeanette, a 65-year-old woman suffering from depression
B) Lillyan, an affluent 32-year-old Caucasian woman living in an urban area
C) Jennie, a middle-income Caucasian woman living in a rural area
D) Destanzey, a poor African-American woman living in an urban area

Question 48

Individuals who ____ are at increased risk of substance use disorders.

A) have not completed high school
B) are high school graduates
C) are attending college
D) have an undergraduate degree

Question 49

According to the NCS-R, the median age of onset for mental disorders, regardless of type, is

A) 11 years.
B) 14 years.
C) 22 years.
D) 30 years.

Question 50

A unique aspect of the NCS-R in comparison to other psychiatric epidemiology surveys is that questions were asked about the ____ of the disorders.

A) onset
B) comorbidity
C) specificity
D) cohort effects

Question 51

Some risk factors, such as ____, are dynamic and can change over time.

A) social support
B) gender
C) race
D) family history

Question 52

Mental disorders are _____ cause of disability worldwide.

A) the least likely
B) a moderately likely
C) the leading
D) the second leading cause

Question 53

Katherine lives in a state that has a population-based registry for autism spectrum disorders. Whenever a health care provider, mental health professional, or educator diagnosis an individual with an autism spectrum disorder, they are required by state law to report certain information to the health department. As a result, it is possible for Katherine to know the number of newly diagnosed cases of autism spectrum disorder during a particular year. That is, Katherine knows the annual ____ of autism spectrum disorders in her state.

A) incidence
B) prevalence
C) correlation
D) epidemiology

Question 54

According to the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R), the lifetime prevalence of mental disorders for U.S. adults is 46.4%. What does this mean?

A) At any given point, nearly half of Americans will be mentally ill.
B) At some point in their lives, nearly half of Americans will have a serious mental disorder that requires treatment.
C) At some point in their lives, nearly half of Americans will have a mental disorder.
D) At any given point, nearly half of Americans will be seriously mentally ill and require treatment.

Question 55

Treatment trends by age show us that

A) older people are more likely to seek treatment.
B) younger people are more likely to seek treatment.
C) no clear distinction exists.
D) middle-aged people hardly ever seek treatment.

Question 56

A childhood history of severe sexual abuse is more common in people with ____ personality disorder than those without the disorder.

A) anxious
B) depressive
C) borderline
D) obsessive

Question 57

An individual or environmental characteristic that precedes a mental disorder and is correlated with that disorder is called

A) resilience.
B) a risk factor.
C) protective factor.
D) protective resilience.

Question 58

Because of the unchanging nature of some risk factors such as gender or family history of a disorder, these risk factors are referred to as

A) static.
B) dispositional.
C) invariant.
D) fixed.

Question 59

Significant differences in disorder expression depending on demographic features such as age are called ____ effects.

A) universal
B) selective
C) conditional
D) cohort

Question 60

Prevalence data are crucial in determining

A) why people develop disorders.
B) where to assign treatment and prevention resources.
C) how a disorder developed in an individual.
D) symptoms related to a specific disorder.

Question 61

Severe marital discord, large family size, paternal criminality, and maternal mental disorder are all examples of

A) protective factors.
B) family risk factors.
C) individual risk factors.
D) social risk factors.

Question 62

Which statement about the relationship between race/ethnicity and mental disorders is most accurate?

A) Race and ethnicity are inconsistently related to mental disorders.
B) European and Asian populations have higher incidence dates.
C) Caucasian groups are virtually immune to disorders.
D) Hispanics and African Americans fare the worst.

Question 63

Violence, poverty, racism, sexism, and discrimination are all examples of

A) protective factors.
B) family risk factors.
C) individual risk factors.
D) social risk factors.

Question 64

Individuals with strong support from friends and family are ____ to develop depression than those with ____ social support.

A) less likely; poor
B) more likely; less
C) less likely; even better
D) more likely; weaker

Question 65

Genetic predisposition, low birth weight, neuropsychological deficits, language disabilities, and child maltreatment are all examples of

A) protective factors.
B) family risk factors.
C) individual risk factors.
D) social risk factors.

Question 66

The explanation offered by your textbook for the high rate of suicide attempts in college students is

A) anxiety.
B) biological predisposition.
C) depression.
D) stress.

Question 67

Men are at greater risk than women for

A) anxiety-related disorders
B) antisocial personality disorder
C) borderline personality disorder
D) depressive disorders

Question 68

Risk factors can be categorized as

A) individual, family, and community
B) internal, external, and global
C) person-centered, goal-centered, and uncentered
D) with support, without support, and neurological

Question 69

Protective factors are associated with ____ risk of mental disorder.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) stabilized
D) inconsistent

Question 70

The primary reason women have a higher risk of Alzheimer's disease than men is that women

A) live longer than men.
B) are more likely to have genetic Alzheimer's.
C) are more likely to have comorbid heart disease.
D) have higher levels of stress throughout life.

Question 71

Risk factors must ____ the development of the condition of interest.

A) precede
B) follow
C) coincide with
D) counteract

Question 72

Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder tend to be highest among

A) African Americans
B) Asian Americans
C) European Americans
D) Pacific Islanders

Question 73

Which statement about racial and ethnic differences in the prevalence of mental disorders is most accurate?

A) Virtually all serious mental disorders are most prevalent among Asian Americans.
B) Rates of mental illnesses are consistently lowest among African Americans.
C) Native American are at markedly lower risk of alcohol use disorders.
D) We cannot yet conclude that race and ethnicity are general risk factors for mental disorder.

Question 74

Individuals who are ____ are more likely to develop psychological disorders than those who are ____.

A) unemployed; employed
B) well-educated; less-educated
C) married; divorced
D) skilled workers; unskilled workers

Question 75

Early onset of a disorder is related to

A) a poorer chance for recovery.
B) a better chance for recovery.
C) the prevalence of a disorder.
D) the comorbidity of a disorder.

Question 76

In summarizing sociodemographic risk factors, we can conclude that people generally fare better if they are

A) less educated, overemployed, and engaged.
B) of average education, below average employment, and recently divorced.
C) self-educated, self-employed, and self-satisfied.
D) educated, gainfully employed, and married.

Question 77

Studies indicate that ____ to have more than one mental disorder any point in time.

A) men are more likely than women
B) women are more likely than men
C) adolescents are more likely than young adults
D) the elderly are more likely than young adults

Question 78

Sylvia has been through some personal hard times recently but seems to be coping and doing quite well. If her outward positive behavior is an accurate expression of her true mental state, then

A) genetic immunity to mental disorders is apparent.
B) she can be certain future events will all go well.
C) she has likely had social support and an inherent positive attitude.
D) her attitude comes from her statistical analysis of future probabilities.

Question 79

Suicide is a leading cause of death for

A) females.
B) well-educated individuals.
C) high-income individuals.
D) 15- to 24-year-olds.

Question 80

The prevalence of mental disorder is highest among

A) divorced women.
B) married women.
C) married men.
D) widows and widowers.