Deck 14: The Ferment of Reform and Culture

Question 1

Identify and state the historical significance of Noah Webster.

Answer 1

Yale-educated teacher. His lessons were read by children throughout the United States.

Question 2

Identify and state the historical significance of Lucretia Mott.

Answer 2

Quaker and founder of the women's rights movement.

Question 3

Identify and state the historical significance of Charles G. Finney.

Answer 3

Trained as a lawyer, he was the greatest revival preacher.

Question 4

Identify and state the historical significance of William H. McGuffey.

Question 5

Identify and state the historical significance of Susan B. Anthony.

Question 6

Identify and state the historical significance of Lucy Stone.

Question 7

Identify and state the historical significance of Joseph Smith.

Question 8

Identify and state the historical significance of Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

Question 9

Identify and state the historical significance of Emma Willard.

Question 10

Identify and state the historical significance of Brigham Young.

Question 11

Identify and state the historical significance of Peter Cartwright.

Question 12

Identify and state the historical significance of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.

Question 13

Identify and state the historical significance of Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell.

Question 14

Identify and state the historical significance of Horace Mann.

Question 15

Identify and state the historical significance of William Miller.

Question 16

Identify and state the historical significance of Neal S. Dow.

Question 17

A third revolution accompanied the reformation of American politics and the transformation of the American economy in the mid-19^th century that contained all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

A) improved the character of ordinary Americans.
B) made Americans more upstanding and God-fearing.
C) focused on preserving the traditions of the founders.
D) made Americans more literate and educated.
E) poured their energies into religious revivals and reform movements.

Question 18

Identify and state the historical significance of Robert Owen.

Question 19

Identify and state the historical significance of Dorothea Dix.

Question 20

Identify and state the historical significance of Amelia Bloomer.

Question 21

Unitarians held the following beliefs EXCEPT

A) the belief that God existed in only one person.
B) the denial of the divinity of Christ.
C) they stressed the essential goodness of human nature.
D) they believed in the possibility of salvation through good works.
E) they believed in a stern and Puritan type of God.

Question 22

The religious zeal of the Second Great Awakening led to the founding of many small, denominational, liberal arts colleges, chiefly in the

A) East.
B) South and West.
C) North.
D) South exclusively.
E) West exclusively.

Question 23

All of the following contributed to the appeal of the Second Great Awakening to women EXCEPT

A) it offered women an active role in bringing their husbands and families back to God.
B) it encouraged women to enter into professions normally reserved for men in order to make these professional more ethical and morally upright.
C) it provided a springboard for them to turn their attention to reforming society.
D) it preached a gospel of female spiritual worth.
E) it allayed women's concerns about the expanding market economy.

Question 24

Religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening resulted in

A) little increase in church membership.
B) a stronger religious influence in many areas of American life including abolitionism and benevolent and charitable organizations.
C) surprisingly few humanitarian reforms.
D) greater attention to church history and doctrine.
E) increase in enlightenment and rational religion.

Question 25

The original prophet of the Mormon religion was

A) Ralph Waldo Emerson.
B) Brigham Young.
C) Charles G. Finney.
D) William Miller.
E) Joseph Smith.

Question 26

The Second Great Awakening partly reshaped American religion by making it

A) more dependent on a college-educated clergy.
B) more reliant on women as members and social reformers.
C) less socially and theologically diverse.
D) more sympathetic to hierarchical churches like Catholicism.
E) more centered on the life of the local parish.

Question 27

Besides polygamy, characteristic behavior(s) of Mormons which angered many non-Mormon Americans in the 1840s was their

A) belief in visions and a special spiritual role for America.
B) constant movement toward the western frontier.
C) refusal to take up arms and defend themselves.
D) voting as a religious bloc and openly drilling their militia, albeit for defensive purposes.
E) dislike of federal government control of their lives.

Question 28

By 1850, all of the following were true about developments in organized religion in America EXCEPT

A) organized religion had lost a fair portion of the theological rigor and austerity of the colonial era.
B) the influence of Calvinism had been reduced significantly from the colonial era.
C) the liberal doctrines of Deism had been embraced by certain Protestant denominations such as Unitarians.
D) organized religion had generally grown more theologically conservative than during the colonial eras.
E) a significant counterreaction against theological liberalism of the 1790s and early 1800s developed in the form of the Second Great Awakening.

Question 29

The Second Great Awakening tended to

A) promote religious diversity.
B) reduce social class differences.
C) blur regional differences.
D) discourage church membership.
E) weaken women's social position.

Question 30

The Deist faith embraced all of the following EXCEPT

A) the concept of original sin.
B) the reliance on reason rather than revolution.
C) belief in a Supreme Being.
D) belief in human beings' capacity for moral behavior.
E) denial of the divinity of Christ.

Question 31

Deists like Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin endorsed the belief

A) in divine revelation.
B) in original sin.
C) in the deity of Christ.
D) that a Supreme Being endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behavior.
E) in the imminent end of the world.

Question 32

The religious sects that gained most from the revivalism of the Second Great Awakening were the

A) Roman Catholics and Episcopalians.
B) Unitarians and Jews.
C) Methodists and Baptists.
D) Congregationalists and Presbyterians.
E) Lutherans and Mormons.

Question 33

Church attendance was still a regular ritual for ____ of the 23 million Americans in 1850.

A) one-third
B) one-half
C) three-fourths
D) less than one-fourth
E) two-thirds

Question 34

Which of the following events prompted the Mormons to abandon their settlement at Nauvoo, Illinois and set out West to the valley of the Great Salt Lake?

A) Continuing vicious hostility by non-Mormon Americans including the murder of Mormon leader Joseph Smith and his brother
B) A vision by the Mormon angel Moroni to Brigham Young of a peaceful, bountiful, and safe refuge in the valley of the Great Salt Lake
C) The expectation that a lush, easily arable western environment awaited the Mormons in present-day Utah, which would not require or expensive and technologically sophisticated irrigation to grow crops
D) A generous land grant by the federal government
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 35

The Mormon religion originated in

A) Utah.
B) New England.
C) Nauvoo, Illinois.
D) Ireland.
E) the Burned-Over District of New York.

Question 36

Many of the denominational liberal arts colleges founded as a result of the Second Great Awakening

A) were academically distinguished institutions.
B) lacked much intellectual vitality.
C) eventually gained tax-supported status.
D) offered a new, nontraditional curriculum.
E) opened their doors to Catholic students.

Question 37

The Second Great Awakening tended to

A) widen the lines between classes and regions.
B) open Episcopalian and Presbyterian churches to the poor.
C) unite southern Baptists and southern Methodists against slavery.
D) bring the more prosperous and conservative eastern churches into the revivalist camps.
E) increase the influence of educated clergy.

Question 38

As one the greatest of the revivalist preachers, Charles Grandison Finney advocated

A) opposition to slavery.
B) a perfect Christian kingdom on earth.
C) opposition to alcohol.
D) public prayer by women.
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 39

Unitarians endorsed the concept of

A) the deity of Christ.
B) original sin.
C) free will and salvation through good works.
D) predestination.
E) the Bible as the norm of doctrine.

Question 40

All the following are true of the Second Great Awakening EXCEPT that it

A) resulted in the conversion of countless souls.
B) encouraged a variety of humanitarian reforms.
C) strengthened democratic denominations like the Baptists and Methodists.
D) was a reaction against the growing liberalism in religion.
E) was not as large, democratic, or influential in terms of social reform as the First Great Awakening.

Question 41

One strong prejudice inhibiting women from obtaining higher education in the early 19^th century was the belief that

A) they would gain political and economic power through education.
B) women were inherently conservative and opposed to social reform.
C) children should grow up without the influence of educated women.
D) the Constitution prohibited women from attending colleges.
E) too much learning would injure women's brains, ruin their health, and make them unfit for marriage.

Question 42

_____ was one of the founding ideals for most of the utopian communities in pre-1860s America.

A) Rugged individualism
B) Pacifism
C) Capitalism
D) Opposition to communism
E) Cooperative social and economic practices

Question 43

All of the following were 19^th century notions of gender differences EXCEPT

A) women had finely tuned moral sensibilities.
B) men were charged with teaching young boys to be good and productive citizens.
C) the home was women's special sphere, the centerpiece of the cult of domesticity.
D) men were always in danger of slipping into some savage way of life, if not for women's influence.
E) women could be legally beaten by husbands.

Question 44

By the 1850s, the crusade for women's rights was eclipsed by

A) the temperance movement.
B) the movement to improve treatment and conditions for the mentally ill.
C) abolitionism.
D) prison reform advocates.
E) evangelical revivalism.

Question 45

Neal Dow sponsored the Maine Law of 1851, which called for

A) the abolition of capital punishment.
B) the abolition of slavery.
C) improved conditions and treatment for the mentally ill housed in asylums.
D) woman suffrage.
E) a ban on the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor.

Question 46

The key to Oneida's financial success was

A) its move from Vermont to New York.
B) the establishment of Bible communism.
C) the manufacture of steel animal traps and silverware.
D) its tax-exempt religious status.
E) its linkage of religion to free-market capitalism.

Question 47

Despite early resistance, the main reason free public education ultimately triumphed was

A) wealthy and politically powerful Americans feared that if the government failed to provide free public education, poor families immigrants would utilize their free vote to elect candidates and political parties unfavored by these political and economic elites.
B) wealthy Americans feared the problem of vagrancy as farm families depended less upon the labor of children.
C) Southern slave owners abandoned their resistance to it.
D) teaching provided paid employment for unmarried, single women.
E) poor Americans threatened to launch a violent rebellion unless free education was made available.

Question 48

The beliefs advocated by John Humphrey Noyes of the Oneida Community included all of the following EXCEPT

A) no private property.
B) sharing of all material goods.
C) removing children from exclusive parental care at a very young age so they can be raised communally.
D) strictly monogamous marriages.
E) improvement of the human race through eugenics.

Question 49

The Oneida colony declined due to

A) widespread criticism from neighbors of its licentious "free love" sexual practices, which undermined the community's integral complex marriage system.
B) a decline in animal trapping.
C) their adoption of capitalism.
D) the loss of Noyes's leadership.
E) the meteoric rise in the cost of silver.

Question 50

Two areas where women in the 19^th century were widely thought to be superior to men were

A) physical strength and mental vigor.
B) moral sensibility and artistic refinement.
C) political ability and organizational shrewdness.
D) sexual appetite and physical desire.
E) economic competitiveness and capacity for education.

Question 51

Those seeking to reform women's style of dress in the 1840s claimed all of the following EXCEPT

A) corsets constricted women's vital organs.
B) voluminous skirts unfairly restricted women's mobility.
C) that bloomer-style trousers were necessary to prevent a woman's sexuality from becoming unhinged leading to immoral actions with a man who was not her husband.
D) that simpler clothing styles would serve as a rejection of the artificial desires created by industrialization.
E) that bloomer-style trousers were a more rational form of dress.

Question 52

New England reformer Dorothea Dix is most notable for her efforts on behalf of

A) prison and asylum reform.
B) the peace movement.
C) the temperance movement.
D) abolitionism.
E) women's education.

Question 53

Which of the following was NOT associated with the early 19^th-century cause of women's rights?

A) Emily Dickinson
B) Lucy Stone
C) Lucretia Mott
D) Susan B. Anthony
E) Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Question 54

According to John Humphrey Noyes, founder of the utopian Oneida Community, the key to happiness is

A) acceptance of a sinful mankind.
B) the suppression of selfishness.
C) the abandonment of "free love" or complex marriages.
D) liberal political reform.
E) None of these choices are correct.

Question 55

Which of these is NOT associated with the rise of the modern women's rights movement in 1848?

A) the Declaration of Sentiments
B) the Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York
C) the demand for the ballot for women
D) the call to boycott traditional marriage as oppressive to women
E) women's increasing involvement in the anti-slavery movement

Question 56

Noah Webster's dictionary

A) had little impact until the 20^th century.
B) helped to standardize the American language.
C) was used to educate 19^th-century slaves.
D) came to the United States from Britain in the 1800s.
E) gave legitimacy to American slang.

Question 57

The excessive consumption of alcohol by Americans in the 1800s

A) was addressed by the wide availability of private and government-sponsored alcoholism programs for alcoholics.
B) did not involve women.
C) held little threat for the family because everyone drank.
D) had little impact on the efficiency of labor.
E) stemmed from the hard, struggling, and monotonous life of many American men and women.

Question 58

In the first half of the 19^th century, tax-supported schools were

A) chiefly available to educate the children of the poor and European immigrants.
B) most in evidence in the South.
C) uniformly and consistently opposed by upper-class white Protestant Americans.
D) open only to tuition-paying children of the well-to-do.
E) more academically demanding than private academies.

Question 59

Sexual differences were strongly emphasized in 19^th-century America because

A) frontier life necessitated these distinctions.
B) men were regarded as morally superior beings.
C) it was the duty of men to teach the young how to be good, productive citizens.
D) the market economy increasingly separated men and women into distinct economic roles.
E) women believed this emphasis brought them greater respect.

Question 60

One sign that women in America were treated better than women in Europe was that

A) American women could vote.
B) the law in the United States prohibited men from beating them.
C) rape was more severely punished in the United States.
D) their ideas of equality were well received by American men.
E) American women earned respect by engaging in male activities.

Question 61

Virtually all the distinguished American historians who wrote American and Latin American histories during the mid-19^th century came from

A) the South.
B) the Middle Atlantic states.
C) New England.
D) the Midwest.
E) the western frontier.

Question 62

Of the following, the most successful of the early 19^th-century communitarian experiments was at

A) Brook Farm, Massachusetts.
B) Oneida, New York.
C) New Harmony, Indiana.
D) Seneca Falls, New York.
E) Shaker Heights, Ohio.

Question 63

The most noteworthy southern novelist before the Civil War who wrote works such as The Yemasee and The Cassique of Kiawah was

A) William Gilmore Simms.
B) John C. Calhoun.
C) James Russell Lowell.
D) Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.
E) William Faulkner.

Question 64

Perhaps the greatest inhibiting factor for American artists in the first half of the 19^th century was the

A) lack of first-rate art schools.
B) Puritan prejudice that art was a waste of time.
C) cultural dependence on Europe.
D) lack of adequate patronage from the wealthy or the government.
E) popular suspicion of artistic creativity.

Question 65

Match each individual below with his or her achievement.

A) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
B) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
C) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
D) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
E) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3

Question 66

Early 19^th-century American educators included

A) Horace Mann.
B) William H. McGuffey.
C) Noah Webster.
D) Emma Willard.
E) Mary Lyon.

Question 67

The Mormons were advocates or practitioners of

A) polygamy.
B) free enterprise.
C) theocracy.
D) pacifism.
E) birth control.

Question 68

The Poet Laureate of Democracy, whose emotional and explicit writings expressed a deep love of the masses and enthusiasm for an expanding America, was

A) Edgar Allan Poe.
B) Emily Dickinson.
C) Walt Whitman.
D) Nathaniel Hawthorne.
E) Washington Irving.

Question 69

The American medical profession by 1860 was noted for

A) its still-primitive standards.
B) having abandoned the practice of bleeding.
C) its discovery of germs as the cause of illness.
D) pioneer work in dentistry.
E) its well-established medical schools.

Question 70

All of the following influenced transcendental thought EXCEPT

A) German philosophers.
B) Oriental religions.
C) Catholicism and the papacy.
D) individualism.
E) love of nature.

Question 71

Transcendentalists believed that all knowledge came through

A) scientific observation and experiment.
B) the senses.
C) divine revelation.
D) reason, logic, and critical thinking.
E) an inner light.

Question 72

"Civil Disobedience," an essay that later influenced both Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr., was written by the transcendentalist

A) Louisa May Alcott.
B) Ralph Waldo Emerson.
C) James Fenimore Cooper.
D) Margaret Fuller.
E) Henry David Thoreau.

Question 73

One American writer who did NOT believe in human goodness and social progress was

A) James Russell Lowell.
B) Henry David Thoreau.
C) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
D) Edgar Allan Poe.
E) Walt Whitman.

Question 74

Match each writer below with his/her work.

A) A-3, B-2, C-l, D-4
B) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2
C) A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2
D) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
E) A-3, B-4, C-l, D-2

Question 75

A dark writer whose genres included poetry, horror stories, and detective fiction was

A) Edgar Allan Poe.
B) Herman Melville.
C) Sherlock Holmes.
D) Walt Whitman.
E) Henry David Thoreau.

Question 76

Match each writer below with his work.

A) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
B) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
C) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
D) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
E) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3

Question 77

A genuinely American literature received a strong boost from the

A) wave of nationalism that followed the War of 1812.
B) writing of Charles Wilson Peale.
C) religious writings of the Second Great Awakening.
D) federal support for the arts.
E) receding influence of romanticism on American shores.

Question 78

America's artistic achievements in the first half of the 19^th century

A) were included after the War of 1812, turning away from human portraits and history paintings to pastoral depictions of local landscapes.
B) borrowed heavily from existing European styles in painting and architecture.
C) illustrated a gradual shaking off the religious restraints of the Puritans.
D) included the use of new technologies such as the daguerreotype, a crude early form of photography.
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 79

The Hudson River school excelled in the art of painting

A) portraits.
B) classical frescos.
C) still life.
D) daguerreotypes.
E) landscapes.

Question 80

The writer who faded to obscurity in the nineteenth century but was recognized as one of America's greatest literary geniuses in the 20^th century and wrote the masterpiece work of fiction, Moby Dick, was

A) Nathaniel Hawthorne.
B) Henry David Thoreau.
C) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
D) Herman Melville.
E) Walt Whitman.