Deck 27: Nutrition and Metabolism

Question 1

Simple sugars are carbohydrates.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A nonessential amino acid is one that

A) is not used in any physiological functions.
B) can be made within the body.
C) has the same structure as one of the other amino acids.
D) needs to come from the diet.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A deficiency in vitamin ________ may lead to bleeding problems.

A) A
B) K
C) C
D) D
E) E

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Triglycerides and steroids are both examples of

A) essential amino acids.
B) nonessential amino acids.
C) lipids.
D) carbohydrates.
E) proteins.

Question 5

Citrus fruit is a good source of fat-soluble vitamins.

Question 6

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are

A) fat-soluble.
B) water-soluble.

Question 7

Essential amino acids are so physiologically important that the body can synthesize them by modifying other (nonessential) amino acids.

Question 8

For a protein to be complete, it must contain twenty-six different types of amino acids.

Question 9

Most amino acids are essential amino acids.

Question 10

Incomplete proteins contain all essential amino acids, but none of the others.

Question 11

Vitamin ________ is crucial for the absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, a deficiency in this vitamin may result in rickets and other bone abnormalities.

Question 12

Proteins that supply all of our essential amino acids are described as ________ proteins.

Question 13

Disaccharides are one type of

A) carbohydrate.
B) starch.
C) lipid.
D) essential amino acid.
E) triglyceride.

Question 14

Gram for gram, the largest amount of energy can be stored in the body in the form of

A) vitamins.
B) steroids.
C) triglycerides.
D) monosaccharides.
E) polysaccharides.

Question 15

Which type of vitamins will be absorbed from the intestine into lacteals (lymphatic capillaries)?

A) Fat-soluble
B) Water-soluble

Question 16

A deficiency in vitamin ________ may result in night blindness as well as dry, flaky skin.

A) A
B) B₁₂
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 17

The body is able to produce and recycle vitamin A (retinol) as needed.

Question 18

Essential vitamins must be provided in the diet.

Question 19

Vitamin C is a

A) fat-soluble, essential vitamin.
B) fat-soluble, nonessential vitamin.
C) water-soluble, essential vitamin.
D) water-soluble, nonessential vitamin.

Question 20

Cofactors such as NADH are found in all cells of the body and are often recycled. Such cofactors are categorized as ________ vitamins.

A) essential
B) nonessential

Question 21

Milk is a source of lactose, which is a

A) lipid.
B) carbohydrate.
C) protein.
D) vitamin.

Question 22

Lacto-ovo vegetarians do not eat animal flesh,

A) nor do they eat milk, eggs, or cheese.
B) but do eat milk, eggs, and cheese.

Question 23

Muscle cramps are associated with a deficiency in

A) copper.
B) chloride.
C) vitamin A.
D) monosaccharides.

Question 24

All of the following are associated with a deficiency in calcium, except

A) loss of bone mass.
B) muscle weakness.
C) anemia.
D) depressed nerve activity.

Question 25

Since beans contain the essential amino acid methionine, beans are considered complete protein sources.

Question 26

Fruits, maple syrup, and sugar are all sources of

A) cellulose.
B) sucrose.
C) lactose.
D) nitrogen.

Question 27

Minerals that must be ingested at levels greater than 100 milligrams per day are referred to as ________ minerals.

Question 28

Positive nitrogen balance is a condition where

A) an individual's nitrogen input is equal to its loss in urine and feces.
B) an individual absorbs more nitrogen than is excreted.
C) an individual's nitrogen intake is greater than phosphate intake.
D) too many proteins are being ingested in the diet.
E) a food has a positive effect on blood nitrogen levels.

Question 29

Inorganic ions such as sodium and potassium are

A) vitamins.
B) essential amino acids.
C) minerals.
D) trace carbohydrates.

Question 30

Cellulose is a type of ________ from plants that remains in the GI tract as fiber and aids in the movement of material through the tract.

A) vitamin
B) lipid
C) protein
D) carbohydrate
E) mineral

Question 31

Iron is considered a

A) major mineral, because it has a crucial physiological role.
B) trace mineral, because less than 100 milligrams are required daily in the diet.
C) major mineral, because it is extremely abundant in the Earth.
D) trace mineral, because it is rare on the Earth.

Question 32

A deficiency in thiamine (vitamin B₁) may result in a weakened heart and edema.

Question 33

Minerals are organic molecules.

Question 34

Calcium, chloride, and potassium are all examples of ________ minerals.

A) major
B) trace
C) fat-soluble
D) nonessential

Question 35

Spinach is a complete food, as it contains all of the essential amino acids, all of the major minerals, and all of the water-soluble vitamins.

Question 36

Iodine is an example of a(n)

A) essential amino acid.
B) vitamin.
C) mineral.
D) nitrogenous base.

Question 37

Tea can serve as a source of manganese.

Question 38

Individuals who are growing or recovering from an injury exhibit positive nitrogen balance.

Question 39

Negative nitrogen balance is commonly seen in individuals who

A) are pregnant or growing.
B) have lost blood or are malnourished.

Question 40

Vegetable oils and fish oils are dietary sources of triglycerides.

Question 41

What effect does glucagon have on protein metabolism?

A) It directly stimulates catabolism of proteins.
B) It stimulates the buildup of proteins from amino acids.
C) It increases absorption of amino acids in the intestine.
D) It has no effect on body proteins.

Question 42

According to the MyPlate system, bread, cereals, rice, and pasta should make up a little more than half of an individual's diet.

Question 43

One of the ultimate effects of insulin is to stimulate protein synthesis within cells of the body.

Question 44

The number of essential amino acids in a food product is required to be placed on its label.

Question 45

In 2011, the USDA created ________ to replace the food pyramid.

A) RDA
B) the Food and Nutrition Board
C) MyPlate
D) NutritionFacts

Question 46

Imagine that you were asked to provide advice to a young adolescent about how to engage in healthy eating. The adolescent doesn't know much about nutrition, but likes to browse the Internet. What suggestions might you give for that young person for online learning and careful choices in the supermarket?

Question 47

To maintain homeostasis, the hormone that is secreted during the postabsorptive state causes

A) a decrease in the level of fatty acids in the blood.
B) an increase in protein synthesis in tissue cells.
C) formation of triglycerides from fatty acids.
D) an increase in the level of blood sugar.

Question 48

Glucagon stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose.

Question 49

In response to the increased availability of nutrients during the absorptive state, liver and muscle

A) increase glycogenesis.
B) increase gluconeogenesis.
C) decrease amino acid uptake.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 50

Low dietary intake of cholesterol triggers cholesterol synthesis within the liver to increase.

Question 51

Recommended daily allowances are government-established values for nutrient intake that are used for food planning and labeling.

Question 52

Recommended daily allowances established by the Food and Nutrition Board are based on

A) individual needs and factor in sex, age, and body mass.
B) averages obtained from population studies.

Question 53

Food labels are required by law to include the amount of cholesterol in each serving.

Question 54

Explain the different types of vegetarians and the ways by which they meet their dietary needs regarding proteins.

Question 55

MyPlate depicts fruits and vegetables occupying ________ of the plate.

A) one-tenth
B) one-fourth
C) one-half
D) nine-tenths

Question 56

Recommended daily allowances were established by the Food and Nutrition board as directed by the

A) largest food-producing companies.
B) National Academy of Sciences.

Question 57

The absorptive state occurs

A) about 12 hours after a meal, when you are sleeping.
B) from when you are eating until about 4 hours after the meal.

Question 58

Insulin causes adipose tissue to

A) stimulate lipolysis and inhibit lipogenesis.
B) inhibit lipolysis and stimulate lipogenesis.
C) stimulate both lipolysis and lipogenesis.
D) stimulate lipolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Question 59

The major regulatory hormone of the postabsorptive state is ________.

Question 60

During the absorptive state, insulin release is

A) inhibited.
B) stimulated.

Question 61

The liver absorbs bilirubin and eliminates it as part of bile.

Question 62

Compared to other types of lipoproteins, very-low-density lipoproteins contain the ________ lipid.

A) most
B) least

Question 63

Whenever an amino acid is used for cellular respiration, it enters the pathway at the intermediate stage.

Question 64

If more glucose is consumed than is needed, the glucose can be

A) converted to an essential amino acid so that protein synthesis can increase.
B) converted to acetyl CoA that is then used to synthesize triglycerides for storage.
C) broken down to 2 NADH molecules that can enter the citric acid cycle.
D) deaminated by the liver and sent to the kidney for excretion in the urine.

Question 65

One of the metabolic functions of the liver is transamination, which is conversion of

A) NH₂ to urea.
B) one amino acid form to another.
C) amino acid into carbohydrate.
D) acetyl CoA to a ketone body.

Question 66

Explain how the ability to interconvert nutrients is beneficial.

Question 67

One of the products of triglyceride breakdown is glycerol; glycerol enters the cellular respiration pathway by being converted to glucose (in the liver) and then undergoing glycolysis.

Question 68

Because lipids are nonpolar, they must be wrapped by other molecules to be transported through the blood. This combined molecule is known as a ________.

Question 69

When glucose enters glycolysis, it

A) is converted into acetyl CoA.
B) binds to oxaloacetic acid and forms citric acid.
C) is oxidized to two pyruvate molecules.
D) forms the coenzyme NAD.

Question 70

Removal of the amine group from amino acids is a process that occurs in the liver known as ________.

Question 71

How do low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) move into cells?

A) LDLs diffuse through channels in the membrane.
B) LDLs are engulfed through receptor-mediated endocytosis.
C) LDLs diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer.
D) LDLs are transported through a pump that is also an ATPase.

Question 72

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are associated with the tranport of lipid from the

A) liver to peripheral tissues.
B) peripheral tissues to the liver.

Question 73

Beta oxidation is a step in the synthesis of cholesterol that involves

A) closing of a linear fatty acid chain into a steroid loop.
B) breakdown of fatty acids into two-carbon units to form acetyl CoA.
C) synthesis of bile salts from precursor lipids.
D) absorption of micelles from the small intestine.

Question 74

The majority of the bile salts synthesized from cholesterol are removed from the body as a component of feces.

Question 75

When fatty acids are metabolized for cellular respiration, the first step involves breaking two carbons off the chain at a time to form acetyl CoA molecules. Acetyl CoA then

A) undergoes glycolysis.
B) enters the citric acid cycle.
C) begins the electron transport chain.
D) is converted to pyruvate and lactate.

Question 76

In general, the greater the surface area of the skin, the ________ the basal metabolic rate.

A) higher
B) lower

Question 77

The liver is involved in the metabolism of each of the three major nutrient biomolecules.

Question 78

An amine group that is removed from an amino acid within a hepatocyte is then

A) used to form a peptide bond between a protein and a lipid.
B) used to generate bile salts and excreted in the feces.
C) converted to urea and eliminated as part of urine.
D) sent to a mitochondrion to enter the citric acid cycle.

Question 79

The liver serves as a storage site for vitamin A and vitamin D.

Question 80

Individuals who consume excess carbohydrates can deposit additional triglycerides into their adipose tissue.