Deck 26: Digestive System

Question 1

There are two aspects to digestion: chemical digestion and ________ digestion.

Answer 1

mechanical

Question 2

The pancreas is part of the alimentary canal.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The term "motility" refers only to involuntary contractions (not voluntary contractions) that mix and move materials through the GI tract.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The gallbladder is part of the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 5

Which is not a function of the digestive system?

A) Absorption
B) Ingestion
C) Secretion
D) Micturition
E) Elimination

Question 6

Peristalsis

A) is under voluntary control.
B) involves the opening and closing of muscular sphincters.
C) involves back-and-forth movement for mixing.
D) is the alternating contraction of muscle layers in the GI tract wall that propels materials through the tract.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 7

The esophagus is part of the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 8

Which organ is not considered an accessory digestive organ?

A) Tongue
B) Teeth
C) Pancreas
D) Salivary glands
E) Pharynx

Question 9

The ________ are considered the opening from the oral cavity to the oropharynx.

A) fauces
B) choana
C) conchae
D) fossae
E) glossus

Question 10

An organ that helps break down food but is not part of the tube through which the foodstuffs pass is referred to as a(n)

A) chemically digesting organ.
B) accessory digestive organ.
C) alimentary canal organ.
D) diffuse ingestive structure.
E) organ of mastication.

Question 11

The liver and gallbladder are accessory digestive organs.

Question 12

The function of the muscularis of the GI tract wall is to both propel and mix the contents of the tract.

Question 13

The lining of the gastrointestinal tract that allows for absorption and secretion is

A) keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
B) nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
C) areolar connective tissue.
D) simple columnar epithelium.
E) simple squamous epithelium.

Question 14

A sphincter is a

A) thickening of the longitudinal layer of the muscularis that propels materials through the GI tract.
B) thickening of the circular layer of the muscularis that controls movement of materials through the GI tract.
C) fold of the mucosa of the GI tract that increases the total surface area for absorption of nutrients.
D) circle of adventitia that anchors the GI tract to neighboring structures.

Question 15

Where are the transverse palatine folds located?

A) Soft palate
B) Glossopalatine arch
C) Hard palate
D) Pharyngopalatine arch
E) Labial frenulum

Question 16

Which organ is not part of the gastrointestinal tract?

A) Esophagus
B) Large intestine
C) Stomach
D) Oral cavity
E) Liver

Question 17

Which bones form the hard palate?

A) Palatine bones
B) Maxillae and inferior nasal conchae
C) Ethmoid and sphenoid bones
D) Palatine bones and maxillae
E) Maxillae and sphenoid

Question 18

Lipid molecules that are absorbed from the GI tract enter

A) mesenteric arteries.
B) mesenteric veins.
C) lymphatic capillaries.
D) the liver.

Question 19

What type of epithelium lines the majority of the oral cavity?

A) Keratinized stratified squamous
B) Nonkeratinized stratified squamous
C) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
D) Keratinized stratified cuboidal
E) Nonkeratinized stratified cuboidal

Question 20

The initial site of both mechanical and chemical digestion is the

A) stomach.
B) small intestine.
C) esophagus.
D) oral cavity.
E) pharynx.

Question 21

The type of receptor within the GI tract wall that detects stretch is the

A) steroid receptor.
B) chemoreceptor.
C) mechanoreceptor.
D) retroperitoneal proprioceptor.

Question 22

The mastication center is located in the ________ of the brain.

A) hippocampus and amygdala
B) medulla and pons
C) hypothalamus
D) entorhinal cortex and basal nuclei
E) solitary nucleus

Question 23

Cholecystokinin is a(n) ________ released by the ________.

A) enzyme; stomach
B) enzyme; small intestine
C) enzyme; gallbladder
D) hormone; small intestine
E) hormone; gallbladder

Question 24

Long reflexes of digestion involve activity of the central nervous system.

Question 25

Chewed food mixed with saliva is called a ________, which is swallowed once mastication is complete.

Question 26

The largest salivary gland is the ________ gland, and its duct opens near the second upper molar.

Question 27

An enzyme found within saliva is salivary

A) pancreatase.
B) nuclease.
C) amylase.
D) protease.
E) pepsin.

Question 28

Most saliva is produced by the ________ gland.

A) parotid
B) submandibular
C) sublingual
D) lingual
E) buccal

Question 29

Lysozyme within saliva primarily functions to

A) moisten and disperse food.
B) initiate the chemical breakdown of starch.
C) inhibit bacterial growth.
D) wash materials off teeth.

Question 30

Secretin is a hormone that is secreted by the

A) stomach.
B) small intestine.
C) large intestine.
D) liver.
E) pancreas.

Question 31

The stomach is considered part of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Question 32

Short reflexes of digestion involve the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.

Question 33

Mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors are found in the

A) adventitia of the upper portion of the GI tract.
B) epithelium of the inferior portion of the GI tract.
C) mucosa and submucosa of the GI tract along its length.
D) myenteric plexus of the mucosa of the intestine.
E) muscularis interna of the entire length of the GI tract.

Question 34

The lingual salivary glands are

A) unicellular endocrine glands.
B) unicellular exocrine glands.
C) multicellular endocrine glands.
D) multicellular exocrine glands.

Question 35

If a fatty meal has been ingested, the liver and gallbladder need to be alerted about the need for bile. The receptors that are responsible for sensing the fat in the ingested food are referred to as

A) bilireceptors.
B) mechanoreceptors.
C) chemoreceptors.
D) omental neurons
E) osmodetectors.

Question 36

Sympathetic stimulation causes saliva to be more viscous.

Question 37

Which of the following is considered to be one of the primary digestive system hormones?

A) Bile
B) Gastrin
C) Hydrochloric acid
D) Pancreatic amylase

Question 38

The buccal, lingual, and labial salivary glands are ________ salivary glands.

A) extrinsic
B) intrinsic

Question 39

An increased secretion of watery saliva will result when the

A) basal nuclei of the brainstem activate sympathetic pathways to salivary glands.
B) basal nuclei of the cerebrum activate somatic pathways to salivary glands.
C) salivary nuclei of the brainstem activate parasympathetic pathways to salivary glands.
D) salivary nuclei of the cerebrum activate sympathetic pathways to salivary glands.
E) glossopharyngeal nuclei of the pons activate somatic and sympathetic pathways to the salivary glands.

Question 40

In some digestive reflexes, the facial nerve stimulates salivary glands; the salivary glands are acting as

A) afferents.
B) receptors.
C) efferents.
D) effectors.
E) control centers.

Question 41

Which cranial nerves innervate the salivary glands?

A) V and VII
B) XI and XII
C) VII and IX
D) VI and IX
E) V and XI

Question 42

What is the correct order for the layers of the GI tract wall, from innermost (next to lumen) to outermost?

A) Mucosa - submucosa - adventitia/serosa - muscularis
B) Muscularis - mucosa - adventitia/serosa - submucosa
C) Adventitia/serosa - mucosa - submucosa - muscularis
D) Mucosa - submucosa - muscularis - adventitia/serosa
E) Adventitia/serosa - muscularis - mucosa - submucosa

Question 43

For the majority of the GI tract, which layer(s) of the wall contain smooth muscle?

A) Muscularis only
B) Mucosa and adventitia
C) Serosa only
D) Mucosa and muscularis
E) Submucosa and muscularis

Question 44

Which is not a fold of peritoneum that forms a mesentery?

A) Lesser omentum
B) Falciform ligament
C) Mesentery proper
D) Mesocolon
E) Intraperitoneal ligament

Question 45

The projections on the superior surface of the tongue, some of which house taste buds, are the

A) tonsils.
B) cilia.
C) rugae.
D) glossal spines.
E) papillae.

Question 46

The gastroenterologist has just determined that you have a blockage in your jejunum and he will have to perform surgery, making a small incision in the wall to remove the obstruction. Which tunic will be cut first?

A) Mucosa
B) Submucosa
C) Tunica muscularis
D) Serosa
E) Adventitia

Question 47

Late one night, while studying for your anatomy class, you open a box of saltine crackers to do a little snacking. After chewing on a starchy morsel for a few minutes, you begin to notice a sweet taste in your mouth. What accounts for this?

A) "Sweet" taste receptors are slower to respond than others
B) Activity of bacteria in the mouth lowers the pH
C) Esophageal reflux
D) Salivary amylase activity
E) Phagocytosis by the pharyngeal tonsils produces by-products that taste sweet

Question 48

The term "canines" describes the teeth that

A) are most anterior, used for slicing and cutting.
B) are lateral to the incisors, used for puncturing and tearing.
C) bear dental cusps for cutting and grinding.
D) are only found as permanent teeth.

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true about teeth?

A) The primary component of teeth is dentin.
B) The outer surface of enamel forms the crown of a tooth.
C) The root is covered by cementum.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 50

The deciduous teeth are the ________ teeth, and there are a total of ________ deciduous teeth.

A) milk; 8
B) milk; 20
C) wisdom; 4
D) permanent; 20
E) permanent; 28

Question 51

Which list of terms progresses from the most superficial structure to the deepest?

A) Peritoneal cavity, visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum
B) Parietal peritoneum, peritoneal cavity, visceral peritoneum
C) Visceral peritoneum, peritoneal cavity, parietal peritoneum
D) Visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum, peritoneal cavity

Question 52

Which peritoneal fold supports the large intestine?

A) Greater omentum
B) Lesser omentum
C) Falciform ligament
D) Mesocolon
E) Peritoneal ligament

Question 53

The central cavity of a tooth is filled with

A) cementum.
B) dentin.
C) pulp.
D) enamel.
E) calcium phosphate.

Question 54

Mastication is one component of the mechanical digestion of food.

Question 55

The term "retroperitoneal" may be used to describe the location of certain abdominal organs. This means that such organs are located

A) between the visceral and parietal layers of the peritoneum.
B) posterior to the parietal peritoneum.
C) in the peritoneal cavity.
D) between folds of the parietal peritoneum.
E) deep to the visceral peritoneum.

Question 56

The accumulation of large amounts of adipose tissue in the ________ that extends from the inferolateral surface of the stomach can form what is commonly called a "beer belly."

A) greater omentum
B) mesentery proper
C) mesocolon
D) lesser omentum
E) falciform ligament

Question 57

Which is the layer of the serous membrane that directly covers the surface of internal organs?

A) Omental layer
B) Visceral peritoneum
C) Parietal peritoneum
D) Rectal peritoneum
E) Muscularis mucosa

Question 58

Which peritoneal fold attaches the liver to the anterior internal body wall?

A) Coronary ligament
B) Falciform ligament
C) Mesentery proper
D) Intraperitoneal ligament
E) Hepatic ligament

Question 59

Which organ is retroperitoneal?

A) Stomach
B) Jejunum
C) Transverse colon
D) Pancreas
E) Cecum

Question 60

Mastication is a process that facilitates

A) propulsion of materials through the intestine, and it involves simultaneous secretion of enzymes.
B) mixing of food within the stomach, and it occurs with simultaneous hormone secretion there.
C) swallowing of food, and it increases the surface area of the food for exposure to enzymes.
D) absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream, and it involves carrier proteins in the epithelium.

Question 61

The esophagus

A) secretes digestive enzymes from its mucosa.
B) is located anterior to the trachea.
C) opens to the stomach at the pyloric sphincter.
D) contains both smooth and skeletal muscle fibers.
E) is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Question 62

At the pylorus of the stomach, closure of the pyloric sphincter during the multistep process of gastric emptying leads to a reverse current of material; this reverse flow event is known as ________.

Question 63

The wall of the pharynx is formed by three muscle pairs: the superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal ________.

Question 64

Cholecystokinin decreases stomach motility and inhibits release of gastrin.

Question 65

Describe the anatomy and physiology of swallowing. Specifically, explain the three phases of swallowing, and how they are controlled.

Question 66

Which layer(s) of the wall of the GI tract contain a nerve plexus?

A) Muscularis only
B) Mucosa and serosa
C) Adventitia only
D) Mucosa and muscularis
E) Submucosa and muscularis

Question 67

The upper half of the esophagus contains smooth muscle and the lower half contains skeletal muscle.

Question 68

Stenosis (constriction) of the pyloric sphincter would interfere with

A) passage of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum.
B) peristalsis.
C) passage of a bolus into the stomach.
D) passage of chyme into the duodenum.
E) mucus secretion.

Question 69

The pharyngeal phase of swallowing is a voluntary process that is controlled by the cerebral cortex.

Question 70

The transverse colon is part of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Question 71

Gastric mixing changes

A) foodstuffs into bile.
B) food into chyle.
C) a bolus into chyme.
D) chyle into pepsin.
E) proteins into lipids.

Question 72

The process of swallowing is also called ________.

Question 73

A lymphatic capillary within a villus of the small intestine is called a ________.

Question 74

The inferior esophageal sphincter is also known as the

A) cardiac sphincter.
B) pyloric sphincter.
C) pharyngoesophageal sphincter.
D) pharyngealgastric sphincter.
E) esophageal hiatus.

Question 75

Manufacturers of some medications used to treat heartburn advertise that their products shut down the acid-producing pumps in the stomach. Where are these "acid-producing pumps"? In other words, which type of gastric gland cell secretes acid?

A) Chief cells
B) Parietal cells
C) Mucous neck cells
D) Surface mucous cells
E) Enteroendocrine cells

Question 76

Which phase of digestion involves the thought, smell, and sight of food?

A) Gastric phase
B) Cephalic phase
C) Enteric phase
D) Colic phase

Question 77

Of the five types of secretory cells in the gastric glands, which ones secrete pepsinogen?

A) Chief cells
B) Parietal cells
C) Surface mucous cells
D) Mucous neck cells
E) Enteroendocrine cells

Question 78

Of the three regions of the small intestine, the terminal (end) portion is the ________.

Question 79

The presence of food in the stomach triggers the release of a hormone that stimulates contraction of the pyloric sphincter. Specifically, these events involve release of

A) secretin in the cephalic phase of digestion.
B) gastrin in the gastric phase of digestion.
C) CCK in the intestinal phase of digestion.
D) lipase in the intestinal phase of digestion.
E) chyle in the secretory phase of digestion

Question 80

Duodenal glands (Brunner glands) that secrete a viscous mucus into the small intestine are located in the

A) serosa.
B) adventitia.
C) mucosa.
D) submucosa.
E) muscularis interna.