Deck 20: Cardiovascular System: Vessels and Circulation

Question 1

Which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood?

A) Pulmonary arteries
B) Pulmonary veins
C) Systemic arteries
D) Systemic veins

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A venule becomes a vein when its diameter is greater than ________ micrometers.

A) 1
B) 10
C) 100
D) 1000

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Circulation to the spleen demonstrates a(n)

A) simple pathway, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ.
B) simple pathway, as its two capillary beds are separated by a portal vein.
C) anastomosis, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ.
D) anastomosis, as its two capillary beds are separated by a portal vein.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

When physical exertion has ended and the body is at rest, veins demonstrate

A) vasodilation so that they function as blood reservoirs.
B) vasodilation so that blood is shifted toward the rest of the circulatory system.
C) vasoconstriction so that they function as blood reservoirs.
D) vasoconstriction so that blood is shifted toward the rest of the circulatory system.

Question 5

In general, as an artery's diameter decreases, the artery walls show

A) a decrease in the relative amount of smooth muscle and an increase in the relative amount of elastic fibers.
B) an increase in the relative amount of smooth muscle and a decrease in the relative amount of elastic fibers.
C) an increase in relative amounts of smooth muscle and elastic fibers and a decrease in endothelium.
D) a decrease in both smooth muscle and elastic fibers and an increase in areolar connective tissue.

Question 6

Valves in veins

A) make the use of a skeletal muscle pump unnecessary for venous blood flow.
B) are the leading cause of high blood pressure.
C) are found only in the largest veins.
D) cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.
E) are formed of the tunica media.

Question 7

As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart, the arteries

A) get smaller.
B) get larger.
C) show no change in their lumen size.

Question 8

The ________ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells.

A) tunica media
B) tunica externa
C) tunica intima
D) tunica interna
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 9

Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the ________ and the tissues of the body.

A) arteries
B) veins
C) capillaries
D) capillaries and veins
E) capillaries and arteries

Question 10

In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the

A) tunica externa.
B) tunica media.
C) tunica intima.
D) tunica adventitia.
E) None of the answers are correct because all the layers are of the same dimension.

Question 11

Precapillary sphincters will

A) control blood flow into the true capillaries.
B) cause blood to flow directly from the metarteriole into the postcapillary venule.
C) open when the tissue needs nutrients.
D) close when the tissue's needs have been met.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 12

The function of the postcapillary venule is to

A) allow for diffusion of nutrients to the tissues.
B) allow for diffusion of metabolic wastes from the tissues.
C) drain the capillary bed.
D) supply metarteriole with blood.
E) allow for diffusion of nutrients and metabolic wastes.

Question 13

The largest arteries of the body are classified as

A) muscular arteries.
B) arterioles.
C) elastic arteries.
D) muscular and elastic because they have the same dimensions.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 14

Which are found in the capillary wall?
A: Endothelium
B: Subendothelial layer
C: Internal elastic lamina
D: Intercellular clefts
E: External elastic lamina
F: Basement membrane

A) a, d, f
B) a, b, d, f
C) a, b, d, e, f
D) a, c, d, e, f
E) b, d, e, f

Question 15

Which is the most common type of capillary?

A) Fenestrated
B) Sinusoids
C) Continuous
D) Venules
E) Discontinuous

Question 16

Sinusoids are found in
A: bone marrow
B: spleen
C: small intestine
D: kidney
E: liver
F: muscle
G: skin

A) a, b, e
B) b, c, e, f
C) c, d
D) f, g
E) b, c, d, g

Question 17

As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins

A) get smaller.
B) get larger.
C) show no change in their lumen size.

Question 18

The ________ is composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue.

A) tunica media
B) tunica externa
C) tunica intima
D) tunica adventitia
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 19

A network of small arteries called the ________ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels.

A) vasa vasorum
B) companion vessels
C) distributing arteries
D) fenestrated arteries
E) thoroughfare channels

Question 20

Which of the artery types contain the internal and external elastic laminae?

A) Elastic arteries
B) Arterioles
C) Muscular arteries
D) Elastic and muscular arteries
E) Elastic arteries and arterioles

Question 21

A portal system

A) includes a functional end artery that makes an arterial anastomosis.
B) is a simple circulatory system with an arteriovenous anastomosis.
C) is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart.
D) is one in which circulation to a large organ involves only one artery and one main (portal) vein.
E) is one in which multiple arteries converge on one organ or body region.

Question 22

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the

A) blood hydrostatic pressure minus the tissue hydrostatic pressure.
B) colloid osmotic pressure in the blood divided by resistance in the tissue.
C) blood pressure times the total peripheral resistance.
D) net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure.
E) osmotic pressure in the tissue minus the hydrostatic pressure in the blood.

Question 23

As blood moves from the arterial end to the venous end of a capillary, net filtration pressure

A) increases, as blood hydrostatic pressure rises.
B) increases, as blood colloid osmotic pressure rises.
C) decreases, as blood hydrostatic pressure decreases.
D) decreases, as blood colloid osmotic pressure decreases.
E) remains the same, as rises in blood osmotic pressure are offset by declines in tissue osmotic pressure.

Question 24

Which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption?

A) Filtration is driven by concentration gradients, whereas reabsorption depends on hydrostatic pressure.
B) Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood.
C) Filtration happens at the venule end of a capillary bed and reabsorption happens in feeder arterioles.
D) The direction of filtration can be either into or out of the blood, but reabsorption always involves fluids entering the blood.

Question 25

Although local blood flow to different organs varies from time to time (based on demand), the distribution of blood vessels in the various organs of the body is fairly similar.

Question 26

If someone were to decrease their food intake and increase aerobic exercise, they might lose adipose tissue and condition their muscles. These changes would also influence their blood vessels, as there would be

A) regression of blood vessels in adipose tissue and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle.
B) angiogenesis in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.
C) regression of blood vessels in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.
D) angiogenesis in adipose tissue and regression of blood vessels in skeletal muscle.
E) changes in the diameter of blood vessels, but no angiogenesis nor regression.

Question 27

Give the formula for net filtration pressure; then include typical values (at the arterial end of a capillary bed) for all variables and include units.

Question 28

Filtration and reabsorption are processes that involve water (a solvent) but not solutes.

Question 29

Concerning the exchange between blood and interstitial fluid at systemic capillaries,

A) more fluid is absorbed and reabsorbed than is filtered.
B) more fluid is filtered than reabsorbed.
C) the fluid reabsorbed into the capillary exactly matches the amount filtered by the capillary.

Question 30

Tendons and ligaments have

A) a high degree of vascularization, therefore high perfusion and rapid healing.
B) a high degree of vascularization, therefore high perfusion and slow healing.
C) a high degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing.
D) a low degree of vascularization, therefore high perfusion and rapid healing.
E) a low degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing.

Question 31

If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would be

A) above normal.
B) below normal.

Question 32

Blood hydrostatic pressure in systemic capillaries is greater than interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure.

Question 33

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of

A) exocytosis and endocytosis by endothelial cells.
B) pinocytosis using fluid-filled vesicles.
C) diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration.
D) active transport (using ATP) by protein carriers of endothelial cells.

Question 34

Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to

A) reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid.
B) filter additional fluid to the interstitial fluid.
C) connect arterioles to venules and provide a shunt from the true capillaries.
D) regulate colloid osmotic pressure so that filtration levels do not decline.

Question 35

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to

A) the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.
B) the high amount of water in the blood, and it promotes diffusion out of the capillaries.
C) the proteins in the blood, and it promotes filtration.
D) the pressure generated by the heart, and it favors osmosis into the arteriole end of the capillary bed.
E) the high amount of water in the blood, and it promotes filtration from arterioles.

Question 36

The formation of new blood vessels is a process known as ________.

Question 37

Some large molecules, such as fatty acids, are transported between capillaries and tissues by vesicular transport.

Question 38

If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, then net filtration pressure would

A) be higher than normal.
B) be lower than normal.

Question 39

Which statement is accurate?

A) Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by osmotic pressure.
B) Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure.
C) Filtration dominates at the venous end of a capillary bed, and is driven by osmotic pressure.
D) Filtration dominates at the venous end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure.

Question 40

The higher the degree of vascularization in a tissue, the greater the potential for local blood flow.

Question 41

Which statement accurately describes total blood flow?

A) Total blood flow equals cardiac output and is a fixed number given that there is a finite amount of blood in the body.
B) Total blood flow equals cardiac output and can vary significantly over time with activity levels.
C) Total blood flow is measured as the sum of blood flow to upper and lower extremities and is measured in liters.
D) Total blood flow is measured as the sum of blood flow to upper and lower extremities and is measured in beats per minute.
E) Changes in total blood flow are accompanied by equivalent changes in local blood flow in all areas of the body.

Question 42

Tissue damage can trigger local release of histamine, which can

A) stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator.
B) stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasoconstrictor.
C) inhibit release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator.
D) inhibit release of nitric oxide, a vasoconstrictor.

Question 43

A vasodilator causes a decrease in local blood flow at a capillary bed.

Question 44

If someone's blood pressure were listed as 110/65 mmHg, then their mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be

A) 70 mmHg.
B) 80 mmHg.
C) 90 mmHg.
D) 100 mmHg.
E) 110 mmHg.

Question 45

Blood flow is

A) directly related to both the pressure gradient and the resistance.
B) directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance.
C) inversely related to both the pressure gradient and the resistance.
D) inversely related to the pressure gradient but directly related to the resistance.

Question 46

Systolic blood pressure is recorded

A) in arteries and is the minimum pressure that is recorded during ventricular relaxation.
B) in arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction.
C) in veins and is the maximal pressure recorded during atrial contraction.
D) in veins and is the minimum pressure recorded during atrial relaxation.
E) in both arteries and veins and is the maximum pressure recorded during diastole of the heart.

Question 47

An increase in blood vessel diameter would lead to a decrease in blood flow.

Question 48

If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be

A) 125 mmHg.
B) 5/3.
C) 50 mmHg.
D) 40 mmHg.
E) 100 mmHg.

Question 49

Angiogenesis

A) is a momentary chemical control of local blood flow.
B) involves muscular constriction of arterioles to alter local perfusion.
C) allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue.
D) involves building new muscle tissue and decreasing the amount of blood vessels in a region.

Question 50

The contraction of skeletal muscles plays an important role in the movement of blood in the veins.

Question 51

An increase in blood flow that follows a temporary disruption of blood flow is known as reactive ________.

Question 52

The respiratory pump assists blood movement within the veins of the trunk, because as a person inspires,

A) intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressure both increase.
B) intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressure both decrease.
C) intra-abdominal pressure increases and intrathoracic pressure decreases.
D) intra-abdominal pressure decreases and intrathoracic pressure increases.

Question 53

The driving force propelling blood through the circulatory system is the difference in blood pressure from the beginning of a blood vessel to its end. This difference is known as the blood pressure ________.

Question 54

At a capillary bed, a vasoconstrictor

A) constricts local arterioles, thereby increasing pressure and increasing local blood flow.
B) stimulates precapillary sphincters and decreases local blood flow.
C) dilates local arterioles, thereby increasing pressure and increasing local blood flow.
D) inhibits precapillary sphincters to relax and decreases local blood flow.
E) constricts precapillary sphincters and thereby increases local blood flow.

Question 55

Imagine someone who drank too much water before running a race. Their very watery blood would have

A) high viscosity and therefore have high resistance.
B) high viscosity and therefore have low resistance.
C) low viscosity and therefore have high resistance.
D) low viscosity and therefore have low resistance.

Question 56

The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel

A) is called the pulse.
B) is called the blood pressure.
C) increases the further the vessel is from the heart.
D) is greater during diastole.
E) is greater in the inferior vena cava than in the common iliac vein.

Question 57

Peripheral resistance is

A) directly related to both vessel length and radius.
B) inversely related to both vessel length and radius.
C) directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius.
D) inversely related to vessel length and directly related to vessel radius.

Question 58

Blood pressure is lowest in

A) arteries.
B) veins.
C) arterioles.
D) venules.
E) capillaries.

Question 59

Imagine yourself sitting in an awkward position in an uncomfortable chair that is depriving part of your leg from normal blood flow. This deprivation of adequate perfusion will result in what sort of local changes in your leg?

A) Decreases in carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation.
B) Buildup of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasoconstriction.
C) Buildup of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation.
D) Decreases in oxygen and potassium will cause vasoconstriction.
E) Increases in oxygen and potassium will cause vasodilation.

Question 60

To prevent excessive blood loss following tissue damage, local chemicals such as

A) bradykinins are released to trigger vasoconstriction.
B) nitric oxides are released to trigger vasoconstriction.
C) thromboxanes are released to trigger vasoconstriction.
D) prostaglandins are released to trigger vasodilation.
E) vasopressins are released to trigger vasodilation.

Question 61

During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. What other blood flow changes occur?

A) Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to abdominal organs decreases.
B) Blood flow to skin decreases, and flow to the kidneys increases.
C) Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to skin and brain decreases.
D) Blood flow to skin, heart, and kidneys decreases.

Question 62

High carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of the carotid arteries will stimulate

A) baroreceptors to activate the vasomotor center.
B) chemoreceptors to activate the vasomotor center.
C) baroreceptors to activate the cardioinhibitory center and inhibit the cardioacceleratory center.
D) chemoreceptors to inhibit the vasomotor center.
E) baroreceptors and chemoreceptors to activate the cardioinhibitory center and inhibit the vasomotor center.

Question 63

Epinephrine, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone each cause an increase in blood pressure.

Question 64

Describe the changes in blood flow and pressure that result when someone engages in prolonged strenuous exercise. Indicate how pressure, flow, and resistance change systemically and in the skeletal muscles being used.

Question 65

Angiotensin II causes

A) increased heart rate, vasodilation, and less urine formation.
B) decreased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and increased urine formation.
C) vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst.
D) decreased thirst, vasodilation, and increased urine formation.
E) vasoconstriction, increased urine formation, and decreased thirst.

Question 66

Imagine a patient who loses lots of blood and therefore has less stretch of their aorta with each heartbeat. What reflex will result?

A) Baroreceptors increase firing, the vasomotor center increases firing, and skin blood vessels will dilate to cause a compensatory increase in flow.
B) Baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioacceleratory center increases firing, and cardiac output will exhibit a compensatory increase.
C) Baroreceptors increase firing, the cardioinhibitory center increases firing, and the heart slows significantly to prevent further bleeding.
D) Baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioinhibitory center and vasomotor centers increase firing, the heart slows, and blood is redirected.

Question 67

Pulmonary arteries are wider than systemic arteries. Therefore, pulmonary circuit blood pressure is

A) high and blood flows very rapidly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange.
B) high and blood flows very slowly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange.
C) low and blood flows very rapidly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange.
D) low and blood flows very slowly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange.

Question 68

The pulmonary trunk carries

A) oxygenated blood from the left ventricle toward the lungs.
B) oxygenated blood from the right ventricle toward the lungs.
C) oxygenated blood from the lungs toward the left atrium of the heart.
D) deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle toward the lungs.
E) deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the right atrium of the heart.

Question 69

Increases in angiotensin II levels cause decreases in blood pressure.

Question 70

Excitation of the vasomotor center results in

A) increased sympathetic activity and predominantly more vasoconstriction than vasodilation.
B) increased parasympathetic activity and predominantly more vasodilation than vasoconstriction.
C) increased autonomic activity that increases heart rate and dilates blood vessels.
D) decreased autonomic activity that decreases heart rate and constricts blood vessels.
E) redistribution of blood flow away from the skeletal muscles and toward the skin.

Question 71

Increased cardiac output ________ the blood pressure.

A) decreases
B) increases
C) will not affect

Question 72

Atherosclerosis involves a

A) sustained increase in blood flow that leads to decreases in venous resistance to keep blood pressure constant.
B) sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow.
C) sustained decrease in resistance that leads to decreases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow.
D) sustained decrease in blood flow that leads to increases in arterial diameter to lower resistance and raise pressure.
E) sustained increase in blood pressure that leads to compensatory vasodilation.

Question 73

Renin converts

A) antiotensin I to antiotensin II.
B) angiotensin II to angiotensin I.
C) angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
D) antidiuretic hormone to angiotensin.
E) antidiuretic hormone to angiotensinogen.

Question 74

The velocity of blood flow through capillaries is

A) rapid, due to their small total cross-sectional area.
B) rapid, which prevents pooling in lower extremities.
C) slow, due to small total cross-sectional area, low friction and high pressure.
D) slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.

Question 75

The aorta contains specialized sensory nerve endings that respond to stretch of the vessel wall. These pressure-sensitive structures are called aortic arch ________.

Question 76

Blood velocity is measured in ________ and is generally ________ related to total cross-sectional area of blood vessels.

A) cm/second; directly
B) cm/second; inversely
C) liter/min; directly
D) liter/min; inversely

Question 77

Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide have ________ effects on blood pressure.

A) similar
B) opposite

Question 78

Pulmonary veins carry blood toward the left atrium of the heart.

Question 79

The cardiac center of the brainstem includes the

A) cardioacceleratory center, from which parasympathetic pathways extend.
B) cardioacceleratory center, from which sympathetic pathways extend.
C) vasomotor center, from which parasympathetic pathways extend.
D) cardioinhibitory center, from which sympathetic pathways extend.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 80

Atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates

A) vasoconstriction, increased urine output, and therefore increased blood pressure.
B) vasodilation, increased urine output, and therefore decreased blood pressure.
C) vasoconstriction, decreased urine output, and therefore decreased blood pressure.
D) vasodilation, decreased urine output, and therefore increased blood pressure.
E) vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and therefore increased blood pressure.