Deck 18: Cardiovascular System: Blood

Question 1

Describe how a change in the blood's pH might result in adverse changes to the structure and function of important molecules within it. Name a specific functional impairment resulting from damage to a specific functional macromolecule in the blood.

Answer 1

Swings in pH could denature proteins. As a result, alterations in protein antibodies could disrupt body defenses; denaturation of clotting proteins impairs hemostasis.

Question 2

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?

A) Regulation
B) Protection
C) Prevention
D) Transportation

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of

A) erythrocytes in the blood.
B) leukocytes in the blood.
C) platelets in the blood.
D) plasma in the blood.
E) all formed elements in the blood.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Oxygen-poor blood is ________ in color.

A) bright red
B) dark red
C) light blue
D) dark blue

Question 5

Platelets are formed elements.

Question 6

Leukocytes are the ________ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ________.

A) largest; no nucleus
B) largest; prominent nuclei
C) smallest; no nucleus
D) smallest; prominent nuclei

Question 7

If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely

A) increase.
B) decrease.
C) not change.

Question 8

A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure

A) increases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space.
B) increases, and so blood volume is abnormally high.
C) decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space.
D) decreases, and so blood volume is abnormally high.

Question 9

Blood plasma is slightly ________; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of ________.

A) acidic; glucose
B) acidic; proteins
C) acidic; glycogen
D) basic; glucose
E) basic; proteins

Question 10

Blood is correctly classified as a(n)

A) organ.
B) tissue.
C) organ system.
D) intracellular fluid.

Question 11

The percentage of volume of red blood cells is called the ________.

Question 12

A comparison of the clinical hematocrit and true hematocrit would indicate that

A) the clinical hematocrit is much larger.
B) the true hematocrit is much larger.
C) their values are very similar.

Question 13

The viscosity of blood is ________ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and ________ proportional to the amount of fluid.

A) directly; directly
B) directly; indirectly
C) indirectly; indirectly
D) indirectly; directly

Question 14

Blood helps regulate the pH and the temperature of the body.

Question 15

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies?

A) Regulation
B) Prevention
C) Protection
D) Transportation

Question 16

The temperature of blood is about ________ than measured body temperature.

A) 1°C higher
B) 10°C higher
C) 1°C lower
D) 10°C lower

Question 17

Plasma makes up about ________ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood.

A) 25
B) 35
C) 45
D) 55
E) 75

Question 18

The "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of

A) platelets and leukocytes.
B) leukocytes.
C) platelets.
D) erythrocytes.
E) erythrocytes and leukocytes.

Question 19

Typically, an adult's body contains ________ of blood.

A) 1 liter
B) 5 liters
C) 10 liters
D) 15 liters

Question 20

The most numerous of the formed elements are the

A) neutrophils.
B) platelets.
C) erythrocytes.
D) basophils.
E) albumins.

Question 21

The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the

A) globulins.
B) endocrine hormones.
C) albumins.
D) fibrinogens.
E) prothrombins.

Question 22

During hemopoiesis, the lymphoid line forms lymphocytes only.

Question 23

An individual's hematocrit would vary with

A) age.
B) sex.
C) altitude.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 24

Beta-globulins transport ________, whereas gamma-globulins are ________.

A) antibodies; lipids
B) iron ions; antibodies
C) lipids; heavy metals
D) oxygen; clotting proteins
E) clotting factors; hormones

Question 25

Glucose is a

A) polar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma.
B) polar molecule, and therefore it requires a transporter in the blood.
C) nonpolar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma.
D) nonpolar molecule, and therefore it requires a transporter in the blood.

Question 26

The production of leukocytes is called ________.

Question 27

Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are

A) reticulocytes.
B) promegakaryocytes.
C) myeloid stem cells.
D) late erythroblasts.
E) proplatelets.

Question 28

Platelets are continually produced in the red bone marrow by cells called ________.

Question 29

The globulins make up about ________ percent of all plasma proteins.

A) 58
B) 37
C) 4
D) 1
E) 85

Question 30

Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight?

A) 1%
B) 25%
C) 46%
D) 92%
E) 98%

Question 31

The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes

A) are actually dead.
B) lack a nucleus and organelles.
C) have lots of inclusion molecules.
D) are not red.
E) can form a rouleau when moving through a capillary.

Question 32

One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to

A) increase the viscosity of the blood.
B) decrease the blood pressure in the arteries.
C) decrease the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
D) increase the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood.
E) increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.

Question 33

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to

A) only oxygen.
B) only carbon dioxide.
C) only nitrogen
D) both oxygen and carbon dioxide.
E) oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen.

Question 34

One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will

A) increase.
B) decrease.

Question 35

The production of platelets is called ________.

Question 36

Iron, lactic acid, and lipids are all considered to be nutrients in blood plasma.

Question 37

Natural killer cells derive from T-lymphoblasts and monocytes derive from the granulocyte line.

Question 38

________ is a growth factor that stimulates both the production of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and the subsequent formation of platelets.

Question 39

Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma

A) solvents.
B) nutrients.
C) electrolytes.
D) proteins.
E) formed elements.

Question 40

If someone with kidney damage was losing lots of protein in their urine, what would happen to colloid osmotic pressure and how might it lead to edema (swelling) of body tissues?

Question 41

The life span of an erythrocyte is about ________ days.

A) 10
B) 30
C) 60
D) 120
E) 360

Question 42

Which are characteristic of type A blood?
A: Has anti-A antibodies
B: Has anti-B antibodies
C: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes
D: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes
E: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes
F: Will agglutinate with blood type B

A) b, c, d, f
B) a, c, d, f
C) a, d, f
D) b, c, f
E) a, c, f

Question 43

A reticulocyte is a cell formed during erythropoiesis that has lost its nucleus and all organelles except some ribosomes.

Question 44

How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 6
E) 8

Question 45

The process of hemopoiesis starts with hemopoietic stem cells called ________.

Question 46

Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.)
A: The heme group is converted into biliverdin.
B: Bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver.
C: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed.
D: The iron ions are stored in the liver.
E: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow.
F: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused.
G: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract.

A) a, b, c, e, f
B) a, c, d, f
C) a, b, c, g
D) c, d, g
E) c, e, g

Question 47

Which are characteristics of type O blood?
A: Has anti-A antibodies
B: Has anti-B antibodies
C: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes
D: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes
E: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

A) a, b, c
B) a, b, e
C) b, c, e
D) b, c, d
E) c

Question 48

Which is going to result in significant agglutination?

A) Donor is type A, recipient has antibody anti-B
B) Donor is type B, recipient has antibody anti-A
C) Donor is type O, recipient is Type O
D) Donor is type A, recipient is type AB
E) Donor is type AB, recipient is type B

Question 49

If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate

A) the wrong blood type was used.
B) the recipient had type AB blood.
C) there were no agglutinins (antibodies) in the recipient blood.
D) the donor had type O blood.

Question 50

The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the ________ units.

A) heme
B) globin
C) iron
D) calcium

Question 51

Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood?
A: Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies
B: Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present
C: Always has Rh (D) antigen
D: Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present
E: Is inherited independent of the ABO group

A) a, c
B) b, c, e
C) a, d, e
D) b, e
E) a, e

Question 52

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates the production of

A) granulocytes from their progenitors.
B) erythrocytes from myeloid stem cells.
C) megakaryocytes and platelets.
D) monocytes from monoblasts.
E) erythrocyte progenitor cells.

Question 53

The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called

A) leukopenia.
B) hemopoiesis.
C) leukocytosis.
D) erythroblastosis.
E) agglutination.

Question 54

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
E) 16

Question 55

In hemopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the ________ line.

A) lymphoid
B) myeloid
C) monocyte
D) killer cell

Question 56

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the

A) liver.
B) spleen.
C) lung.
D) liver and spleen.
E) spleen and lung.

Question 57

Congenital hemolytic anemia is

A) when destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than normal.
B) when there is an inherited anemia associated with a defect in iron uptake.
C) caused by a failure of the body to absorb Vitamin B₁₂.
D) characterized by a large number of immature, nucleated cells.
E) characterized by significantly decreased formation of erythrocytes and hemoglobin due to defective red bone marrow.

Question 58

Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis?
A: Proerythroblast
B: Normoblast
C: Myeloid stem cell
D: Reticulocyte
E: Erythroblast
F: Mature erythrocyte

A) c, a, e, b, d, f
B) a, b, c, e, d, f
C) a, c, d, b, e, f
D) c, b, a, d, e, f
E) c, a, b, e, d, f

Question 59

Most colony-stimulating factors are growth factors.

Question 60

The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are

A) found on the surface of erythrocytes.
B) found in the cytosol of the erythrocytes.
C) located on the surface of the leukocytes.
D) located in the cytosol of the leukocytes.
E) part of the reticular connective tissue of the spleen.

Question 61

The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n)

A) eosinophil.
B) basophil.
C) lymphocyte.
D) neutrophil.
E) monocyte.

Question 62

Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a

A) platelet attractant.
B) platelet repellant.

Question 63

The test that measures the amount of each type of leukocyte in the blood is a ________ count.

Question 64

Platelets play a key role in ________, but if they are not used they are broken down after about ________ days.

A) hemostasis; 120
B) hemostasis; 9
C) hematopoiesis; 120
D) hematopoiesis; 9

Question 65

When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform a

A) white blood cell differential count.
B) red blood cell differential count.
C) total cell count for red and white blood cells.
D) blood typing.

Question 66

Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?

A) Eosinophil
B) Basophil
C) Lymphocyte
D) Neutrophil
E) Monocyte

Question 67

Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes?

A) Eosinophils
B) Basophils
C) Lymphocytes
D) Neutrophils
E) Monocytes

Question 68

Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line?

A) Neutrophils
B) Basophils and eosinophils
C) Lymphocytes and monocytes
D) Lymphocytes
E) Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

Question 69

The main function of leukocytes is to

A) trigger allergies.
B) defend against pathogens.
C) carry oxygen through the blood.
D) carry carbon dioxide through the blood.
E) form clots.

Question 70

Which leukocytes are granulocytes?
A: Neutrophils
B: Eosinophils
C: Lymphocytes
D: Monocytes
E: Basophils
F: Erythrocytes

A) a, b, c
B) b, d, e
C) a, b, e, f
D) c, d
E) a, b, e

Question 71

Which are characteristic of leukocytes?
A: Smaller than erythrocytes
B: Have a nucleus
C: Have no hemoglobin
D: More numerous than erythrocytes
E: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules

A) a, b, c, d
B) b, c, e
C) b, c, d, e
D) a, b, c, d, e
E) a, b, e

Question 72

The first phase in hemostasis is

A) vascular spasm.
B) elimination of clots.
C) coagulation.
D) platelet plug formation.

Question 73

The first phase of hemostasis involves

A) blood vessel dilation.
B) blood vessel constriction.
C) release of procoagulants.
D) fibrinolysis.

Question 74

Vascular spasm is triggered by blood vessel injury and further triggered by the release of serotonin.

Question 75

Platelets are roughly the same size as erythrocytes, and like erythrocytes, they eject their nucleus just before entering circulation.

Question 76

Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes?

A) Eosinophils
B) Basophils
C) Monocytes
D) Lymphocytes
E) Neutrophils

Question 77

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)

A) eosinophil.
B) basophil.
C) monocyte.
D) lymphocyte.
E) neutrophil.

Question 78

Vascular spasms last

A) a few milliseconds when tissue damage is moderate.
B) almost a full minute when tissue damage is extensive.
C) several minutes when tissue damage is extensive.
D) several hours when tissue damage is moderate.

Question 79

T-lymphocytes are a category of

A) eosinophils.
B) basophils.
C) lymphocytes.
D) neutrophils.
E) monocytes.

Question 80

The growth factor that increases the formation of erythrocytes, all classes of granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets from myeloid stem cells is

A) EPO.
B) M-CSF.
C) G-CSF.
D) Multi-CSF.
E) GM-CSF.