Deck 15: Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

Preganglionic axons of the ANS release

A) acetylcholine.
B) norepinephrine.
C) either acetylcholine or norepinephrine.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which system has more divergence of preganglionic axons?

A) Parasympathetic division
B) Sympathetic division

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Motor neurons of the ________ nervous system contain more rapidly conducting axons.

A) autonomic
B) somatic

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A) use preganglionic and postganglionic neurons to innervate skeletal muscle.
B) contain autonomic ganglia to house ganglionic neurons.
C) are voluntary.
D) are composed of PNS structures only.
E) function only during sleep.

Question 5

Which system has long preganglionic axons and therefore ganglia that are relatively far from the central nervous system?

A) Parasympathetic nervous system
B) Somatic nervous system
C) Sympathetic nervous system

Question 6

Consider a basketball player whose heart is racing during the final moments of a game. With seconds on the clock, she makes a jump shot. Her excitement is a function of her ________ nervous system, and her movements are a function of her ________ nervous system.

A) parasympathetic; sympathetic
B) sympathetic; parasympathetic
C) somatic; sympathetic
D) sympathetic; somatic
E) somatic; parasympathetic

Question 7

The knee jerk reflex (when the quadriceps muscles contract after the patellar tendon is tapped) is directed by the

A) autonomic nervous system.
B) somatic nervous system.

Question 8

Which division functions to conserve energy and replenish the supply of nutrients?

A) Parasympathetic
B) Somatic
C) Sympathetic

Question 9

The "fight-or-flight" system is the ________ nervous system.

A) parasympathetic
B) somatic
C) sympathetic

Question 10

Which of the following is correct about the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A) The ANS is part of both the CNS and the PNS.
B) ANS functions are involuntary.
C) ANS motor neurons innervate cardiac muscle fibers, smooth muscle fibers, and glands.
D) ANS motor pathways always include two neurons.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 11

Which is false regarding the somatic nervous system (SNS)?

A) The SNS is under voluntary control.
B) The SNS uses motor and sensory neurons.
C) The SNS innervates skeletal muscle fibers.
D) The SNS is part of both the CNS and the PNS.
E) The SNS is activated by visceral sensory neurons.

Question 12

Which is not an effector innervated by the autonomic nervous system?

A) Cardiac muscle
B) Smooth muscle
C) Glands
D) Skeletal muscle
E) None of the choices is correct.

Question 13

We lack awareness of many of our bodies' systems for maintaining homeostasis. The sensations, movements, and secretions of organs such as the heart and intestines are governed by the

A) autonomic nervous system.
B) somatic nervous system.

Question 14

Many different neurons can stimulate an autonomic ganglion cell simultaneously due to

A) convergence.
B) reciprocity.
C) divergence.
D) reverberation.

Question 15

Which division functions to increase alertness and direct bodily responses in stressful situations?

A) Parasympathetic
B) Sympathetic

Question 16

Postganglionic axons are

A) myelinated.
B) unmyelinated.
C) sometimes myelinated and sometimes unmyelinated.

Question 17

In an autonomic motor pathway, the first cell in the two-neuron chain is the ________ neuron.

A) preganglionic
B) postganglionic
C) posterior
D) terminal
E) primary

Question 18

The circuitry of the autonomic system allows for control in activation. The characteristic that allows a small number of preganglionic cells to stimulate a large number of postganglionic cells is

A) convergence.
B) reverberation.
C) divergence.
D) reciprocal innervation.

Question 19

Motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system

A) always excite effector organs.
B) always inhibit effector organs.
C) can either excite or inhibit effector organs.
D) do not excite effector organs but monitor their status of activity.

Question 20

Which statement accurately compares the motor systems of the somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A) Both the SNS and the ANS house their motor neurons in ganglia.
B) The SNS does not have ganglia for its motor neurons but the ANS does.
C) The ANS does not have ganglia for its motor neurons but the SNS does.
D) Neither the SNS nor the ANS houses its motor neurons in ganglia.

Question 21

From which part of the CNS do parasympathetic preganglionic axons of CN VII emerge?

A) Mesencephalon
B) Cerebral cortex
C) Pons
D) Lateral horns of the S1 spinal cord segment
E) Lateral horns of the T1 spinal cord segment

Question 22

The preganglionic axons of CN III extend to the ________ ganglion.

A) pterygopalatine
B) submandibular
C) otic
D) pelvic
E) ciliary

Question 23

Activation of parasympathetic fibers in pelvic splanchnic nerves leads to

A) inhibition of urinary bladder contractions.
B) erection of the male penis and female clitoris.
C) decreased secretions in the digestive tract.
D) an increase in the heart rate.
E) decreased secretion of adrenaline from the adrenal glands.

Question 24

In the stress response, the process by which many structures are activated simultaneously is known as ________ activation.

Question 25

The sympathetic trunks are located

A) superior to the brachial plexus.
B) inferior to the sacral plexus.
C) immediately lateral to the vertebral column.
D) lateral to prevertebral ganglia.
E) in the craniosacral regions.

Question 26

Activation of parasympathetic fibers in pelvic splanchnic nerves leads to

A) increased smooth muscle motility in the digestive tract.
B) decreased smooth muscle motility in the digestive tract.
C) no effect on the digestive tract.

Question 27

Which system contains short preganglionic axons that branch extensively?

A) Parasympathetic nervous system
B) Somatic nervous system
C) Sympathetic nervous system

Question 28

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division originate in the

A) dorsal horns of the craniosacral brain and spinal cord.
B) ventral horns of the cervical and sacral spinal cord.
C) dorsal horns of the thoracolumbar spinal segments.
D) lateral horns of the thoracolumbar spinal segments.
E) ventral horns of the cervical and thoracic spinal segments.

Question 29

The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the

A) parotid salivary gland.
B) large intestine.
C) lacrimal gland.
D) sublingual salivary gland.
E) ciliary muscle.

Question 30

Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
A: III
B: IV
C: V
D: VII
E: IX
F: X
G: XII

A) a, d, e, f
B) b, c, d, e
C) a, c, d, g
D) c, d, f, g
E) b, e, f, g

Question 31

The preganglionic axons of CN VII extend to the

A) pterygopalatine ganglion.
B) submandibular ganglion.
C) otic ganglion.
D) pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia.
E) pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia.

Question 32

Which is not characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A) Long postganglionic axons
B) Long preganglionic axons
C) No rami communicantes
D) Terminal ganglia close to the target organ
E) Craniosacral preganglionic neuron cell bodies

Question 33

Which statements are correct concerning the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
A: Contains preganglionic cell bodies in brainstem nuclei
B: Contains preganglionic cell bodies in the lateral horns of the T1-L2 regions
C: Participates in the "fight-or-flight" response
D: Helps maintain homeostasis
E: Contains preganglionic cell bodies in the sacral region of the spinal cord

A) a, d, e
B) a, c, e
C) b, c, d
D) b, c
E) c, d, e

Question 34

The sympathetic division of the ANS has

A) long postganglionic axons.
B) norepinephrine as a transmitter substance.
C) preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord.
D) Two of the choices are correct.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 35

Tear secretions are governed by parasympathetic fibers within which cranial nerve?

A) III
B) V
C) VII
D) IX
E) X

Question 36

The cranial nerve having multiple terminal and intramural ganglia is

A) CN III.
B) CN VII.
C) CN IX.
D) CN X.
E) CN XII.

Question 37

The cranial nerve that supplies parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic organs is

A) CN II.
B) CN III.
C) CN VI.
D) CN IX.
E) CN X.

Question 38

Limited branching of preganglionic axons allows for

A) mass activation.
B) local and discrete activation.
C) rapid changes in numerous structures at once.

Question 39

The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that are controlled by pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate the
A: Large intestine
B: Reproductive organs
C: Salivary glands
D: Pupillary constrictor muscles
E: Urinary bladder
F: Ureters

A) a, d, e
B) b, c, e
C) a, b, e, f
D) c, d, f
E) a, c

Question 40

Which system engages in mass activation?

A) Parasympathetic nervous system
B) Sympathetic nervous system

Question 41

Prevertebral ganglia are located

A) posterior to the vertebral column.
B) lateral to the vertebral column.
C) anterior to the vertebral column.
D) at the termination site of the postganglionic axon.
E) medial to the dorsal spinal columns.

Question 42

A structure that is said to resemble a pearl necklace is a

A) sympathetic trunk.
B) parasympathetic trunk.
C) parasympathetic ganglion.
D) splanchnic ganglion.

Question 43

The prevertebral ganglion that receives axons that originate in the L1-L2 segments of the spinal cord is the ________ ganglion.

A) celiac
B) superior mesenteric
C) inferior mesenteric
D) splenic
E) hepatic

Question 44

Which sympathetic pathway involves a preganglionic neuron that synapses with a ganglionic neuron in a sympathetic trunk ganglion, but the postganglionic axon does not leave the trunk via a gray ramus?

A) Splanchnic nerve pathway
B) Adrenal medulla pathway
C) Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway
D) Spinal nerve pathway
E) None of the choices is correct.

Question 45

White rami communicantes carry preganglionic sympathetic axons from the T1-L2 spinal nerves to the sympathetic trunk.

Question 46

There are ________ prevertebral ganglia.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 12

Question 47

The sympathetic division pathway that results in innervation of the pelvic organs has its spinal cord segment origin in

A) T1-T2.
B) T1-L2.
C) T1-T4.
D) T5-T12.
E) T10-L2.

Question 48

Gray rami from the sympathetic trunk connect to

A) alternating spinal nerves.
B) the cranial nerves.
C) all spinal nerves.
D) the sympathetic trunk.

Question 49

Postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion innervate the

A) stomach.
B) spleen.
C) liver.
D) gallbladder.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 50

The superior mesenteric ganglion receives preganglionic sympathetic neurons from the ________ segments of the spinal cord.

A) T1-T4
B) T2-T6
C) T5-T9
D) T7-T9
E) T10-T12

Question 51

The postganglionic axons from the superior mesenteric ganglion innervate

A) the distal half of the duodenum.
B) part of the pancreas.
C) part of the small intestine.
D) the proximal part of the large intestine.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 52

Once inside the sympathetic trunk, the sympathetic preganglionic axons

A) remain at the level of entry.
B) travel superiorly.
C) travel inferiorly.
D) follow any of the routes listed.

Question 53

The sympathetic postganglionic axons from the superior cervical ganglion innervate
A: Sweat glands in the head
B: Sweat glands in the palms
C: Smooth muscle of blood vessels in the head
D: Smooth muscles of blood vessels in the antebrachial region
E: Superior tarsal muscle of the eye
F: Submandibular salivary gland

A) a, c, e
B) b, d, f
C) a, c, f
D) d, e, f
E) b, d

Question 54

Sympathetic splanchnic nerves are composed of

A) preganglionic sympathetic axons that synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.
B) preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.
C) postganglionic sympathetic axons that synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.
D) postganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.
E) None of the choices is correct.

Question 55

Postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve by the

A) white rami communicantes.
B) superior cervical ganglion.
C) gray rami communicantes.
D) splanchnic nerves.
E) pterygopalatine ganglion.

Question 56

The arrector pili muscles receive their sympathetic innervation via the

A) splanchnic nerve pathway.
B) adrenal medulla pathway.
C) postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway.
D) spinal nerve pathway.
E) None of the choices is correct.

Question 57

Which sympathetic pathway involves only a preganglionic axon going to the effector organ?

A) Splanchnic nerve pathway
B) Adrenal medulla pathway
C) Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway
D) Spinal nerve pathway
E) None of the choices is correct.

Question 58

Which sympathetic pathway is responsible for activating the esophagus, heart, lungs, and thoracic blood vessels?

A) Splanchnic nerve pathway
B) Adrenal medulla pathway
C) Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway
D) Spinal nerve pathway
E) None of the choices is correct.

Question 59

The sympathetic trunk ganglia are primarily composed of

A) axons of preganglionic neurons.
B) axons of ganglionic neurons.
C) somas of preganglionic neurons.
D) somas of ganglionic neurons.

Question 60

Specific prevertebral ganglia are named after the

A) effector organ stimulated by the postganglionic axon.
B) major abdominal arteries around which they are found.
C) vertebra from under which the preganglionic axon travels.
D) distance from the corresponding parasympathetic ganglion.
E) early anatomist who discovered and described them.

Question 61

The type of adrenergic receptor found on the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels in the skin is

A) α₁
B) α₂
C) β₁
D) β₂

Question 62

Catecholamines include

A) acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
B) dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
C) acetylcholine, epinephrine, and dopamine.
D) epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and all monoamines.

Question 63

Norepinephrine is a catecholamine.

Question 64

Which autonomic plexus innervates viscera within the pelvic region?

A) Esophageal plexus
B) Pulmonary plexus
C) Abdominal aortic plexus
D) Hypogastric plexus
E) Cardiac plexus

Question 65

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have ________ effects on heart rate.

A) antagonistic
B) cooperative
C) synergistic
D) negligible

Question 66

When ACh binds to nicotinic receptors, it

A) always produces an excitatory response.
B) always produces an inhibitory response.
C) sometimes excites and sometimes inhibits the target cell depending on the subtype of receptor.
D) sometimes excites and sometimes inhibits the target cell depending on the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell.

Question 67

The cardiac sphincter is innervated by parasympathetic axons coming from the ________ plexus.

A) esophageal
B) abdominal aortic
C) pulmonary
D) hypogastric
E) cardiac

Question 68

When norepinephrine is released from postganglionic neurons, its targets are

A) adrenergic receptors on effectors such as smooth muscle.
B) adrenergic receptors on preganglionic sympathetic neurons.
C) cholinergic receptors on effectors such as cardiac muscle.
D) cholinergic receptors on preganglionic sympathetic neurons.

Question 69

Nicotinic receptors bind

A) acetylcholine and allow chloride ions to exit the cell.
B) acetylcholine and allow sodium ions to enter the cell.
C) muscarine and increase the contractility of intestinal muscle.
D) norepinephrine and can either stimulate or inhibit the cell.
E) norepinephrine and allow potassium entry, thereby exciting the cell.

Question 70

In the heart, activation of these receptors increases heart rate.

A) α₁
B) α₂
C) β₁
D) β₂

Question 71

When neurotransmitter binds to muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract,

A) motility increases.
B) motility decreases.

Question 72

Dual innervation means that an individual effector

A) may be excited or inhibited by a single division of the autonomic nervous system.
B) receives input from both the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems.
C) receives input from both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems.
D) receives two autonomic axons on each smooth muscle cell.

Question 73

When an effector receives input from both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, it is said to have ________ innervation.

Question 74

Autonomic tone refers to

A) whether a response is stimulatory or inhibitory.
B) whether the body's reaction is to fight or to flee.
C) the continual activity maintained by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
D) the degree of tension in skeletal muscles at rest.

Question 75

Typically, alpha adrenergic receptors have

A) stimulatory effects.
B) inhibitory effects.

Question 76

Stimulation of β₂ receptors in the lung causes

A) bronchoconstriction.
B) bronchodilation.

Question 77

Which autonomic plexus consists of postganglionic sympathetic axons that come off the cervical and thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia, as well as preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve?

A) Esophageal plexus
B) Pulmonary plexus
C) Abdominal aortic plexus
D) Hypogastric plexus
E) Cardiac plexus

Question 78

Explain how both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems both influence male reproductive physiology, and indicate whether the two systems work antagonistically or cooperatively.

Question 79

Autonomic tone allows for a single division of the autonomic nervous system to control an organ by changing that division's activity levels up or down from baseline.

Question 80

Muscarinic receptors are proteins that bind the neurotransmitter

A) acetylcholine.
B) epinephrine.
C) norepinephrine.