Deck 9: Research

Question 1

HIPAA does not require a researcher using de-identified data to go through the IRB review process.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Observational studies are not used to draw scientific conclusions.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A data aggregation study involves the collection of data from large numbers of medical records without focusing on direct patient contact.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Prospective studies are chosen if a population is available that can be tracked over a long time.

Question 5

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires the satisfactory completion of clinical trials before it will approve a new treatment as safe and effective.

Question 6

The larger the number of participants in a research study, the better the validity of the findings.

Question 7

The reliability of data means the accuracy of a measurement and whether the measurement represents reality.

Question 8

Clinical trials are investigations that assess the difference between two clinical populations with respect to the outcome of therapy or treatments.

Question 9

In some states, the term human subject is defined by law or regulation to include deceased individuals and fetal remains.

Question 10

There is a lot of competition among researchers to be published in the most prestigious research journals.

Question 11

A cohort study may be prospective or retrospective.

Question 12

Efficiency refers to the benefits that accrue to the individual receiving care.

Question 13

The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC) do not approve any research studies if suffering to the animal may result.

Question 14

IRBs must be at least five members and are comprised of individuals affiliated with the institution sponsoring the IRB.

Question 15

Since prisoners are incarcerated for their crimes, they have fewer rights regarding being the subject of a research project.

Question 16

Employees of the institution that sponsors the IRB may participate as a research subject if they so wish and if they meet the criteria of the researcher.

Question 17

Qualitative and quantitative research are separate approaches and are not used together in the same study.

Question 18

Phase III of clinical trials can last from 1 to 2 years.

Question 19

In a blind study, neither the patient nor the clinicians involved are aware of which participants have been assigned to receive the experimental intervention.

Question 20

A case-control study is a collection of facts, figures, or opinions taken from individuals or groups who are the objects of an investigation.

Question 21

Which of the following best defines relative risk factor?

A) probability of an unfavorable event occurring
B) determining which factors are associated with and/or increase the risk of acquiring a disease
C) an estimate of how much the risk of acquiring a disease increases with an individual's exposure to a known causal agent

Question 22

Predictions are data gathered from a survey population to forecast future outcomes, trends, or behaviors.

Question 23

Which of the following refers to the investigative technique used to determine the cause of disease using controlled experiments?

A) analytic epidemiology
B) descriptive epidemiology
C) experimental epidemiology

Question 24

Which of the following is the type of prevention that looks at healthy population groups and suggests actions to be taken which will prevent members from developing a given disease?

A) primary prevention
B) secondary prevention
C) tertiary prevention

Question 25

An investigator has a hypothesis and conducts research, then interprets the data to build a theory. This is an example of which type of research?

A) quantitative
B) qualitative
C) neither quantitative nor qualitative
D) both quantitative and qualitative

Question 26

On which of the following areas have epidemiologists most recently started to focus their attention as it is the fastest growing problem in the United States?

A) nutritional deficiencies
B) chronic and degenerative diseases
C) environmental hazards

Question 27

The IRB is a group formally designated by an institution to safeguard the rights and welfare of human subjects. What does IRB stand for?

A) Institutional Review Board
B) International Research Board
C) Internal Research Board
D) Independent Review Board

Question 28

Which of the following statements describe research?

A) It is a careful, diligent, and exhaustive search.
B) It is designed to discover new facts and relationships.
C) It is designed to gain solutions to problems.
D) It is a careful, diligent, and exhaustive search designed to gain solutions to problems.
E) It is a careful, diligent, and exhaustive search designed to gain solutions to problems and to discover new facts and relationships.

Question 29

Which of the following is an example of a possible vector?

A) different levels of economic deprivation
B) mosquitoes
C) dust
D) alcohol

Question 30

If the power is inadequate, it is impossible to draw inferences or conclusions from the study.

Question 31

IRBs must review research protocols that involve materials obtained from the deceased's remains.

Question 32

A study is done that examines the current rate of disease frequency against other factors. This type of study is called

A) observational
B) cross-sectional
C) cohort
D) data aggregation

Question 33

The first step in research design involves a literature review.

Question 34

Which sequence of the steps in research design are listed sequentially? (Starting with preliminary steps and then listing subsequent steps.)

A) study rationale, methods, hypothesis, results
B) hypothesis, study rationale, analysis, methods
C) identify a topic for study, literature review, hypothesis, analysis
D) none of the other three options are in correct sequence

Question 35

The two main research methods are

A) Qualitative and Quantitative
B) Experimental and Descriptive
C) Qualitative and Descriptive
D) Experimental and Quantitative

Question 36

If the purpose is to draw a scientific conclusion, which of the following types of research studies would be done?

A) controlled clinical trial
B) cohort study
C) case-control study

Question 37

Which of the following is an example of the most common type of host?

A) fleas
B) poisons
C) human beings
D) chemical pollutants

Question 38

Epidemiologists look only at outbreaks of disease that have recently occurred.

Question 39

What type of study refers to a study that examines the current rates of disease frequency against other factors.

A) Observational study
B) Cross-sectional study
C) Cohort study
D) Control study

Question 40

Having a mammogram to detect if any lumps are visible in the breast is an example of what?

A) primary prevention
B) secondary prevention
C) tertiary prevention

Question 41

___________ is a collection of facts, figures, or opinions taken from individuals or groups that are objects of an investigation.

A) Research
B) Outcomes
C) Survey
D) Statistical measures

Question 42

Living being upon whom the agent acts is

A) agent.
B) host.
C) vector.
D) endemic.

Question 43

The two main research methods are ____________________ and ____________________.

Question 44

Match the term with its descriptor.
research that is designed to answer a practical question

A)research methodology
B)scientific method
C)pure
D)applied
E)experimental research
F)descriptive research
G)clinical in nature
H)laboratory in nature

Question 45

The final steps in the research design process where the researcher interprets the results of the study and attempts to integrate the results into other findings in the field is call ____________________ and discussion.

Question 46

Who challenged the immobility of the earth and its place in the universe?

A) Galileo Galilei
B) Copernicus
C) Louis Pasteur
D) a and b, not c
E) b and c, not a

Question 47

Match the term with its descriptor.
research that is performed in the real world where control over variables may be difficult

A)research methodology
B)scientific method
C)pure
D)applied
E)experimental research
F)descriptive research
G)clinical in nature
H)laboratory in nature

Question 48

The relative frequency of an event occurring can be calculated into a rate. For example, if 100 of the 1000 participants have high blood pressure and are smokers and only10 participants have high blood pressure that are nonsmokers, the numbers of 100/1000 and 10/1000 are called the ____________________ rate.

Question 49

The ultimate goal of research is to discover the ____________________.

Question 50

Which of the following rely on research studies?

A) Biomedical research
B) Drug companies
C) Individual researchers
D) All of the above

Question 51

Two disciplines of significant importance in health care are

A) quantitative and qualitative.
B) research and retrieval.
C) research and epidemiology.
D) qualitative and reliability.

Question 52

Factor that causes disease is

A) agent.
B) host.
C) vector.
D) endemic.

Question 53

The purpose of qualitative analysis is all of the following EXCEPT

A) testing theories to establish facts.
B) showing causal explanation.
C) making predictions.
D) detailing the plan of operation.

Question 54

___________ refers to the minor's agreement to participate in the research.

A) Consent of Participation
B) Informed Consent
C) Assent

Question 55

Match the term with its descriptor.
research that is performed in the laboratory setting under tight control

A)research methodology
B)scientific method
C)pure
D)applied
E)experimental research
F)descriptive research
G)clinical in nature
H)laboratory in nature

Question 56

Match the term with its descriptor.
process of discovery by systematic investigation

A)research methodology
B)scientific method
C)pure
D)applied
E)experimental research
F)descriptive research
G)clinical in nature
H)laboratory in nature

Question 57

In response to medical research abuses, the National Commission published what many consider the landmark document in the area of human subject research ethics. This document is called the ____________________ Report.

Question 58

Match the term with its descriptor.
use of variables, control, and randomization in an experiment

A)research methodology
B)scientific method
C)pure
D)applied
E)experimental research
F)descriptive research
G)clinical in nature
H)laboratory in nature

Question 59

The inventor of the microscope was

A) Antonj van Leeuwenhoek
B) Galileo Galilei
C) Florence Nightingale
D) Edward Jenner

Question 60

_____________ is a tentative assertion that is assumed by the researcher until the assumption is tested.

A) Study rationale
B) Hypothesis
C) Literature review
D) Research design

Question 61

Match the term with its descriptor.
manner in which problems are solved through careful, diligent, and exhaustive search

A)research methodology
B)scientific method
C)pure
D)applied
E)experimental research
F)descriptive research
G)clinical in nature
H)laboratory in nature

Question 62

Match the term with the best descriptor.
study of how and why diseases occur in different groups of human beings

A)epidemiology
B)epidemics
C)pandemics
D)agent
E)host
F)epidemiologists
G)vector
H)endemic

Question 63

What is the second step in research design? Explain the second step.

Question 64

Match the term with the best descriptor.
habitually peculiar to a particular locality

A)epidemiology
B)epidemics
C)pandemics
D)agent
E)host
F)epidemiologists
G)vector
H)endemic

Question 65

Match the term with the best descriptor.
living being upon whom the agent acts

A)epidemiology
B)epidemics
C)pandemics
D)agent
E)host
F)epidemiologists
G)vector
H)endemic

Question 66

What three factors must be present for the study to be a true experimental design?

Question 67

Match the term with the best descriptor.
diseases affecting many persons in a community, area, or region at the same time, arising from a common source and clearly in excess of normal expectancy

A)epidemiology
B)epidemics
C)pandemics
D)agent
E)host
F)epidemiologists
G)vector
H)endemic

Question 68

List the three types of IRB review allowed under federal regulations. Give a brief description of the main distinctions of each.

Question 69

Match the term with the best descriptor.
professional involved in the study of epidemiology

A)epidemiology
B)epidemics
C)pandemics
D)agent
E)host
F)epidemiologists
G)vector
H)endemic

Question 70

Choose one of the following pioneers of research and describe their contribution:
Galileo Galilei
Copernicus
Michelangelo
Raphael
Leonardo DaVinci
Louis Pasteur
Edward Jenner
Florence Nightingale
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Question 71

Match the term with its descriptor.
describing of individuals, groups, or situations as a means to applying the knowledge gained to future individuals, groups, or situations

A)research methodology
B)scientific method
C)pure
D)applied
E)experimental research
F)descriptive research
G)clinical in nature
H)laboratory in nature

Question 72

Match the term with the best descriptor.
epidemics that spread quickly over a wide geographic area

A)epidemiology
B)epidemics
C)pandemics
D)agent
E)host
F)epidemiologists
G)vector
H)endemic

Question 73

Match the term with the best descriptor.
factor that causes a disease

A)epidemiology
B)epidemics
C)pandemics
D)agent
E)host
F)epidemiologists
G)vector
H)endemic

Question 74

Match the term with its descriptor.
research that is abstract and general, seeking to generate knowledge for knowledge's sake

A)research methodology
B)scientific method
C)pure
D)applied
E)experimental research
F)descriptive research
G)clinical in nature
H)laboratory in nature

Question 75

Prior to the Renaissance when the pioneers of research first emerged, societies relied on other sources to answer the questions and problems that perplexed them. Name two such sources. Give an example of one such non-research approach.

Question 76

Match the term with the best descriptor.
agent capable of transmitting a pathogen from one organism to another organism

A)epidemiology
B)epidemics
C)pandemics
D)agent
E)host
F)epidemiologists
G)vector
H)endemic

Question 77

Clinical trials attempt to determine the efficacy and the efficiency of a given therapeutic agent or procedure. Define the difference between efficacy and efficiency within this context.