Deck 5: Learning

Question 1

Fixed- and variable-ratio schedules both maintain a low response rate.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

In counterconditioning, an organism learns to respond to a stimulus in a way that is completely compatible with a response that was conditioned earlier.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

In the context of classical conditioning, the cognitive focus is on the information learned by the organism.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Cognitive psychologists explain the outcome of classical conditioning in terms of the publicly observable conditions of learning.

Question 5

The evolutionary perspective suggests that animals are biologically prepared to develop taste aversions that are adaptive in their environments.

Question 6

Flooding and counterconditioning are techniques for inducing fears.

Question 7

In operant conditioning, voluntary responses cannot be conditioned.

Question 8

Spontaneous recovery of learned responses occurs only in operant conditioning.

Question 9

In the context of classical conditioning, extinguished conditioned responses cannot be recovered.

Question 10

Immediate reinforcers are less effective than delayed reinforcers.

Question 11

Responses that have been maintained by partial reinforcement are less resistant to extinction than responses that have been maintained by continuous reinforcement.

Question 12

Operant conditioning is a simple form of learning in which organisms come to anticipate or associate events with one another.

Question 13

Mirror neurons allow us to anticipate other people's intentions when they reach for things.

Question 14

Rewards and punishments are known by their effects, whereas reinforcers are more known by how they feel.

Question 15

Media violence and aggressive video games decrease viewers' level of emotional arousal.

Question 16

Students who obtain higher grades are more likely to behave aggressively following exposure to violent video games.

Question 17

Discrimination is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned.

Question 18

Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed.

Question 19

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is an unlearned or unconditioned response.

Question 20

According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, humans are not biologically prepared by evolutionary forces to develop fears of any kind.

Question 21

In the context of classical conditioning, _____ helps organisms adapt to situations that recur from time to time.

A) cognitive dissonance
B) genotypic variation
C) free association
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 22

In a__________, a specific amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available.

A) variable-interval schedule
B) fixed-ratio schedule
C) fixed-interval schedule
D) variable-ratio schedule

Question 23

In the context of operant conditioning, the removal of a pleasant stimulus is known as__________.

A) positive punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) negative punishment
D) positive reinforcement

Question 24

Paula taught her dog to lie down every time she rang a hand bell. However, the dog began to apply this command even to the sound of a doorbell. In this scenario, the dog's action of lying down as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called__________.

A) general adaptation
B) discrimination
C) spontaneous recovery
D) generalization

Question 25

Which of the following statements is true about primary reinforcers?

A) They acquire their value through association with established reinforcers.
B) They are effective on the basis of their learning.
C) They can also be called conditioned reinforcers.
D) They are effective because of an organism's biological makeup.

Question 26

Behaviorists explain classical conditioning in terms of the ways in which stimuli provide information that allows organisms to form or revise mental representations of their environment.

Question 27

Cynthia had an intense fear of cats. Her psychologist repeatedly paired her love for classical music with the gradual exposure of Cynthia to a cat until her fear for cats was cured. In this scenario, Cynthia's fear was cured using _____.

A) regularization
B) counterconditioning
C) cognitive dissonance
D) free association

Question 28

Brandon had a fear of dogs. To extinguish this fear, his mother baked him his favorite cake and gradually brought a dog closer to him while he ate the cake. In this scenario, Brandon's mother used__________to cure his fear.

A) cognitive mapping
B) negative reinforcement
C) counterconditioning
D) regularization

Question 29

Secondary reinforcers are also called _____ because they acquire their value through being associated with established reinforcers.

A) innate reinforcers
B) conditioned reinforcers
C) primary reinforcers
D) unconditioned reinforcers

Question 30

In the context of operant conditioning,__________is the act of following a response with a stimulus that increases the frequency of the response.

A) reinforcement
B) punishment
C) extinction
D) regularization

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true in the context of the effects of violent video games?

A) Moderating variables such as social connectedness figure into the effects of media violence.
B) Violent video games are connected with an increase in juvenile delinquency.
C) Males are relatively less likely than females to act aggressively after playing violent video games.
D) Students who obtain higher grades are more likely to behave aggressively following exposure to violent video games.

Question 32

Which of the following best defines the term latent learning?

A) It is a form of learning that includes sensory awareness.
B) It is learning that is directly available in awareness.
C) It is learning that is hidden or concealed.
D) It is a form of learning that involves collaborative activities.

Question 33

__________is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience.

A) Systematic desensitization
B) Cognitive mapping
C) Observational learning
D) Free association

Question 34

Ivan Pavlov proved that reflexes cannot be learned by association.

Question 35

Which of the following statements is true in the context of taste aversions?

A) In taste aversion, the unconditioned stimulus can occur hours after the conditioned stimulus.
B) In taste aversion, the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus must be close together in time.
C) Taste aversions are unadaptive in nature.
D) Taste aversions are a form of systematic desensitization.

Question 36

In the context of classical conditioning, a learned reaction to a learned stimulus is known as a(n)__________.

A) patellar reflex
B) unconditioned response
C) pupillary reflex
D) conditioned response

Question 37

According to cognitive psychologists, learning cannot be shown by changes in behavior.

Question 38

Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. In the given scenario, the development of Johnny's fear of bright lights is due to _____.

A) counterconditioning
B) higher-order conditioning
C) selective attention
D) general adaptation

Question 39

Which of the following is a view of cognitive psychologists?

A) People choose whether or not to imitate aggressive behaviors they observe.
B) Behavior is fully determined by the process of learning.
C) People are most likely to imitate behaviors that are inconsistent with their values.
D) Learning is a temporary change in behavior.

Question 40

Max is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100 every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this scenario, Max's payment is based on the _____.

A) fixed-ratio schedule
B) variable-interval schedule
C) fixed-interval schedule
D) variable-ratio schedule

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true of shaping?

A) It uses the technique of positive punishment.
B) It is used solely to teach simple behaviors.
C) It reinforces progressive steps toward the behavioral goal.
D) It extinguishes learned or conditioned behaviors.

Question 42

Carl is teaching his dogs to jump through a hoop. At the onset of training, Carl gives the dogs treats for each movement toward the hoop. Then, he only gives them treats when they near the hoop. Later, he waits until they jump through the hoop before giving them treats. In this scenario, Carl reinforces _____ of the goal.

A) the extinction
B) successive approximations
C) free associations
D) the regularization

Question 43

In Pavlov's experiment, he conditioned his dog to salivate when it was shown a circle. Later, the dog salivated when it was shown other closed geometric figures including squares. Through his experiment, Pavlov demonstrated _____.

A) discrimination
B) general adaptation
C) generalization
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 44

Hailey is taking dance lessons. Each time she makes a progressive move, her dance instructor commends her. In this scenario, Hailey's instructor is training her by _____.

A) counterconditioning
B) flooding
C) systematic desensitization
D) shaping

Question 45

In the context of behavior therapy methods, which of the following statements is true of flooding?

A) It overrides the principle of extinction.
B) It involves continuous exposure to fear-evoking stimuli.
C) It is based on principles of operant conditioning.
D) It is pleasant but ineffective.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true in the context of classical conditioning?

A) An unconditioned stimulus cannot elicit a response prior to conditioning.
B) Reflexes cannot be unlearned.
C) An unconditioned response is a learned response to a stimulus.
D) Reflexes can be learned by association.

Question 47

With a _____, an organism's response rate falls off after each reinforcement and then picks up again as the time when reinforcement will occur approaches.

A) fixed-ratio schedule
B) variable-interval schedule
C) variable-ratio schedule
D) fixed-interval schedule

Question 48

Consider an experiment in which a pigeon is placed in a Skinner box with a button on the wall. The cage contains a small green light that is turned on and off intermittently throughout the day. When the pigeon pecks the button when the green light is on, the behavior is reinforced with food. When it pecks the button when the green light is off, the behavior is not reinforced. The pigeon soon learns that button pecking will be rewarded only when the green light is on. In this scenario, the green light is a(n)__________.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) discriminative stimulus
C) unlearned stimulus
D) aversive stimulus

Question 49

Walda's father is a gardener. She has been watching her father work for many years. She now has her own garden. Though she has never been taught the art of gardening, she is very good at it. In this scenario, Walda acquired gardening skills by the process of _____.

A) systemic desensitization
B) cognitive mapping
C) observational learning
D) free association

Question 50

Justin is teaching his dog, Tiara, to jump on command. He gives her a treat when she jumps on command only when the treats are with him. When the treats are not in his reach, he does not give her a treat. In this context, Justin is using _____.

A) partial reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) continuous reinforcement
D) uninterrupted reinforcement

Question 51

_____ are defined as stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior.

A) Unpleasant stimuli
B) Punishments
C) Aversive stimuli
D) Reinforcers

Question 52

Teachers can learn to use__________to reinforce children when they are behaving appropriately and, when possible, to extinguish misbehavior by ignoring it.

A) systematic desensitization
B) regularization
C) countertransference
D) behavior modification

Question 53

According to _____, when we see modeled behavior being reinforced, we are vicariously reinforced.

A) the conflict theory
B) observational learning
C) the contact hypothesis
D) systematic desensitization

Question 54

In the context of observational learning,__________allow us to anticipate other people's intentions when they reach for things.

A) telomeres
B) catecholamines
C) mirror neurons
D) helper T cells

Question 55

__________is Robert Rescorla's viewpoint that suggests that learning occurs only when a conditioned stimulus (CS) provides information about an unconditioned stimulus (US).

A) Consistency paradox
B) Contingency theory
C) Contact hypothesis
D) Conflict theory

Question 56

Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of__________.

A) latent learning
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) observational learning

Question 57

_____ states that pleasant events stamp in responses, and unpleasant events stamp them out.

A) Thorndike's law of effect
B) Bandura's social learning theory
C) Kelly's attribution theory
D) Pavlov's law of conditioning

Question 58

In the context of reinforcement schedules, a piece worker that gets paid on a per-shirt basis is on a__________.

A) variable-interval schedule
B) fixed-ratio schedule
C) fixed-interval schedule
D) variable-ratio schedule

Question 59

Identify a true statement about punishments.

A) They can rapidly suppress undesirable behavior.
B) They increase the frequency of the behavior they follow.
C) They are known by their effects and not by how they feel.
D) They are the same as negative reinforcers.

Question 60

Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning?

A) It involves attaching consequences to behavior.
B) It is involuntary, automatic learning.
C) It is a complex form of learning that uses reinforcement.
D) It focuses on what organisms do about their environments.

Question 61

In the context of classical conditioning,__________believe that relationships among events allow organisms to mentally represent their environments and make predictions.

A) conflict theorists
B) behaviorists
C) cognitive psychologists
D) psychoanalysts

Question 62

Christine uses an electric can opener to open cans of dog food. After the first few times of using the electric opener to open the dog food, she notices that her dog starts to salivate just at the sound of the electric can opener in anticipation of food. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the electric can opener has become an effective _____ for Christine's dog.

A) unconditioned reflex
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned reflex
D) conditioned stimulus

Question 63

Which of the following statements is true of media violence?

A) Media violence decreases viewers' level of emotional arousal.
B) Repeated exposure to media violence may decrease viewers' sensitivity to real violence.
C) Paternal physical punishments reduce the likelihood of aggression in early childhood.
D) Females are more likely than males to behave aggressively following exposure to media violence.

Question 64

In the context of operant conditioning, gamblers at slot machines win on a _____.

A) variable-ratio schedule
B) fixed-ratio schedule
C) fixed-interval schedule
D) variable-interval schedule

Question 65

People learning to emit alpha waves through feedback from an electroencephalograph is an example of__________.

A) systematic desensitization
B) biofeedback training
C) counterconditioning
D) regularization

Question 66

In the context of the effects of media violence, most organizations of health professionals agree that:

A) media violence contributes to aggression among people.
B) children are more likely to heed what people say than to imitate what they do.
C) media violence directly causes aggression.
D) people are less likely to be aggressive when they are highly aroused.

Question 67

In E. C. Tolman's experiment, some rats were trained to run through mazes for standard food goals, while other rats were allowed to explore the mazes for 10 days without food goals or other rewards. Later, when food rewards were placed in a box at the far end of the maze, the previously unrewarded rats reached the food box as quickly as the rewarded rats after only one or two trials. This experiment demonstrated that the rats had the ability to form _____ of their surroundings.

A) observational models
B) operant chambers
C) cognitive maps
D) orienting reflexes

Question 68

B. F. Skinner taught pigeons and other animals to engage in behavior that manipulates the environment. This kind of behavior is called__________.

A) operant behavior
B) respondent behavior
C) maladaptive behavior
D) stagnant behavior

Question 69

Ahoma Inc. hands out its best performer award on a weekly, monthly, or quarterly basis. The employees consistently work hard as they are unaware of when the award will be handed out. In this scenario, Ahoma Inc. reinforces its employees' performance based on a _____.

A) fixed-ratio schedule
B) fixed-interval schedule
C) variable-ratio schedule
D) variable-interval schedule

Question 70

Which of the following illustrates continuous reinforcement?

A) Clara getting a chocolate bar from her father every time she completes a household chore
B) Michelle watching a movie every weekend but only enjoying one out of every three movies she watches
C) Habib getting paid by his employer for every five products he sells
D) Raj practicing hoop shots every day and scoring two out of three times on an average

Question 71

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers?

A) They increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed.
B) They focus on decreasing unwanted behavior rather than increasing good behavior.
C) They involve the removal of a pleasant stimulus.
D) They involve the application of an aversive stimulus.

Question 72

In operant conditioning, organisms learn to do or not do things because:

A) it teaches them to form passive responses by associating stimuli.
B) of the consequences of their behavior.
C) of their genetic predispositions.
D) it focuses on how they form anticipations about their environments.

Question 73

Dana learned to cook by watching her mother cook rather than by means of direct experience. In the context of observational learning, Dana's mother was a _____ for her.

A) primary reinforcer
B) shaper
C) conditioned reinforcer
D) model

Question 74

Bethany taught her dog to jump every time she raises her right hand. Later, the dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. In this scenario, the dog's action of jumping as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called _____.

A) generalization
B) general adaptation
C) spontaneous recovery
D) discrimination

Question 75

_____ is the view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli.

A) Consistency paradox
B) Contact hypothesis
C) Conflict theory
D) Contingency theory

Question 76

In his initial experiments, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate when he sounded a tone or a bell. Pavlov termed these trained salivary responses__________.

A) conditional stimuli
B) unconditioned reflexes
C) unconditioned stimuli
D) conditional reflexes

Question 77

__________is defined as a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in certain behavior because of the effects of that behavior.

A) Respondent conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Classical conditioning
D) Pavlovian conditioning

Question 78

Benjamin entered a pizza-eating contest when he was in college. He finished five large pizzas by himself, but he felt nauseated and threw up a few hours later. For several years, the sight and smell of pizza made him feel sick. In this scenario, Benjamin's aversion toward pizza occurred through _____.

A) catharsis
B) classical conditioning
C) regularization
D) observational learning

Question 79

In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a _____.

A) fixed number of correct responses are made
B) random number of correct responses are made
C) random amount of time has passed
D) fixed amount of time has passed

Question 80

People seem to be ready to fear thunder, threatening faces, sharp objects, darkness, and heights. According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, this is referred to as _____.

A) catharsis
B) biological preparedness
C) regularization
D) spontaneous recovery