Deck 12: Neurophysiology

Question 1

The basic function of a neuron is to

A) transmit nutrients.
B) maintain dynamic equilibrium between glial cells and potassium ions.
C) communicate.
D) none of the above.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Neurotransmitter substance

A) leaves the presynaptic neuron, activates ion channels, and enters the postsynaptic neuron.
B) leaves the presynaptic neuron, activates ion channels, and then is reabsorbed into the presynaptic neuron.
C) leaves the presynaptic neuron, activates ion channels, and then is absorbed into the lymphatic system.
D) leaves the postsynaptic neuron, activates ion channels, and then is absorbed into the presynaptic neuron.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

An action potential is

A) the return to baseline voltage that occurs following depolarization.
B) a change in electrical potential that occurs when the cell membrane is stimulated adequately to permit ion exchange between intra- and extracellular spaces.
C) the threshold phenomenon associated with movement in muscle.
D) none of the above.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

EPSP refers to

A) excitatory presummative potential.
B) excitatory perisynaptic potential.
C) excitatory presynaptic potential.
D) excitatory postsynaptic potential.

Question 5

The molecular "fuel" for active transport is

A) adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
B) monosodium glutamate (MSG).
C) lysergic acid diethylamine (LSD).
D) acetylcholinesterase (ACHE).

Question 6

Myelinated fibers conduct the wave of depolarization more rapidly than demyelinated fibers

A) because the lipids that make up myelin are hydrophobic in nature.
B) primarily due to saltatory conduction.
C) because myelin serves as an electrical conductor.
D) because depolarization occurs before hyperpolarization.

Question 7

In biological systems, voltage is the product of

A) ion movement.
B) myelin.
C) Schwann cells.
D) the neurotransmitter.

Question 8

Voltage-sensitive proteins

A) are responsive to presence of voltage in their environment.
B) change shape and open in the presence of voltage in their environment.
C) a & b
D) none of the above.

Question 9

Excitation causes

A) depolarization.
B) hyperpolarization.
C) repolarization.
D) none of the above.

Question 10

Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings are actually records of

A) motor end plates.
B) action potentials.
C) K⁺ ions.
D) none of the above.

Question 11

IPSP refers to

A) a potential that is excitatory in nature.
B) use of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACH).
C) an inhibitory potential.
D) an input potential.

Question 12

Communication between two neurons occurs at the

A) mitochondria.
B) protein shell.
C) nodes of Ranvier.
D) synapse.

Question 13

A neuron can fire approximately once every

A) 1 ms.
B) 10 ms.
C) 100 ms.
D) 1,000 ms.

Question 14

Active cellular transport

A) is required to adjust the ion balance between intra- and extracellular environments.
B) involves the use of sodium-potassium pumps.
C) moves sodium out of the cell.
D) all of the above.

Question 15

Because an action potential always results in the same neural response,

A) the neuron can only fire during inhibition.
B) the neuron cannot be used to differentiate stimuli.
C) the neuron is capable of representing differences in input only through rate of response.
D) none of the above.

Question 16

An action potential causes

A) synaptic vesicles to migrate to the synaptic membrane.
B) neurotransmitter to be released into the synaptic cleft.
C) a & b
D) none of the above.

Question 17

Adenosine triphosphate is a direct product of

A) the synaptic dyad.
B) gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA).
C) cellular mitochondria.
D) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Question 18

The period following depolarization when a neuron cannot fire is termed the

A) absolutely (absolute) refractory period.
B) relatively (relative) refractory period.
C) hypostyle (ascending) refractory period.
D) adductory (closing) refractory period.

Question 19

The period following depolarization of a neuron during which a neuron can fire, but requires a higher level of stimulation than required for the initial depolarization, is the

A) primary refractory period.
B) secondary refractory period.
C) absolutely (absolute) refractory period.
D) relatively (relative) refractory period.

Question 20

Inhibition causes

A) depolarization.
B) hyperpolarization.
C) repolarization.
D) none of the above.

Question 21

A major difference between slow- and fast-twitch fibers is that

A) one neuron may innervate thousands of slow-twitch fibers.
B) one neuron may innervate as few as 10 fast-twitch fibers.
C) slow-twitch fibers are important for sustained contraction.
D) all of the above.

Question 22

In the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle,

A) acetylcholine (ACH) activates muscle function.
B) gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) activates muscle function.
C) dopamine (DA) activates muscle function.
D) none of the above.

Question 23

The ____________________ period is the time during which the cell membrane cannot be stimulated to depolarize.

Question 24

Slow-twitch muscle fibers

A) remain activated up to five times longer than fast-twitch muscles.
B) consist mostly of myosin.
C) do not respond to calcium released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
D) all of the above.

Question 25

For fine movement,

A) only a limited number of muscle fibers need be recruited.
B) typically fast-twitch fibers will be recruited.
C) a & b
D) none of the above.

Question 26

The ____________________ period is a period during which the membrane may be stimulated to excitation again, but only with greater than typical stimulation.

Question 27

____________________ are atoms that have either lost or gained an electron (negative particle), causing them to acquire either a positive or a negative charge.

Question 28

____________________ is a substance that is released from the terminal (end) button of an axon, and causes either excitation or inhibition of another neuron or excitation of a muscle fiber.

Question 29

Neurotransmitter substance is released into the ____________________.

Question 30

A motor unit consists of a motor neuron, its axon, and the ____________________ it innervates.

Question 31

A potential difference of -70 mV between the intracellular and interstitial spaces is found at ____________________ potential.

Question 32

The ____________________ of the myelinated axon support saltatory conduction.

Question 33

An action potential at the motor end plate

A) results from the activation of troponin.
B) causes calcium to be released into the environment of muscle fibers.
C) a & b
D) none of the above.

Question 34

____________________ proteins open when they receive adequate electrical stimulation.

Question 35

A(n) ____________________ potential is a change in electrical potential that occurs when the cell membrane is stimulated adequately to permit ion exchange between intra- and extracellular spaces.

Question 36

The point of communication between nerve and muscle is the ____________________.

Question 37

The nodes of Ranvier of the myelinated axon support ____________________ conduction.

Question 38

Acetylcholine is a ____________________.

Question 39

A ____________________ unit consists of a motor neuron, its axon, and the muscle fibers it innervates.

Question 40

____________________ relates to the ease with which ions may pass through a membrane.

Question 41

____________________-twitch muscle fibers are involved in maintenance of posture.

Question 42

_________________________ transduce information concerning tension placed on tendons.

Question 43

Brodmann area number ____________________ is the premotor region.

Question 44

____________________ sensors transduce information about muscle length.

Question 45

Brodmann area number ____________________ is the primary reception area for vision.

Question 46

Brodmann areas 4 and part of 6 make up the ____________________ gyrus of the cerebrum.

Question 47

____________________ refers to low muscle tone.

Question 48

____________________-twitch muscle fibers are involved in fine and rapid motor function.

Question 49

The primary reception area for ____________________ is within the calcarine fissure.

Question 50

The primary reception area for auditory information is Brodmann number ____________________.

Question 51

____________________ fibers are muscle fibers of the muscle spindle.

Question 52

Theories of ____________________ state that attempts to localize function are generally fruitless and that the brain functions as a whole.

Question 53

The secondary processing area for vision is Brodmann area number ____________________.

Question 54

The primary reception area for vision is within the ____________________ fissure of the occipital lobe.

Question 55

____________________ is a speech disorder arising from paralysis, muscular weakness, and discoordination of speech musculature.

Question 56

The posterior portion of Brodmann area 22 is termed ____________________ area.

Question 57

____________________ dysarthria arises from bilateral damage to upper motor neurons of the pyramidal (direct) and extrapyramidal (indirect) motor pathways.

Question 58

____________________ dysarthria arises from damage to lower motor neurons or their cell bodies.

Question 59

The ____________________ area is found in the medial portion of Brodmann area 6, and is involved in speech initiation.

Question 60

The primary reception area for somatic sense is the ____________________ gyrus.

Question 61

The ____________________ association area includes regions of the parahippocampal gyrus and temporal pole (temporal lobe), cingulate gyri (parietal and frontal lobes), and orbital surfaces (inferior frontal lobe).

Question 62

Nonfluent aphasia, also known as ____________________ aphasia, arises from frontal lobe lesions.

Question 63

____________________ refers to generation of novel words.

Question 64

____________________ aphasia is also referred to as fluent aphasia.

Question 65

The ____________________ hemisphere appears to be specialized for the process of analysis, favoring discrete, sequential, rapidly changing information.

Question 66

Damage to the inferior temporal lobe often results in ____________________ deficit.

Question 67

Auditory information presented to the right ear is processed predominantly by the ____________________ hemisphere.

Question 68

Receptive language function occurs predominantly in ____________________ area of the dominant cerebral hemisphere.

Question 69

____________________ refers to increased reflexive response.

Question 70

Language function in the majority of individuals is located in the ____________________ hemisphere of the brain.

Question 71

Tics, tremors, athetosis, and dystonia are all termed ____________________.

Question 72

The ____________________ association area (anterior to Brodmann area 6) is involved with integration of information in preparation for the motor act, as well as higher-level cognitive processes.

Question 73

____________________ refers to increased muscle tone.

Question 74

____________________ refers to difficulty naming objects.

Question 75

____________________ dysarthria is characterized by paucity of movement, such as that seen in Parkinson's disease.

Question 76

The ____________________ hemisphere appears to be specialized for spatial and holistic elements, such as face recognition, speech intonation, melody, and perception of form.

Question 77

____________________ dysarthria arises from damage to the cerebellum or to the brainstem vestibular nuclei, or both.

Question 78

Broca's and Wernicke's areas communicate by means of the ____________________ fasciculus.

Question 79

The ____________________ association area includes portions of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes (Brodmann areas 39, 40, and portions of 19, 21, 22, and 37), and receives input from auditory, visual, and somatosensory regions, permitting the integration of this information into language function.

Question 80

____________________ dysarthria is characterized by extraneous, involuntary movement of speech musculature, in addition to movement produced voluntarily.