Deck 6: Social and Emotional Development in Infancy

Question 1

The term for acting to modulate and control emotions is:

A) emotion regulation.
B) communication regulation.
C) action regulation.
D) cognitive regulation.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What approach explores how behavior and development take place within specific cultural contexts?

A) etic approach
B) emic approach
C) differential emotions theory
D) ontogenetic adaptation

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Janet is extremely angry at her sister for wearing her new sweater without asking. Before approaching her sister, Janet counts to 10 and takes a few deep breaths. Developmentalists would explain that Janet is engaging in:

A) differential emotions.
B) gradual emotion dissipation.
C) emotion regulation.
D) emotional pragmatism.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The current state of our understanding of those emotions present at birth can be summarized in which of the following ways?

A) Psychologists generally agree that infants are too young to experience true emotions.
B) Psychologists generally agree that infants experience only two general kinds of emotions, one positive and one negative.
C) Psychologists generally agree that newborn infants' capacity for certain emotions emerges with development.
D) There are universal basic emotions that are expressed in similar ways in all cultures.

Question 5

Differential emotions theory explains that new emotions ____________.

A) emerge according to a biologically determined timetable
B) emerge from more general positive and negative reactions
C) are due to reciprocal interactions with adults
D) emerge to ensure an infant's survival

Question 6

With reference to emotions, researchers agree that:

A) basic emotional expressions are innate.
B) there are six categories of emotion present at birth.
C) as infants grow, their range of emotional expressions is reduced as new intellectual capacities expand.
D) as infants grow older, their initial repertoire of emotions expands to include new emotions.

Question 7

An infant's first smiles:

A) are endogenous, associated with physiological functions.
B) are triggered by seeing their mothers' faces.
C) usually occur only when they are wide awake.
D) are exogenous, or in response to environmental stimuli.

Question 8

A theory that considers how particular emotions contribute to infants' survival and development is called the:

A) emotion regulation approach.
B) theory of gradual differentiation.
C) differential emotions theory.
D) ontogenetic adaptations view.

Question 9

An infant's smiles are truly social when they:

A) occur in response to changes in brain waves.
B) are triggered by sights and sounds from outside.
C) occur during sleep as well as during waking times.
D) occur in response to, and elicit the smiles of, another person.

Question 10

Research on facial expressions has found that:

A) emotional expression varied from culture to culture.
B) the ways in which emotions are facially expressed are universal.
C) infants' facial expressions of emotion differ vastly from those of adults.
D) infants have a more varied range of emotional expressions than adults.

Question 11

An approach that emphasizes the universal aspects of human behavior and development is known as:

A) etic approach.
B) emic approach.
C) differential emotions theory.
D) ontogenetic adaptation.

Question 12

Emotions are all of the following except:

A) feelings aroused by an experience.
B) feelings accompanied by physiological reactions.
C) psychological reactions that move us to action.
D) ideas related to facial expressions and vocalizations.

Question 13

Jane's baby just smiled at her for the first time. Jane is thrilled, responds to her infant's expression, and encourages her infant to smile more. Jane is likely:

A) from an individualistic culture.
B) from a collectivistic culture.
C) to take an etic approach.
D) to adhere to the differential emotions theory.

Question 14

Nancy covers her eyes with her hands when the wicked witch appears on her television screen. What type of behavior is Nancy engaging in?

A) emotion regulation
B) emotion differentiation
C) emotion adaptation
D) primary intersubjectivity

Question 15

An approach that explores how behavior and development take place within specific cultural contexts is referred to as:

A) etic approach.
B) emic approach.
C) differential emotions theory.
D) ontogenetic adaptation.

Question 16

At what age would you expect to see infants begin to smile in response to the smiles of others?

A) 4 weeks
B) 6 weeks
C) 8 weeks
D) 3 months

Question 17

Primary intersubjectivity is defined as:

A) the repetition of actions that are pleasurable in and of themselves.
B) the recognition and sharing of emotional states between caregivers and infants.
C) the adaptation of an emotion in response to external stimulation.
D) a shared attention of infant and caregiver to a physical object in the environment.

Question 18

Suan is walking through a dark alley. Which of Suan's responses to this situation demonstrates the cognitive aspect of emotion?

A) His heart is beating rapidly.
B) He feels afraid.
C) He walks faster.
D) He imagines that he is walking on a sunny beach.

Question 19

Newborns' facial expressions are:

A) similar to those of adults.
B) extremely culture-specific.
C) very difficult to differentiate.
D) controlled by higher brain centers.

Question 20

Emotions involve:

A) physiological reactions.
B) cognitive evaluations.
C) both physiological reactions and cognitive evaluations.
D) neither physiological reactions nor cognitive evaluations.

Question 21

Research suggests that maternal depression influences parent-child interactions in which of the following ways?

A) Mothers who suffer from depression are overly animated with their infants, causing infants to disengage from interactions.
B) Mothers who suffer from depression are relatively unresponsive to their infants, causing babies to disengage from interactions.
C) Mothers who suffer from depression over-stimulate their infants, causing babies to protest during interactions.
D) Mothers who suffer from depression are relatively unresponsive to their infants, causing babies to become extremely agitated during interactions.

Question 22

When infants first begin to become distressed during an interaction with a caregiver, they are likely to ____________.

A) cry uncontrollably
B) shut their eyes
C) pout
D) become unresponsive

Question 23

Meltzoff and Decety's research demonstrates that infants are able to imitate facial actions of others as early as:

A) 42 minutes of age.
B) 3 weeks of age.
C) 3 months of age.
D) 14 months of age.

Question 24

When does attachment generally form in humans?

A) between 2 and 4 months of age
B) between 4 and 6 months of age
C) between 5 and 8 months of age
D) between 7 and 9 months of age

Question 25

When infants orient their actions to their caretaker, this is a sign of:

A) insecurity.
B) attachment.
C) independence.
D) a difficult temperament.

Question 26

Researchers use the "still-face" method to explore:

A) whether newborns can identify their mothers when shown a set of pictures of adult women.
B) the impact of infant facial expression on mothers' motivation to interact with them.
C) how babies react to people who fail to respond to them in normally synchronous ways.
D) how long babies will look at a stimulus before becoming bored.

Question 27

Which of the following is a sign that infants have become attached to their caretakers?

A) distress on separation
B) decreasing fear of strangers
C) crying when reunited after an absence
D) the ability to tolerate lengthy separations

Question 28

When pouting, infants typically:

A) close their eyes in distress.
B) remain visually focused on their caregiver.
C) turn away from their caregiver.
D) are unable to be comforted.

Question 29

According to Harriet Oster, pouting is ____________.

A) a component of crying
B) a deliberate attempt to maintain social contact
C) governed by mirror neurons
D) an ontogenetic adaptation that interrupts intense crying

Question 30

How do typically developing babies react when their mothers stop responding to them in a normally responsive manner?

A) They make deliberate attempts to reengage their mothers by smiling and cooing.
B) They become fussy and avert their gaze.
C) They show no evidence of noticing their mothers' unusual behavior.
D) They immediately fall asleep.

Question 31

Freud would MOST likely agree with which ideas about attachment?

A) Children become attached to those who satisfy their basic biological drives.
B) There is no "one right pattern" of attachment that is universal across all cultures.
C) Children become attached to those they learn to trust.
D) Different patterns of attachment are found across different cultural groups.

Question 32

Newborn monkeys who were removed from their mothers and placed in cages with two inanimate "substitute" mothers exhibited which of the following behaviors?

A) avoidance of both "mothers"
B) a preference for the terry cloth "mother" over the wire "mother"
C) a preference for the wire "mother" over the terry cloth "mother"
D) a distinct preference for whichever "mother" was equipped to provide milk

Question 33

Freud suggested that babies become attached to those who satisfy their need for:

A) food.
B) sleep.
C) exploration.
D) contact comfort.

Question 34

At about what age do the first overt signs of distress at separation from their mothers appear in infants?

A) 3 months
B) 5 months
C) 7 months
D) 12 months

Question 35

The discovery of mirror neurons was sparked by:

A) decades of work researching the brain functioning of rats.
B) brain imaging studies of 4-week-old infants.
C) an accidental event that occurred during a study of monkey brain activity.
D) statistical analysis of patterns of imitation among newborn babies.

Question 36

Research has shown that infants less than 1-hour-old will imitate certain facial actions of others. This behavior is explained as due, in part, to ____________.

A) mirror neurons
B) early learning abilities
C) an emerging sense of self
D) deliberate attempts to establish social connections

Question 37

Mirror neurons are:

A) neurons that fire differently when an animal observes an action and when an animal then engages in the same action.
B) neurons that fire when an animal encounters another animal of the same species.
C) more accurately known as "mirror neuron systems," as they have not yet been precisely located.
D) only found in infants being raised in cultures that engage in proximal caregiving.

Question 38

Which of the following argued that satisfaction of biological drives is a primary motivator for attachment relationships?

A) Bowlby
B) Harlow
C) Freud
D) Ainsworth

Question 39

Specialized brain cells that fire when an individual sees or hears another perform an action are called:

A) mirror neurons.
B) facial neurons.
C) internal neurons.
D) reflective neurons.

Question 40

Which is an example of primary intersubjectivity?

A) A child turns her gaze toward the door when her mother looks that direction.
B) Seeing his mother's look of alarm, a child cries when approached by a large dog.
C) A child takes a turn smiling at his mother and being smiled at in return.
D) A child is upset when she is left with a babysitter while her parents go out.

Question 41

Which of the following BEST supports Bowlby's belief that attachment is a highly evolved system of regulation?

A) Baby monkeys showed a distinct preference for cloth-covered substitute mothers over wire substitute mothers.
B) Monkeys that developed attachment relationships with cloth-covered substitute mothers found comfort in the substitute but did not form normal relationships with other monkeys later in life.
C) Harlow concluded from his studies that "these results attest to the importance-possibly overwhelming importance-of bodily contact and the immediate comfort it supplies in forming the infant's attachment for its mother."
D) Monkeys demonstrated attachment to their cloth-covered mother after separations of up to a year.

Question 42

Wayne's mother has left him alone with an unfamiliar caregiver. Wayne seems perfectly content and does not become upset. What phase of attachment is Wayne likely in?

A) the preattachment phase
B) the attachment-in-the-making phase
C) the clear-cut attachment phase
D) the reciprocal relationship phase

Question 43

According to Bowlby's observations, children who were separated from their parents for long periods eventually:

A) fell into a permanent state of despair.
B) became indifferent to other people, unless new relationships were formed.
C) became, and stayed, frantic with fear until the new caretakers were found.
D) forgot about their parents and learned to interact happily with multiple caretakers.

Question 44

According to John Bowlby, when children are subject to long periods of separation from a primary caregiver and no new stable relationship is formed, they move into a psychological state he called:

A) anxiety.
B) resistance.
C) attachment.
D) detachment.

Question 45

In their studies of infant monkeys, how could Harlow and his colleagues tell when monkeys were attached to their surrogate mothers?

A) The monkeys would prefer to look at the surrogate mother that had fed them.
B) The monkeys would only take milk from the mother to which they were attached.
C) The monkeys would run to the surrogate mother when frightened by a strange object, then use the mother as a base from which to explore.
D) Their later social interactions with other monkeys were normal if they had been raised by a surrogate to which they had become attached.

Question 46

Which of the following is not a phase of attachment?

A) preattachment
B) attachment-in-the-making
C) clear-cut attachment
D) full-fledge attachment

Question 47

According to Bowlby, a state of detachment is formed when children:

A) are first separated from their caregivers in the absence of a new attachment figure.
B) are separated from their caregivers for an extended period of time in the absence of a new attachment figure.
C) are allowed to form multiple attachments.
D) form attachments to other children only.

Question 48

In Bowlby's explanation of attachment, a balance is established between the infant's need for proximity to the mother and his need for:

A) food.
B) sleep.
C) comfort.
D) learning experiences.

Question 49

Harlow's studies of attachment in monkeys support which ideas about attachment?

A) Freud's drive reduction theory
B) Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
C) Ainsworth's strange situation theory
D) Bowlby's evolutionary theory

Question 50

Harlow's initial monkey studies using wire and cloth "mothers" were carried out to test the role of which of the following in the formation of attachment?

A) trust
B) memory
C) autonomy
D) drive reduction

Question 51

Who contributed an evolutionary perspective to the study of attachment?

A) Piaget
B) Fischer
C) Erikson
D) Bowlby

Question 52

When do reciprocal relationships generally begin to develop?

A) birth to 6 weeks
B) 6 weeks to 8 months
C) 6 to 24 months
D) 18 to 24 months

Question 53

Which theory of attachment did Harlow's monkey studies help to rule out?

A) the social theory
B) the evolutionary theory
C) the drive-reduction theory
D) the behavioral-learning theory

Question 54

The distress that babies show when the person to whom they are attached leaves is called:

A) stranger wariness.
B) drive reduction.
C) detachment.
D) separation anxiety.

Question 55

According to Bowlby's attachment theory, the mother serves as a:

A) model.
B) secure base.
C) source of conflict.
D) vehicle for needs reduction.

Question 56

Secure base is the term that John Bowlby used to describe the:

A) physical changes that allow the child to balance while walking on two legs.
B) psychological changes that allow the child to think about absent objects.
C) social changes that make it easier to the child to show secondary emotions.
D) people whose presence provides the security necessary for exploration.

Question 57

From observations of the adult behavior of surrogate-raised monkeys, it has been concluded that:

A) inanimate surrogates can make perfectly acceptable mother substitutes for infant monkeys.
B) an adequate amount of milk is both necessary and sufficient for infant monkeys' normal development.
C) social interaction with other monkeys is necessary for infant monkeys' healthy social development.
D) an adequate amount of contact comfort is both necessary and sufficient for infant monkeys' normal development.

Question 58

The hypothesized mechanism that provides a balance between an infant's need for safety and desire for learning experiences is called:

A) autonomy.
B) attachment.
C) secure base.
D) disattachment.

Question 59

An example of a biological drive is:

A) hunger.
B) attachment.
C) myelination.
D) physical growth.

Question 60

Which of the following descriptions best describes an infant in the "attachment-in-the- making" phase?

A) Terrance is playing in the sandbox while his mother is reading a magazine. Every so often they interrupt what they are doing to renew contact with each other.
B) Alicia has recently started to become wary when people she doesn't know attempt to interact with her.
C) William becomes visibly distressed when his mother leaves the room.
D) Ivy is not distressed when left with an unfamiliar caregiver.

Question 61

John is a securely attached infant. His mother is likely all of the following except:

A) depressed.
B) involved with John.
C) in synchrony with him.
D) appropriate in her responsiveness to John.

Question 62

When reunited with their mothers in the "strange situation," which type children are fairly easily consoled and soon resume playing?

A) detached
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) securely attached

Question 63

Across multiple countries, the mothers' sensitivity to her infant's _____ is very important in the formation of attachment.

A) distress
B) social smile
C) motor skill development
D) sleep needs

Question 64

According to Bowlby, infants achieve a firm, reciprocal emotional relationship with caregivers, and this relationship helps the infant cope with increasing frequent and lengthy separations. Because of infants' growing symbolic capacities, parent-child attachments begin to serve as ____________ that can guide their interactions with caregivers and others.

A) positive reinforcement
B) an early from of induction
C) an internal working model
D) a tertiary circular reaction

Question 65

Ainsworth and her colleagues identified four primary attachment statuses. Which of the following is one of these types?

A) unpredictable
B) controversial
C) healthy
D) avoidant

Question 66

In the "strange situation," ____________ children tend to be upset, even in their mother's presence.

A) detached
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) securely attached

Question 67

All of the following has been associated with the development of insecure attachment except:

A) maternal depression.
B) increased maternal responsiveness.
C) child maltreatment.
D) maternal substance use.

Question 68

A mental model that children construct as a result of their experiences with their caregivers and that they use to guide their interactions with their caregivers and others is called a(n):

A) secure base.
B) primary intersubjectivity.
C) internal working model.
D) biological drive.

Question 69

What is the basic purpose of the "strange situation" procedure?

A) to determine whether infants are being neglected or abused by caregivers
B) to investigate whether infants are sufficiently independent from their caregivers for healthy development to proceed
C) to assess the quality of infant-caregiver attachment relationships
D) to provide training to caregivers to help them better meet the needs of infants

Question 70

The term internal working model is associated with which theoretical perspective on attachment?

A) Freud's drive-reduction theory
B) Erikson's psychosocial theory
C) Bowlby's ethological theory
D) Harlow's maturational theory

Question 71

In the absence of their mothers in the "strange situation," which children are as likely to be comforted by a stranger as they would be by their mothers?

A) resistant
B) avoidant
C) securely attached
D) No children can be comforted as well by a stranger.

Question 72

American middle-class children display behavior classified as "securely attached" in the "strange situation" about what percent of the time?

A) 12
B) 25
C) 65
D) 95

Question 73

Children rated as falling into the ____________ category of attachment are indifferent to the presence of their mother in the "strange situation," while children in the ____________ category stay close to their mother and appear anxious even when she is near.

A) resistant; avoidant
B) avoidant; resistant
C) disorganized; avoidant
D) disorganized; securely attached

Question 74

In avoidant attachment, as measured in the "strange situation":

A) infants cry when their mothers leave the room and seek them out for comfort when they return.
B) infants appear anxious in their mother's presence and are more relaxed and playful when their mothers leave the room.
C) infants may or may not cry when their mothers leave the room, and do not seek them out for comfort when they return.
D) infants become upset when their mothers leave the room, but alternately seek and pull away from them when they return.

Question 75

Research on the patterns of attachment has been greatly influenced by:

A) Freud's drive reduction theory.
B) Erikson's psychosocial stage theory.
C) Ainsworth's strange situation procedure.
D) Bowlby's evolutionary theory.

Question 76

Which category of attachment is used to describe children who appear to have no coherent, organized method for dealing with the stress they experience in the strange situation?

A) disorganized
B) securely attached
C) anxious/avoidant
D) anxious/resistant

Question 77

Children who are judged to be securely attached at 12 months are ____________ likely to engage in positive play behaviors in the preschool years than children who were insecurely attached as infants.

A) more
B) less
C) equally
D) not as

Question 78

In considering the continuity of attachment, scientists have found that:

A) attachment classification at 12 months of age does not predict behaviors in early childhood.
B) attachment classification at 12 months of age predicts behaviors in early childhood, but not early adolescence.
C) attachment classification in infancy is related to attachment relationships in early adulthood.
D) there is no evidence that the quality of early attachment to mothers relates to later relationships with other people.

Question 79

Alan Sroufe and his colleagues have reported that when children who are judged to be securely attached at 12 months of age are assessed at ages 10 and 15, they show all of the following characteristics when compared to other children EXCEPT:

A) higher intelligence test scores.
B) higher social skills.
C) more openness in expressing their feelings.
D) more self-confidence.

Question 80

Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues studied attachment in human infants using:

A) strange objects.
B) surrogate mothers.
C) the "strange situation."
D) frame-by-frame film analysis.