Deck 1: Understanding Psychologys History

Question 1

Clinicians in the past labeled psychological and physical symptoms attributed to the weakness of the nervous system as:

A) placebo
B) moral failure
C) magnetism
D) psychosis
E) neurasthenia

Answer 1

neurasthenia

Question 2

Psychological knowledge that is simplified and sensationalized is called legal knowledge.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The landmark Milgram study showed that obedience to authority is common in ordinary people and that many of us could act unethically if someone else takes responsibility for our behavior. But most important, the study highlighted the vital importance of:

A) folk beliefs
B) ethical guidelines
C) sufficient funding
D) international cooperation
E) proper dress code

Answer 3

ethical guidelines

Question 4

Many civil rights activists, who did not support official ideology, were forcefully hospitalized to mental institutions with the following official diagnosis: Schizophrenia, Slowly Progressing (Sluggish) Type, Delusion of Reformation. In which country was this practiced?

A) China
B) Iran
C) Soviet Union
D) North Korea
E) Australia

Question 5

The study of the ways by which people obtain and disseminate historical knowledge is called:

A) historiography
B) Zeitgeist
C) scientific knowledge
D) legal knowledge
E) values

Question 6

From today's standpoint, the patients of Mesmer reported improvements probably because they believed in own recovery or wanted to show progress. This effect of a change caused by an anticipation of a change is called today:

A) intuition
B) placebo effect
C) double magnetism
D) Zeitgeist effect
E) anxiety

Question 7

In the 19th century, in the United States, black slaves who had made repeated attempts to escape from their owners were frequently labeled as:

A) mentally ill
B) revolutionaries
C) skilled engineers
D) dangerous underground leaders
E) mentally gifted

Question 8

Legal knowledge appears in the form of legal prescriptions established by authorities (ranging from tribal leaders to state governments).

Question 9

In which country in the 1960s, a rare translation of a Western psychology textbook was accompanied by the specially written concluding chapter titled, "The Backwardness of Present Capitalistic Psychology."

A) France
B) Japan
C) Soviet Union
D) China
E) India

Question 10

Knowledge that stems from established, stable perceptions about the world, the nature of good and evil, right and wrong behavior, purpose of human life, and so forth is called folk beliefs.

Question 11

Zeitgeist stands for the general social climate, the spirit of a particular time or generation.

Question 12

Knowledge is information that has a purpose or use

Question 13

Jean Piaget took a doctorate in zoology.

Question 14

The French physician, Franz Anton Mesmer, claimed in his dissertation in 1766 that human illnesses might be caused by the disruption or blocking of the normal flow of an invisible body fluid, which he called:

A) complex emotions
B) animal reflexes
C) animal magnetism
D) Zeitgeist
E) memory

Question 15

Placebo Effect is the effect of a change caused by an anticipation of a change.

Question 16

Psychological knowledge that is simplified and sensationalized is called:

A) ideology
B) legal knowledge
C) Zeitgeist
D) pop psychology
E) historiography

Question 17

The term, which meant the weakness of nervous system and used by clinicians to explain the etiology of several dysfunctions, mostly including various forms of anxiety and depression is called:

A) magnetism
B) aging
C) neurasthenia
D) sleep
E) imagination

Question 18

Anton Mesmer suggested that an individual's entire behavior could be described in terms of strength, balance, and agility of the nervous processes.

Question 19

French intellectual, Paul-Henri Thiry (known also as Baron d'Holbach) established the first psychological laboratory called salon.

Question 20

Wilhelm Stekel was one of Freud's earliest followers.

Question 21

Among important themes in psychology, three stand out:

Question 22

Why is mesmerism viewed as unscientific today?

Question 23

Describe the three factors that stimulated the process of psychology's standardization.

Question 24

What is the opposite phenomenon to fragmentation in psychology?

Question 25

In the very beginning of the 20th century, many experimental psychologists shared a view that only a specially selected and trained group of highly skilled observers could perform the collection and compilation of scientific data in psychological labs. Only trained professionals could conduct scientific observations in strictly controlled conditions of an experiment. These trained professionals should be men. What was the justification for such assumptions?

Question 26

The publication of Alfred Kinsey's Sexual Behavior in the Human Male in 1948, a book based on empirical studies of sexuality, received an angry response from many people, including scientists. Why?

Question 27

One of the most quoted contributors to psychology, Sigmund Freud, as well as Herbert Spencer:

A) worked for Harvard University
B) did not hold a full-time professorship
C) worked for Cornell University
D) worked for Oxford University
E) worked for Princeton University

Question 28

Scientific knowledge can be inaccurate for at least three reasons. Which ones?

Question 29

Attention to "psychological energy" increased significantly during the period when scientists were making discoveries in which scientific field?

Question 30

Can popular beliefs, often called folk theories, represent accurate knowledge in psychology? Give an example.

Question 31

What is the main source of scientific knowledge in psychology?

Question 32

Academic traditions serve several functions. Which ones?

Question 33

An originator of behaviorism, John Watson, was forced to resign from his key academic positions because of:

Question 34

Ivan Pavlov suggested that an individual's entire behavior could be described in terms of strength of the nervous processes plus their (name two more):

Question 35

What was the key point of The Mind of Primitive Man by Franz Boas?

Question 36

Describe the factors contributing to ethnocentrism in psychology.

Question 37

What is the main emphasis of pop-psychology?

Question 38

By 2113, if the current trend continues, women would receive percent of the doctoral degrees in psychology earned in North America.

A) 30
B) 40
C) 50
D) 70
E) 90

Question 39

Daniel Kahneman was the first psychologist to win the Nobel Prize, in 2002. However, he won this prize in .

A) biology
B) medicine
C) literature
D) history
E) economics

Question 40

The concept of the engram, defined as a permanent trace left by a stimulus on the protoplasm of a tissue has been developed by:

A) mesmerism
B) scientology
C) Pavlov's theory
D) pop-psychology
E) modern psychiatry

Question 41

As you have read in the text, in peer-reviewed publications in leading academic psychological journals, more than 90 percent of research samples came from a small group of countries representing only 12 percent of the world's population. Do you think that the history of psychology too is painting an incomplete picture of world's psychological knowledge?