Deck 2: Early Psychological Knowledge

Question 1

The fundamental principle and force of life, according to Galen, was pneuma, which exists in three forms.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Epicurus, despite popular misinterpretations of his views and claims that he encouraged people to enjoy life carelessly and satisfy their own unlimited needs, in fact taught people to limit the pursuit of the vain needs and free themselves of unnecessary fears.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The view about the human soul that holds that it originated from the same matter as any other material object, it is part of the natural world and could be studied by the methods used for the study of nature is called:

A) atomism
B) theology
C) naturalism
D) materialism
E) epistemology

Answer 3

materialism

Question 4

From the Greek words "matter" and "form", which view recognized the existence of two fundamental principles: one potential, that is, primary matter, and one actual, that is, substantial form?

A) materialism
B) folk beliefs
C) hylomorphism
D) atomism
E) emanation theory

Question 5

What is the term to describe connections between individuals and environment and manifested in various forms including early religion, arts, education, and science?

A) psychology
B) inspiration
C) soul-searching
D) folk beliefs
E) subjective culture

Question 6

Melancholy is the most common label in ancient Greece for symptoms today called holism.

Question 7

Holism is the concept holding that everything is interconnected in the world and body.

Question 8

Aristotle viewed the stomach as a center of mental activities.

Question 9

Material monism is the view according to which all things and developments, including psychological processes, no matter how simple or complicated they are, have one similar material origin.

Question 10

According to Mahayana teachings in Buddhism, the external world is the reflection of the mind itself.

Question 11

The notion that matter is made up of small, indivisible particles is called:

A) atomism
B) materialism
C) dualism
D) physics
E) holism

Question 12

In Plato's famous allegory, human beings are located inside of an imaginary cave, and they observe reflections of forms (the reality) on the cave's walls.

Question 13

Theology is the study of the nature of purposeful behavior.

Question 14

Aristotle referred to the brain as a "heat boiler" of blood.

Question 15

The principal Western Christian theological and philosophical school of thought based on the authority of the church and teachings of Aristotle and his commentators is called:

A) scholasticism
B) Aristotle science
C) authoritarianism
D) idealism
E) materialism

Question 16

Materialism is the fundamental view suggesting that the facts of mental life can be sufficiently explained in mental terms.

Question 17

Aristotle named five main types of sensation; all of them are recognized today as the basic senses: vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.

Question 18

Emanation theory states that objects release substance that makes an impression on human senses thus evoking sensation then thought.

Question 19

The branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge, its foundations, extent, and validity-were result of observation and speculation is called:

A) holism
B) epistemology
C) materialism
D) naturalism
E) logic

Question 20

Confucius wrote several books. One of the most famous ones is "A Memoir of the Great Confucius".

Question 21

According to Plato, the lowest part of the soul is responsible for desires and needs and can be associated with:

A) the level of the brain
B) the level of the heart
C) the level of the neck
D) the level of the ankles
E) the level of the abdomen

Question 22

Avicenna followed teachings of Confucius and other Chinese scholars.

Question 23

Most philosophers in Rome and Greece accepted homosexual feelings and behavior as normal.

Question 24

Mesopotamian civilization was among the first to develop written language. Texts were written on clay tablets, and some of them contain descriptions of:

A) symptoms of depression
B) dreams
C) psychological experiments
D) therapeutic sessions
E) three types of memory

Question 25

For Mencius, the difference between people and animals lay in people's capacity to reason and ability for:

A) aggressive actions
B) education
C) making money
D) written communications
E) moral actions

Question 26

According to Galen, two kinds of nerves exist. One is soft, and it connects the sensory organs with the brain. The other kind is harder; it connects:

A) the heart and the liver
B) the brain with the muscles
C) the liver with the stomach
D) the soul with the North Pole
E) the brain and the eye

Question 27

Aristotle considered this part of the human body as the center of vital activities:

A) the brain
B) the liver
C) the heart
D) the stomach
E) the kidneys

Question 28

The world, according to the Stoics, consists of a passive matter and an active force called:

A) fire
B) water
C) electric force
D) pneuma
E) magnetism

Question 29

Several Greek thinkers, who lived in the town of Miletus, are known today as representatives of the Milesian school. Their views are considered as seminal to the tradition called:

A) material monism
B) idealism
C) behaviorism
D) evolutionary
E) comparative biology

Question 30

Epicurus distinguished between three types of needs. The first type involved natural and necessary for survival desires. The second type contained natural, but nonnecessary, desires. What was the third type?

A) "beautiful" or "artistic" desires
B) violent and aggressive desires
C) creativity
D) "vain" or "empty" desires
E) unusual desires, perversions

Question 31

Indian philosophers shared the belief that all living creatures undergo a cycle of rebirth so that their souls:

A) disintegrate after an individual's death
B) migrate from the brain to the heart
C) transmigrate from one body to another
D) migrate from the heart to the brain
E) become physical objects

Question 32

The Advaita tradition in India, with its analysis of the material and the ideal, shares similar ideas of:

A) Aristotle
B) Democritus
C) Augustine
D) Plato
E) Confucius

Question 33

In ancient China, the holistic mode of thought rested on the assumption that everything exists in the integration of two famous historic Chinese concepts:

A) red and blue
B) cupiditas and caritas
C) Theravada and Mahayana
D) yin and yang
E) angels and demons

Question 34

The myth called "The Madness of Hercules the Strongman and Adventurer" is described as an early demonstration of:

A) mental asylums
B) insanity defense
C) group therapy
D) schizophrenia
E) drug abuse

Question 35

Confucius believed that anyone could become a virtuous person. The key to success was a person's:

A) social connections
B) beliefs in God
C) friends and relatives
D) commitment to improve
E) knowledge

Question 36

According to Aristotle, melancholia is an enduring emotional imbalance with a seasonal pattern, which has higher incidence in:

A) the summer
B) the winter
C) the summer and in the winter
D) the end of each month
E) the spring and in the fall

Question 37

Augustine (354-430) was born and resided in North Africa, which is present-day Algeria.

Question 38

Taoism was, as it frequently noted, "the other way" as an opposing way to what?

A) Greek philosophy
B) Indian philosophy
C) Confucianism
D) Aristotle's ideas
E) Stoicism

Question 39

Democritus called the heart "the queen, the nurse of anger" and believed that atoms of the soul near the liver had a lot do with:

A) desire
B) thinking
C) memorization
D) sleep
E) hypnosis

Question 40

From Egyptian papyrus manuscripts, prepared sometimes between 2900 and 2000 BCE, we infer that the center of the organism was:

A) the liver
B) the spinal cord
C) the heart
D) the brain
E) the stomach

Question 41

Epicurus taught that life is made up of three different kinds of events:

Question 42

The school called Mutazilites promoted the doctrine of free will, rationalism, and Aristotle's logic in attempt to blend them with:

A) ideas of Confucius
B) religious teachings
C) Taoism
D) physiology of Galen
E) writings of Augustine

Question 43

For the Roman Stoics, the ultimate goal of a person's existence was to:

Question 44

Describe the triarchic view of the soul according to Plato.

Question 45

In many Greek manuscripts, emotions came into view largely as:

Question 46

Augustine formulated the principle of two wills. What kind of wills?

A) carnal and spiritual
B) physical and mental
C) red and blue
D) soft and hard
E) external and internal

Question 47

Avicenna believed that the center of psychological functioning is:

A) the heart
B) the liver
C) the brain
D) the bones
E) the stomach

Question 48

Heraclitus (530-470 BCE). He introduced a very sophisticated concept of the soul called psyche that consisted of:

Question 49

According to the Sankhya tradition in India, there are three basic senses: (1) senses responsible for perception such as vision and hearing; (2) senses responsible for motivation such as desire and will; what was the third sense?

Question 50

What was Augustine's view of human sexuality?

Question 51

Epicurus distinguished between three types of needs. Which ones?

Question 52

Plotinus believed that the soul has three functions. The first one is to connect with absolute, divine, and perfect soul. The second function connects the soul with the body and individual feelings. What us the third function?

Question 53

Thomas Aquinas continued the tradition started by:

A) Plato
B) Avicenna
C) Aristotle
D) Confucius
E) Galen

Question 54

During the scholastic period, psychological knowledge developed, to some degree, as a symbolic alliance of Christian theology and:

Question 55

The Roman philosophical and medical tradition was primarily rooted in earlier:

A) Confucianism
B) Indian tradition
C) Islamic tradition
D) Taoism
E) Greek studies

Question 56

Stoics offered two practical ways in dealing with disturbing desires or affects. The first is to suppress one emotion by initiating another. What was the second way?

Question 57

The film Matrix inadvertently addresses Plato's theory of cognition. In which way?

Question 58

According to the Hindu tradition, illness is likely to originate from what?

Question 59

Democritus believed that the atoms of the soul are active on three different levels in the human body:

Question 60

Similar to the teachings of European and Asian philosophers, most Middle Eastern thinkers recommended behavioral asceticism. What is it?

Question 61

Describe psychological views found in the Advaita tradition.

Question 62

Describe the concept of the Four Noble Truths. Apply this concept to your own behavior and experience. Provide examples.

Question 63

How did the Greeks understand melancholy?

Question 64

Describe Augustine's views of sin and guilt.

Question 65

What is the ideal person in Confucius teachings?

Question 66

What role did Roman thinkers play in psychology's history?

Question 67

What is the emanation theory of sensation?

Question 68

Explain three main views of cognition in ancient Greece.

Question 69

Explain the concept of the dual nature of the will, according to Augustine. Apply this concept to your own behavior and experience. Provide examples.