Deck 5: Psychology and the Mass Society at the Beginning of the 20th Century

Question 1

William James in 1890 published The Principles of Psychology, which became one of the most popular psychology books of his time.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The approach suggesting that the value of an object or action is determined by its utility or usefulness is called:

A) experimental science
B) utilitarianism
C) functionalism
D) natural selection
E) homology

Answer 2

utilitarianism

Question 3

Early in the 20th century the prevailing opinion was that women were generally inferior to men in their intellectual capacities and their ability to work under pressure and control their emotions.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Homology is the theory that all animals have similar organs and differ only in complexity.

Question 5

The general way of thinking and a social movement with the deep belief that human beings and their society could be improved through social reform, education, and opportunity available to all people is called:

A) progressivism
B) reformation
C) modernity
D) social justice
E) functionalism

Question 6

Functional psychology is a discipline that applies psychological principles to the criminal justice system.

Question 7

Eugenics is a theory proposing the ways of societal improvement by improving people's:

A) family lives
B) education
C) hereditary features
D) memory
E) physical fitness

Question 8

Galton's overall conclusion was that the impact of environment was stronger than the influence of nature.

Question 9

This theoretical and methodological view focused on the dynamic purposes of psychological experience rather than on its structure. It also claimed that an individual's mental states are interrelated and influenced by ever-changing behavior within a complex environment. What is the name of this view?

A) functionalism
B) structuralism
C) vitalism
D) romanticism
E) progressivism

Question 10

A broad term standing usually for the use of science by the government to improve society is called:

A) socialism
B) scientific revolution
C) eugenics
D) scientific reformation
E) social engineering

Question 11

The view that explains the creation of the universe and of all living organisms as an act of God is called:

A) functionalism
B) creationism
C) natural selection
D) utilitarianism
E) universalism

Question 12

In 1905, Mary Calkins became the first female president of the American Psychological Association.

Question 13

Spencer viewed human adaptation as the increasing adjustment of inner subjective relations to outer objective relations.

Question 14

The process, first suggested by Darwin, by which only the organisms best adapted to their environment tend to survive and transmit their adaptive characteristics to succeeding generations, while those less adapted tend to be eliminated is called:

A) adaptation theory
B) survival of the fittest
C) functionalism
D) progressive selection
E) natural selection

Question 15

In the early 1900s, references to the divine power of God was back in psychological research literature.

Question 16

What is the term for the doctrine that the meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences?

A) progressivism
B) functionalism
C) pragmatism
D) structuralism
E) natural selection

Question 17

School psychology movement was a collective attempt by a wide range of professionals in the United States to bring psychology into the classroom and to use psychology to develop solutions for practical problems.

Question 18

The central idea of which theory is that children, as they develop, repeat the development of humankind is called:

A) Darwinism
B) progressivism
C) repetition theory
D) recapitulation theory
E) structuralism

Question 19

Cattell coined the term mental test in 1890.

Question 20

Impressed with Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species, Francis Galton became particularly interested in the studies concerning criminals.

Question 21

Galton suggested that most Americans by nature are prone to:

A) mental illness
B) whining and complaining
C) innovative psychological theories
D) violent games
E) business and adventure

Question 22

William James believed that wars among nations were caused by psychological reasons. Which ones? .

A) exaggerations of threats and self-generated fear
B) unconscious hatred of other nations
C) personal disagreements between rulers
D) impatience of generals who want to impress their kings
E) infantile desire to possess something that is not yours

Question 23

Walter D. Scott published The Theory of Advertising, and Psychology of Advertising.

Question 24

Hugo Münsterberg made a contribution to psychology as a specialist in:

A) vision
B) sport psychology
C) work efficiency
D) clinical psychology
E) psychiatry

Question 25

Three major areas of research in psychology in the early 20th century included: experimental studies, measurement of individual abilities, and:

A) comparative studies
B) research in psychotherapy
C) studies of adolescent behavior
D) studies of abnormal psychological symptoms
E) studies of gender differences in the family

Question 26

William James suggested that emotions could be closely linked to physiological reactions and even caused by them. What is the name of a Danish physician who developed similar views?

A) G. Stanley Hall
B) James Angell
C) Carl. G. Lange
D) Gustav Fechner
E) Wilhelm Wundt

Question 27

Despite Alfred Binet's extensive research interests and wide breadth of publications, today he is known mainly for his contributions to the studies of:

A) emotions
B) sensations
C) intelligence
D) perception
E) mental illness

Question 28

Accepting the pragmatic view of behavior and psychological functions, James Angell maintained that psychological functions and behavior evolve:

A) after the person fails to accomplish a goal and ask for help
B) after the individual develops mental illness
C) by adapting to complex challenges of the environment
D) by the age of 15, 20, and 45
E) only in those who constantly educate themselves

Question 29

In the 19th century, philosophers, anthropologists, and biologists had already exchanged ideas about so-called transmutation of species, which we now call:

A) degeneration
B) structuralism
C) comparative psychology
D) progressivism
E) evolution

Question 30

Directing the Sorbonne's Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Binet supervised a dissertation of a young man, future psychiatrist Theodore Simon.

Question 31

Spencer coined the phrase:

A) "doctor is always right"
B) "Darwin was mistaken"
C) "twins are from the same nest"
D) "survival of the fittest"
E) "striving for success"

Question 32

According to the functionalist approach, it is impossible to consider psychological phenomena as:

A) connected to the environmental and other influences
B) isolated from the environment in which they take place
C) pure unconscious responses of the body
D) the brain functions
E) learned phenomena

Question 33

Who on the list was a pioneer in studies of adolescence?

A) Charles Darwin
B) G. Stanley Hall
C) William James
D) Hugo Münsterberg
E) Frederick Taylor

Question 34

The first use of the term intelligence quotient is attributed to:

A) Alfred Binet
B) William James
C) Charles Darwin
D) William Stern
E) Hugo Munsterberg

Question 35

What method did Galton use in his famous study of twins?

A) introspection
B) autopsy
C) experimental procedure
D) survey
E) laboratory observation

Question 36

In The Foundations of the 19th Century, published in 1899, English social philosopher Houston Chamberlain urged Europeans to:

A) defend their superior culture from foreigners
B) educate themselves in chemistry
C) study psychology and history
D) move to America
E) embrace principles of functional psychology

Question 37

Mary Calkins maintained that psychology was supposed to become the science of:

A) behavior
B) neuroses
C) mistakes
D) "selves"
E) humanism

Question 38

Galton believed that mental features of people could be advanced through:

A) education
B) healthy family environment
C) a special selection process
D) physical exercises
E) effort and good will

Question 39

In Inquiries in Human Faculty and Its Development Galton (1883) wrote that individuals of a distinguished merit or social rank who marry other distinguished individuals should:

A) divorce and marry people from other social classes
B) be sent to an island to live in protected settlements
C) receive financial incentives so that they would have more offspring
D) move to America
E) should be penalized financially for maintaining an elitist society

Question 40

Lewis Terman took the scale used in the Simon-Binet test and standardized it using:

A) a large French sample
B) a large Canadian sample
C) a sample of prisoners
D) a sample of adolescents in Kentucky
E) a large American sample

Question 41

Psychologists in the early 20th century needed to show that their research had serious practical applications. Why?

Question 42

Lombroso believed that most violent criminals have a biological predisposition, an atavism, which is:

Question 43

In the early 20^th century, the term psychic refereed to:

Question 44

Why was Mary Calkins refused a Harvard graduate degree?

Question 45

The famous book based on its authors' observations of female criminals and women of deviant behavior, such as prostitution was called:

A) When Women Strike
B) Female Deviance
C) Law Enforcement
D) How Women Rebel
E) The Female Offender

Question 46

Explain the main theoretical assumption of eugenics.

Question 47

Coca-Cola hired psychologist Harry L. Hollingworth to conduct research and testify about the effects of caffeine. As a result of a carefully crafted series of experiments, Hollingworth provided the evidence that:

Question 48

Binet and Simon recognized the limitations of their research. They warned against over-reliance on pure measurements and called for:

Question 49

The popular English philosopher John Stuart Mill wrote an easy On the Subjection of Women. What ideas did he defend in this essay?

Question 50

The progressive viewpoint related to education was based on an assumption that:

Question 51

Francis Galton believed that entire nations could be evaluated from the evolutionary view. For example, he thought that North American settlers originate from:

Question 52

What was the main conclusion of the study conducted by Helen Bradford Thompson of children who had left school to go to work at the age of 14?

Question 53

Like today, many psychologists of the past believed that it was imperative for psychology to earn its reputation outside universities. Other opposed. Why?

Question 54

How did the new system of elective classes benefit psychologists?

Question 55

To test the variability hypothesis, Leta Hollingworth examined 2,000 newborns and found:

Question 56

Frederick Taylor's ultimate goal was to:

A) create a creative work environment
B) increase work efficiency through training
C) decrease salaries of workers
D) identify the mentally ill
E) increase fines, fees, and taxes on workers

Question 57

What did Hollingworth measure in the famous Coca-Cola case?

Question 58

What was the comparative method according to William James?

Question 59

Most academic psychologists in the beginning of the 20th century wanted to advance their studies following the three common, accepted by many university scholars, paths: the use of objective methods, peer review, and:

Question 60

Why do Darwin's ideas appear today as scientifically more sound than Spencer's theoretical assumptions?

Question 61

What did Frederick Taylor try to achieve in his studies, how, and why?

Question 62

Describe social engineering. Why do many people oppose social engineering?

Question 63

What were the most apparent problems associated with the use of mental tests early in the 20th century?

Question 64

Why was the impact of evolutionary views on psychology controversial?