Deck 3: Psychology During Mid-Millennium Transitions: the 15th to the End of the 18th Century

Question 1

Deism is the view suggested that physical and mental processes develop in parallel courses.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Individualism as a cultural phenomenon, with its emphasis on responsibility, gradual savings, choice, and privacy, has its roots in the Reformation period.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The scientific belief that experience, especially sensory processes, is the main source of knowledge is called:

A) truth
B) imagination
C) idealism
D) solipsism
E) empiricism

Answer 3

empiricism

Question 4

The view that observable events should be explained only by natural causes without assuming the existence of divine, paranormal, or supernatural causes such as "magic" or "evil eye" is called:

A) education
B) skepticism
C) deism
D) naturalism
E) solipsism

Question 5

Humanism is the view emphasizing the uniqueness of the subjective side of the individual: the sense of freedom, beauty, and moral responsibility.

Question 6

Rationalism is a position in epistemology suggesting that reason is the prime source of knowledge and the thinking mind, not sensations alone, should provide justification of truth.

Question 7

Solipsism is an approach to explaining the nature of complex processes by reducing them to the interactions of their elements or underlying processes, such as psychological functions are described as simple physiological reactions or reflexes.

Question 8

What is the name of the theory claiming the self as the only entity that can be known and verified?

A) theology
B) materialism
C) parallelism
D) solipsism
E) philosophy

Question 9

The belief that God has created the universe but abandoned earthly affairs afterward is called:

A) idealism
B) deism
C) dualism
D) theology
E) solipsism

Question 10

Witchcraft in psychology's history stand for experimental studies of practices or arts of witches.

Question 11

Monads are windowless entities each reflecting the state of every other according to the established principle of harmony.

Question 12

What is the name of the view that focuses on the mechanical character of the universe and human beings as the consequence?

A) scientific rationalism
B) common sense
C) technological theory
D) deism
E) geometry

Question 13

What was the term coined by Rousseau suggesting that people were essentially good when they lived under the rules of nature, before modern civilizations were created?

A) "Generous man"
B) "Noble savage"
C) "Good neighbor"
D) "Natural hero"
E) "Glorious beast"

Question 14

A belief in the existence of realities beyond perceptual reflection or scientific explanations, but accessible by subjective experience is called:

A) materialism
B) theology
C) mysticism
D) dualism
E) spiritualism

Question 15

"The Noble Savage" was the Latin term used by Locke who believed that the child's mind can record experiences in a fashion similar to the way in which teachers use a piece of chalk to write on the board.

Question 16

A school of thought suggesting that almost everything about human beings can be effectively explained in mechanical terms is called:

A) mechanism
B) instrumentalism
C) idealism
D) solipsism
E) engineering

Question 17

A philosophical view suggesting that any human action is rational so long as it is justified by the goal an individual pursues is called:

A) rational actor theory
B) arrogance
C) instrumentalism
D) solipsism
E) materialism

Question 18

Historians associate the Renaissance with the reintroduction of major elements of Indian philosophy in arts, sciences, and education.

Question 19

Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter.

Question 20

The philosophical tradition that claimed the existence of "parallel" spiritual and material realities is called:

A) dualism
B) spiritualism
C) materialism
D) spiritual materialism
E) theology

Question 21

Five hundred years ago, people who displayed symptoms of sleepwalking disorder were commonly called:

A) witches
B) lunatics
C) criminals
D) feebleminded
E) "foxes"

Question 22

David Hume described a personality type called "The Stoic". What are this type's features?

A) sense of humor
B) intelligence
C) action and virtue
D) criminal inclinations
E) inconsistency and weakness

Question 23

Leibnitz wrote that the soul possesses several areas of knowledge distinguished by the strength of apperception: clear knowledge, fragmented knowledge, and:

A) emotion
B) no knowledge
C) memory
D) unconscious knowledge
E) abstract knowledge

Question 24

David Hartley believed that sensation is the consequence of a pulsation of the microscopic elements inside:

A) the heart
B) the liver
C) the skin
D) the nerves
E) the spinal cord

Question 25

Thomas Hobbes understood the soul as mechanical movements in the body.

Question 26

According to Descartes, the animal spirits move along the nerve channels and come into contact with:

A) the liver
B) the skin
C) the brain
D) the air
E) the kidneys

Question 27

Immanuel Kant invented the term psychology.

Question 28

Voltaire believed that human beings have a potential for moral behavior rooted in respect and kindness to other people.

Question 29

Immanuel Kant believed that human beings don't have a natural predisposition for moral behavior.

Question 30

Girolamo Cardano, a 16th-century doctor and scientist used this method to convey his psychological observations:

A) a series of public lectures
B) a book
C) a recorded interview
D) a diary
E) an article in a journal

Question 31

Man a Machine was written by Julien Offray de LaMettrie.

Question 32

No matter who claims the original authorship, the term psychology remained virtually unknown to the general reading public and was not used frequently until the 18th century.

Question 33

Robert Burton in England published in 1621 the book called Anatomy of Melancholy devoted to anxiety and mood problems.

Question 34

Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume were all born in England.

Question 35

David Hartley believed that could explain practically all mental activities of an individual.

A) emotions
B) physical associations
C) chemistry
D) medicine
E) religion

Question 36

Historians associate the Renaissance with the reintroduction of major elements of in arts, sciences, and education.

A) Chinese philosophy
B) scientific experimentation
C) logic
D) mathematics
E) Greco-Roman antiquity

Question 37

The famous phrase, "I think, therefore I am" belongs to David Hume

Question 38

During mid-millennium transitions, there were a few female philosophers, astronomers, and zoologists. Yet women were generally discouraged from studying medicine. The best they could do was to pursue knowledge and develop skills as:

A) pharmacists or midwives
B) university professors
C) physicians
D) scientists
E) lawyers and judges

Question 39

Machiavelli wrote that human beings are motivated by kindness or compassion.

Question 40

This scholar believed that although there is an unknown substance behind the sensations, an individual is still able to learn to coordinate ideas generated by various sensations to judge length, shape, scope, intensity, or magnitude. What was his name?

A) Hobbes
B) Descartes
C) Spinoza
D) Berkeley
E) LaMettrie

Question 41

What was David Hume's view of suicide?

Question 42

Cogito ergo sum is the famous phrase coined by Descartes and reflects one of his most fundamental assumptions about the nature of human existence. What is the English translation of this phrase?

A) "Learn and pray"
B) "Cognition is knowledge"
C) "Know yourself"
D) "I think, therefore I am"
E) "Cognition brings wisdom"

Question 43

Earlier in the 15th century, the pope had sent Jacob Sprenger and Heinrich Krämer, two Dominican monks, to investigate witchcraft. As the result of their work with written sources and personal accounts of other people, they published a book entitled The Malleus Maleficarum, commonly known as:

Question 44

Spinoza believed that people lose freedom for one particular reason related to their wishes. What was this reason?

Question 45

While there is no universally accepted theory to explain the global complexity of mid-millennium transitions, historians generally agree about Western civilization. They describe this period in terms of three fundamental developments:

Question 46

It was commonly accepted around the 16th century that the brain's functions were localized in the:

Question 47

In Descartes' theory, the animal spirits move along the nerve channels and come into contact with the brain. What happens because of this contact?

Question 48

What was the central idea of his Treatise on the Sensations, published by Condillac in 1754?

Question 49

Rousseau coined the term suggesting that people were essentially good when they lived under the rules of nature, before modern civilizations were created.

A) "power hero"
B) "righteous woman"
C) "noble savage"
D) "fair gentleman"
E) "natural beauty"

Question 50

Critics wrote that La Mettrie's theory was explaining phenomena on one level in terms of phenomena on a lower, seemingly less complex level. What is the name of this approach?

A) leveling
B) lowering
C) reductionism
D) downward materialism
E) complex materialism

Question 51

Why did religious authorities attack La Mettrie's book, Man a Machine?

Question 52

In addition to his publications, Holbach was best known for hosting his famous periodic "get-togethers" of people of social status and intellectual merit. These gatherings were know as:

A) salon
B) discussion club
C) debate club
D) rhetoric party
E) oratory evenings

Question 53

What is the Condillac statue?

A) a statue located in the Borghese museum in Rome
B) a model or allegory to explain Condillac's views
C) a special law to protect freedom of speech
D) a statue in the Museum of Science in Stockholm
E) an effigy in Tokyo to symbolize 200 years of experimental psychology

Question 54

What was theopathy according to David Hartley?

Question 55

Why was David Hume against divorce?

Question 56

Records show that these two categories of women were significantly more likely than other people to be prosecuted for witchcraft:

Question 57

In The Passions of the Soul, Descartes hypothesized that some part of the brain should serve as a connector or doorway between the soul and the body. What was this part?

Question 58

Harvey made comments about psychology. He believed in the existence of a general processing mechanism, called:

Question 59

For Benedict de Spinoza, God was nature and nature was God. This position is often referred to as:

A) atheism
B) materialism
C) idealism
D) solipsism
E) pantheism

Question 60

John Locke distinguished two processes in human experience:

Question 61

What did the term "noble savage" stand for?

Question 62

In the biographical sketch about Girolamo Cardano there is a brief description of the consensus effect and the above average effect. Apply them to your behavior and experiences. Provide examples.

Question 63

What was Kant's "Golden Rule"?

Question 64

"National character" is likely to be a stereotype and a poor guide to understanding the people of other countries or regions. What specific stereotypes referring to your own (or your friend's) "national character" have you encountered?

Question 65

Discuss the noble savage assumption that people were essentially good when they lived under the rules of nature, before modern civilizations advanced. What arguments for and against this assumption could you offer?

Question 66

In you view, will people living 100 years from now, be able to judge about the state of psychological knowledge of the early 21st century by studying, for example, Facebook postings? Explain your view.

Question 67

La Mettrie's views are frequently called reductionist. Why?

Question 68

Compare humanism and scientific rationality.

Question 69

What were David Hume's views of national character?