Deck 4: Cortical Organization

Question 1

Dougherty et al. (2003) used brain imaging to investigate cortical magnification. Their primary finding was that _________.

A) information presented in the peripheral vision activated the most brain area.
B) information presented to the fovea activated the most brain area.
C) moving stimuli activated different brain areas than stationary stimuli.
D) cortical magnification is not detectable using fMRI.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In Ungerleider and Mishkin's (1982) research, monkeys who had had their temporal lobes removed had difficulty

A) coordinating their movements.
B) discriminating between objects.
C) discriminating between locations.
D) remembering sequences of actions.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The ventral pathway has also been labeled the _________ pathway.

A) where
B) how
C) what
D) why

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A large object, such as a tree trunk, will cause

A) every neuron in one location column to fire, but no firing in any other column.
B) a limited number of neurons to fire in only one ocular dominance column.
C) firing of neurons in a number of different columns.
D) every neuron in an orientation column to fire, but not in the location columns.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a type of column in the striate cortex?

A) location
B) ocular dominance
C) orientation
D) double dissociative

Question 6

The dorsal pathway goes to the _______ lobe.

A) temporal
B) frontal
C) parietal
D) occipital

Question 7

When looking at a scene, the different sections of the scene are processed by many different location columns. Through the use of all of the location columns, the entire scene can be perceived. This effect is referred to as

A) fielding.
B) orientation.
C) convergence.
D) tiling.

Question 8

Ablation is a procedure in which

A) a radioactive isotope is injected into the bloodstream and traced through the brain.
B) electrodes on the scalp are used to measure changes in brain activity.
C) a particular area of the brain is removed or destroyed.
D) an electromagnetic pulse is used to temporarily disrupt brain activity.

Question 9

The cortical magnification factor occurs in humans because

A) a small area in the peripheral retina accounts for a large area on the cortex.
B) the small area of the fovea accounts for a large area on the cortex.
C) the lens accommodates so that the image is magnified on the retina.
D) the area at the optic disk accounts for a large area on the cortex.

Question 10

The brain imaging technique involving injecting a radioactive tracer into the blood is

A) FMRI.
B) ablation.
C) lesioning.
D) PET scan.

Question 11

Object discrimination problem: ____ :: Landmark discrimination problem :_____.

A) temporal lobes; parietal lobes
B) parietal lobes; temporal lobes
C) parietal lobes; occipital lobes
D) LGN; thalamus

Question 12

Zghsx#8j, a visitor from another planet, is curious about cars. She takes the battery out of the car, and finds out that the car won't start and the lights and stereo don't work. Her "research" is most closely related to the method called

A) ablation.
B) transcranial magnetic stimulation.
C) transcendental mediation.
D) microstimulation.

Question 13

A/An ________ is a location column that receives information about all possible orientations within a given area of the retina.

A) supercolumn
B) orientation
C) hypercolumn
D) action

Question 14

An electrode is placed in an orientation column that responds best to orientations of 45 degrees. The adjacent column of cells will probably best respond to orientations of

A) 5 degrees.
B) 40 degrees.
C) 90 degrees.
D) 225 degrees.

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding the organization of columns in the cortex?

A) A location column can contain many orientation columns.
B) An orientation column can contain many location columns.
C) Location and orientation columns are located in different parts of the cortex.
D) Action columns are present in both location and orientation columns.

Question 16

Neurons respond preferentially to the right eye or the left eye. This phenomenon is referred to as

A) hemispheric specialization.
B) bilateral dominance.
C) retinotopic disparity.
D) ocular dominance.

Question 17

The ________ can be described as the electronic map of the retina on the cortex.

A) visual map
B) spatial map
C) retinotopic map
D) cortextual map

Question 18

The retinotopic map on the LGN has been determined by recording from neurons in the ______ .

A) retina
B) optic nerve
C) LGN
D) MTL

Question 19

The arrangement of ocular dominance columns in the cortex is best described as

A) columns for both the left eye and right eye in each hypercolumn.
B) columns for the left eye residing in the left hemisphere and for the right eye in the right hemisphere.
C) groupings of several left eye columns adjacent to groupings of several right eye columns.
D) concentric areas, with the center columns for the left eye, and the surrounding columns for the right eye.

Question 20

________ is a brain imaging technique that tracks blood flow in the brain using magnetic fields. This tracking is possible because hemoglobin has magnetic properties.

A) FMRI
B) ablation
C) ERP
D) PET scan

Question 21

Activity in the PPA

A) reveals a preference for indoor, but not outdoor, scenes.
B) is higher for pictures of empty rooms than furnished rooms.
C) reveals a preference for body parts over faces.
D) is the same for pictures of furnished and empty rooms.

Question 22

Patient H.M. had his _______ removed in order to control his epileptic seizures.

A) hippocampi
B) IT cortex
C) striate cortex
D) corpus callosum

Question 23

A researcher finds that damage to Area A of the brain results in the loss of Function A but not Function B. In another individual, damage to Area B results in the loss of Function B but not Function A. These results are best described as a/an

A) associative link.
B) double dissociation.
C) single dissociation.
D) differential assessment.

Question 24

An IT neuron in the monkey will fire briskly when presented a picture of a

A) monkey's face.
B) tree.
C) banana.
D) human torso.

Question 25

Tsao et al. (2006) found that _____ of neurons in the monkey IT cortex were face selective.

A) 12%
B) 97%
C) 70%
D) 43%.

Question 26

The _________ effect occurs because humans have more cortical neurons that respond to horizontal and vertical orientations than slanted orientations.

A) oblique
B) transverse
C) parallel
D) box

Question 27

The primary deficit encountered by patient H.M. is best described as the inability to

A) discriminate between faces.
B) perceive different line orientations.
C) form new long-term memories.
D) use information from the "where" pathway.

Question 28

Ganel et al. (2008) designed a visual illusion (modified Ponzo illusion) in which one line appears to be longer than another, when, in reality, the opposite is true. Participants are asked to judge the line lengths and to reach and grab the ends of the lines. The results of this investigation reveal

A) the interaction of the ventral and dorsal stream.
B) that the visual illusion affects both the ventral and dorsal streams.
C) the effects of damage to the ventral pathway.
D) that the illusion only affects ventral stream processing.

Question 29

An area in the _______ called the ___________ is specialized to recognize faces.

A) temporal lobe; FFA
B) occipital lobe; RBC
C) parietal lobe; FFA
D) parietal lobe; area 4H

Question 30

The results of the patient D.F., who had visual form agnosia

A) show that perception and action are independent of each other in the brain.
B) show that visual orientation is done by the same brain structure that guides action involving orientation.
C) show that the inability to draw items is due to a lack of general knowledge.
D) show that double dissociations do not occur in these patients.

Question 31

One neuron studied by Quiroga et al. responded preferentially to

A) drawings of Halle Berry.
B) a picture of Halle Berry dressed as Catwoman.
C) the words "Halle Berry" presented visually.
D) All of these caused the cell to fire.

Question 32

The principle that specific functions are served by specific cortical areas is called

A) cortical magnification.
B) modular organization.
C) the distribution principle.
D) haptic segmentation.

Question 33

According to Milner and Goodale, the dorsal stream is the _____ pathway.

A) what
B) when
C) how
D) why

Question 34

Prosopagnosia is

A) the difficulty recognizing familiar faces.
B) due to damage to the parietal lobe.
C) due to damage to the MT cortex.
D) the inability to detect movement.

Question 35

The EBA is activated by

A) pictures of houses and other manmade structures.
B) pictures of body parts.
C) direct eye gaze from another individual.
D) tasks that require spatial information.

Question 36

Savig et al. (2008) monitored individual MTL neurons while displaying video clips of a variety of stimuli. They were able to identify neurons that respond preferentially to a visual stimulus. Later they asked participants to ________ and found preferential activation of the same neuron to the video clip concept.

A) view pictures from various viewpoints
B) view the same video clips, but with an altered color pallet.
C) try to remember the video clips they had seen.
D) draw a picture representing the video clip.

Question 37

A structure that is specialized to process information about a particular type of stimulus is called a

A) lesion.
B) module.
C) partition.
D) pathway.

Question 38

Which of the following statements is false regarding the dorsal and ventral pathways?

A) Information flow is bidirectional in both pathways.
B) The pathways rely on information from the same type of ganglion cells.
C) The pathways have connections between them.
D) Both pathways have feedback activation.

Question 39

After training participants on the recognition of "Greeble" stimuli, Gauthier et al. found that the neuron in the FFA responded

A) as well to Greebles as to human faces.
B) weakly to Greebles, but strong activity to human faces.
C) unpredictably to Greebles, and inhibited activity for human faces.
D) weakly to Greebles, and decreased activity to human faces.

Question 40

_________ refers to the fact that the response properties of neurons can be shaped by an animal's or person's perceptual experience.

A) Selective adaptation
B) Experience-dependent plasticity
C) Sensory integration
D) Perceptual analysis

Question 41

(a) Describe research that shows cortical magnification occurs in humans.
(b) What is the connection between cortical magnification and acuity?

Question 42

Define "modular organization" and specify how the senses are organized into primary receiving areas.

Question 43

Describe the procedure, results, and implications of the Quiroga et al.'s (2005) "Halle Berry neuron" study.

Question 44

Gauthier et al.'s Greeble finding is consistent with the ______ hypothesis.

A) maturation
B) oblique
C) rivally
D) expertise

Question 45

Describe research on brain damaged and non-brain damaged people that support the idea that the dorsal stream is the "how" pathway.

Question 46

Describe how an object such as a tree is represented in the striate cortex.

Question 47

Summarize the Ganel et al. (2008) research on length estimation and grasping tasks, what the implication of this research is for different processing streams.

Question 48

Describe the methods, results, and conclusions of Gauthier et al.'s "Greeble" research.