Deck 11: The Fat-Soluble Vitamins: A, d, e, and K

Question 1

Which of the following food substances can be converted to vitamin A in the body?

A)Tryptophan
B)Chlorophyll
C)Xanthophyll
D)Beta-carotene

Answer 1

D

Question 2

How many different forms of vitamin A are active in the body?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)5

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is responsible for transporting vitamin A from the liver to other tissues?

A)Albumin
B)Rhodopsin
C)Retinol-binding protein
D)Transcarotenoid protein

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What are the known effects of raising animals on diets containing retinoic acid as the only source of vitamin A?

A)Growth is stunted
B)Blindness develops
C)Retinal synthesis is stimulated
D)Retinol synthesis is stimulated

Question 5

What do retinal and unsaturated fatty acids have in common?

A)Neither is found in animal fats
B)Neither is transported by chylomicrons
C)They may exist in the cis or trans form
D)They are both needed to prevent erythrocyte hemolysis

Question 6

Approximately what percentage of the body's vitamin A stores are found in the liver?

A)20
B)50
C)70
D)90

Question 7

As far as is known,vitamin A does not play an important role in which of the following processes?

A)Blood clotting
B)Growth of bones and teeth
C)Synthesis of visual pigment
D)Maintaining mucous membranes

Question 8

What form of vitamin A supports vision but not growth?

A)Retinal
B)Retinol
C)Retinoic acid
D)Retinyl esters

Question 9

Retinol-binding protein is required to transport vitamin

A)A.
B)E.
C)K.
D)D.

Question 10

What tissue contains the majority of the body's store of vitamin A?

A)Liver
B)Adipose
C)Retinal cells
D)Intestinal mucosal cells

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT among the features of the fat-soluble vitamins?

A)Require bile for absorption
B)Found in the fat and oily parts of foods
C)Transported permanently to the liver and adipose tissue
D)Pose a greater risk for developing a toxicity than water-soluble vitamins

Question 12

With what vitamin is opsin usually associated in the body?

A)A
B)B₁
C)C
D)D

Question 13

Which of the following describes an event in the visual response process?

A)Light energy strikes the retina and excites pigments to release retinal
B)Light energy strikes the cornea and excites pigments to release retinoic acid
C)Visual pigments deep in the brain are excited by light transmitted through the retina
D)Epithelial cells on the surface of the eye respond to light energy by transmitting opsin molecules along nerve pathways to the brain

Question 14

Which of the following is the name of the vitamin A compound that is active in the visual response?

A)Opsin
B)Keratin
C)Retinal
D)Carotene

Question 15

What form of vitamin A supports reproduction but not growth?

A)Retinal
B)Retinol
C)Retinoic acid
D)Retinyl esters

Question 16

If the diet contains precursor vitamin A,which of the following tissues can use it to form vitamin A?

A)Eyes
B)Kidneys
C)Adipose cells
D)Intestinal cells

Question 17

Which of the following is a property of the fat-soluble vitamins?

A)Most of them are synthesized by intestinal bacteria
B)Intestinal transport occurs by way of the portal circulation
C)Deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet
D)Toxicity risk is higher for vitamins E and K than for other fat-soluble vitamins

Question 18

Which of the following describes an association between vitamin A and vision?

A)Retinoic acid is the form required for synthesis of retinoblasts
B)Light causes retinal to shift from a cis to a trans configuration
C)Retinol is the form bound to beta-carotene in the corneal membrane
D)Pigment molecules in the retina are composed of a molecule of vitamin A bound to an omega-3 fatty acid

Question 19

What is the major carrier of the fat-soluble vitamins from the intestinal epithelial cell to the circulation?

A)Albumin
B)Cholesterol
C)Chylomicrons
D)Liposoluble binding proteins

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a form of vitamin A?

A)Retinol
B)Retinal
C)Retinoic acid
D)Retinoquinone

Question 21

If a normal,healthy adult were to begin consuming a vitamin A-poor diet,approximately how much time would pass before the first deficiency symptoms would appear?

A)2 weeks
B)1 to 2 months
C)6 months
D)1 to 2 years

Question 22

The effects of vitamin A deficiency are most severe in what population group?

A)Adults
B)Elderly
C)Newborns
D)Adolescents

Question 23

What population group is most vulnerable to vitamin A toxicity?

A)Children
B)Adolescents
C)Adults
D)Elderly

Question 24

Vitamin A supplements are helpful in treating which of the following conditions?

A)Acne
B)Rickets
C)Osteomalacia
D)Night blindness

Question 25

What do beta-carotene and vitamin E have in common?

A)Both act as antioxidants
B)Both are found in animal fats
C)Neither is involved in free radical control
D)Neither is involved in synthesis of retinal

Question 26

Keratinization is the result of

A)toxicity of vitamin A.
B)toxicity of vitamin D.
C)deficiency of vitamin A.
D)deficiency of vitamin D.

Question 27

What part of the body is affected most by keratomalacia?

A)Bone
B)Liver
C)Cornea
D)Immune cells

Question 28

Which of the following functions is shared by beta-carotene and vitamin E?

A)Inhibition of oxidation
B)Prevention of keratinization
C)Inhibition of bone calcium loss
D)Prevention of hemolytic anemia

Question 29

Which of the following features are shared by Retin-A and Accutane?

A)They are teratogenic
B)They are highly toxic
C)They are usually taken orally
D)They have chemical structures similar to vitamin A

Question 30

Approximately how many children worldwide have vitamin A deficiency?

A)5 million
B)25 million
C)250 million
D)500 million

Question 31

The first detectable sign of vitamin A deficiency is usually

A)xerosis.
B)xerophthalmia.
C)night blindness.
D)corneal keratinization.

Question 32

Which of the following is most likely to occur from a prolonged dietary deficiency of vitamin A?

A)Osteomalacia
B)Osteoporosis
C)Xerophthalmia
D)Prolonged blood-clotting time

Question 33

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin A nutrition?

A)Deficiency is common in both the United States and many developing countries
B)Toxicity occurs from excess intakes of preformed vitamin A as well as beta-carotene
C)Supplements are recommended for certain groups of infants and children infected with the measles in the United States
D)In poor countries,supplements prevent and cure night blindness but offer little protection against malaria and lung disease

Question 34

Studies in developing countries have demonstrated that the mortality rate of children with measles can be significantly reduced by providing supplements of

A)iron.
B)vitamin A.
C)folic acid.
D)phylloquinone.

Question 35

Which of the following is associated with the condition known as xerosis?

A)Toxicity of vitamin A
B)Toxicity of beta-carotene
C)Deficiency of vitamin A
D)Deficiency of vitamin D

Question 36

Which of the following describes the primary function of vitamin A in bone health?

A)It stimulates uptake of calcium from the intestines
B)It promotes synthesis of specific bone proteins involved in the mineralization process
C)It assists enzymes that degrade certain regions of the bone,thereby allowing remodeling to occur
D)It inhibits oxidation of bone mucopolysaccharides,thereby preserving bone crystal integrity and promoting growth

Question 37

Greg says that he usually eats 1 medium carrot every day to ensure that he's consuming enough vitamin A.Today he said he didn't eat any carrots and is worried that there is not enough vitamin A in his system.What would you say to Greg to allay his fear?

A)"Take a vitamin A supplement as soon as you can!"
B)"As long as you eat some chicken tonight you will not develop chicken eyes."
C)"Well,there isn't any vitamin A in carrots so you probably haven't consumed vitamin A for some time now."
D)"Don't worry; fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body.It takes a lot longer than one day to develop any adverse effects."

Question 38

Keratinization of lung cells may result from

A)toxicity of vitamin A.
B)toxicity of beta-carotene.
C)deficiency of vitamin A.
D)deficiency of vitamin D.

Question 39

Which of the following vitamins is most associated with promoting synthesis of gastrointestinal mucus?

A)A
B)B₁₂
C)E
D)Pantothenic acid

Question 40

Why does vitamin A status depend on the person's protein status?

A)Adequate protein intake is a marker for liberal intake of the vitamin
B)Dietary protein ensures synthesis of the vitamin's GI tract transporter
C)Adequate protein intake reduces the risk for infection from bacteria that degrade the vitamin
D)Transport of the vitamin within the body requires sufficient protein to synthesize retinol-binding protein

Question 41

The adult RDA for vitamin A is approximately

A)400 mg.
B)1,000 mg.
C)800 retinol activity equivalents.
D)5,000 retinol activity equivalents.

Question 42

Which of the following is a characteristic of carotenoids in foods?

A)They are found in many vegetables and fruits
B)Most carotenoids can be converted to vitamin A
C)Carotenoid absorption is inhibited by foods rich in chlorophyll
D)The carotenoid with the highest conversion rate to vitamin A is lycopene

Question 43

The preferred unit of expression of vitamin A is the

A)milligram.
B)global unit.
C)international unit.
D)retinol activity equivalent.

Question 44

A person seeking good sources of vitamin A would select all of the following EXCEPT

A)liver.
B)bananas.
C)apricots.
D)sweet potatoes.

Question 45

Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin A in foods?

A)Fast foods are generally considered good sources of vitamin A
B)A regular intake of chicken liver is known to induce toxicity in children
C)Xanthophylls in certain vegetables can be converted to active vitamin A in the liver
D)Chlorophyll in vegetables can be converted to active vitamin A in the intestinal cells

Question 46

Which of the following is a feature of Accutane?

A)It is effective in treating rickets
B)It is less toxic than pure vitamin A
C)It is known to be effective in treating mild but not severe acne
D)It is known to cause birth defects when used by pregnant women

Question 47

To decrease risk for vitamin A toxicity-related birth defects,it is suggested that pregnant women limit vitamin A supplements to less than

A)5,000 RAE.
B)10,000 RAE.
C)4 times the RDA.
D)10 times the RDA.

Question 48

Which of the following provides the least amount of precursor vitamin A?

A)Corn
B)Spinach
C)Carrots
D)Cantaloupe

Question 49

How many micrograms of dietary beta-carotene are equivalent to 1 retinol activity equivalent?

A)2
B)4
C)8
D)12

Question 50

Which of the following is a feature of taking high-dose supplements of vitamin A?

A)They increase teratogenic risk
B)They are effective in treating acne
C)They lead to keratinization of tissue
D)They reduce risk for neural tube defects

Question 51

In which of the following individuals would vitamin A toxicity be most likely to occur?

A)Adolescent women
B)Overweight adults
C)Those taking vitamin A supplements
D)Those consuming more than 100 g of carrots daily

Question 52

Which of the following foods is a very good source of vitamin A?

A)Corn
B)Pumpkin pie
C)Baked potato
D)Whole-grain bread

Question 53

Which of the following is the most likely side effect for a person who regularly consumes large quantities of carrots or carrot juice?

A)Bone pain
B)Dermatitis
C)Skin yellowing
D)Vitamin A toxicity

Question 54

Why shouldn't a woman who is 7 months pregnant be prescribed Accutane?

A)It may aggravate existing edema
B)It may lead to prolongation of labor
C)It is a teratogen and can be harmful to the baby
D)It contains high concentrations of vitamin D that can cause birth defects

Question 55

Your sister Ellen has just joined the Peace Corps and will be working on ways to improve the nutritional status of children in Indonesia.Once there,she saw that many of the children and some adults suffer from night blindness.Which of the following foods should she recommend be incorporated into the Indonesian diet to help prevent future generations from developing this condition?

A)Sweet potato
B)Orange juice
C)Peanut butter
D)Powdered skim milk

Question 56

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin A in foods?

A)Anthocyanin in beets masks the presence of beta-carotene
B)Margarine made from corn oil is a poor source of vitamin A
C)Most carotenoids can be converted in the body to active vitamin A
D)Chlorophyll in dark green leafy vegetables masks the presence of beta-carotene

Question 57

The plant version of vitamin D is known as

A)ergocalciferol.
B)foliocalciferol.
C)cholecalciferol.
D)phyllocalciferol.

Question 58

On average,one retinol activity equivalent is equal to about how many international units?

A)3
B)5
C)8
D)10

Question 59

Which of the following is likely to induce vitamin A toxicity in adults?

A)Eating beef liver once a month
B)Consuming high-dose vitamin A supplements
C)Drinking 2 quarts of vitamin A-fortified milk daily
D)Consuming large amounts of dark green and deep orange vegetables

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of excess consumption of beta-carotene?

A)Overconsumption from foods is harmless
B)Overconsumption from supplements is harmless
C)Drinking alcohol worsens the adverse effects of supplements
D)Smoking cigarettes aggravates the detrimental effects of supplements

Question 61

Which of the following organs is NOT required for the complete synthesis of activated vitamin D?

A)Skin
B)Liver
C)Kidney
D)Small intestine

Question 62

Which of the following conditions or diseases are known to be caused by a deficiency of the same nutrient?

A)Osteomalacia and rickets
B)Xerophthalmia and breath pentane release
C)Kwashiorkor and fibrocystic breast disease
D)Hemolytic anemia and large-cell type anemia

Question 63

All of the following are other names for vitamin D EXCEPT

A)calcitriol.
B)calciferol.
C)calcitonin.
D)cholecalciferol.

Question 64

Which of the following symptoms would indicate a vitamin D deficiency?

A)Bowed legs
B)Rupture of red blood cells
C)Frequent respiratory infections
D)Abnormally high blood calcium level

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT a major target organ for the action of activated vitamin D?

A)Liver
B)Bone
C)Kidney
D)Intestine

Question 66

What percentage of the U.S.population shows marginal or deficient vitamin D status?

A)5
B)10
C)20
D)35

Question 67

Which of the following compounds serves as the major precursor for the body's synthesis of vitamin D?

A)Cholesterol
B)Tryptophan
C)Beta-carotene
D)Eicosapentanoic acid

Question 68

In what tissue(s)must a molecule of vitamin D be chemically altered to yield a compound that is fully active?

A)Liver only
B)Kidney only
C)Liver and kidney
D)Liver and intestines

Question 69

A child with bowed legs is likely deficient in vitamin

A)A.
B)K.
C)E.
D)D.

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT a known risk factor for development of rickets in the United States?

A)Obese
B)Female
C)African-Americans
D)Lacto-ovo vegetarian

Question 71

In what system would the effects of a vitamin D deficiency be most readily observed?

A)Nervous
B)Skeletal
C)Muscular
D)Circulatory

Question 72

Which of the following can the body use to synthesize vitamin D?

A)Bone
B)Carotene
C)Tryptophan
D)Exposure to sunlight

Question 73

What is/are the main function(s)of vitamin D?

A)Promotes secretion of calcitonin
B)Promotes synthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterol
C)Promotes synthesis of carotenoids and controls absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
D)Promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption and promotes calcium mobilization from bone

Question 74

The animal version of vitamin D is known as

A)ergocalciferol.
B)foliocalciferol.
C)cholecalciferol.
D)phyllocalciferol.

Question 75

What population group is at highest risk for osteomalacia?

A)Infants
B)Elderly men
C)Adult women
D)Children ages 2-12 years

Question 76

Where is calbindin primarily found in the body?

A)Liver
B)Kidneys
C)Intestine
D)Chylomicrons

Question 77

Which of the following is NOT a feature of vitamin D deficiency?

A)It causes a calcium deficiency
B)It causes excess iron absorption
C)It leads to overt signs only rarely
D)It may result from breastfeeding without supplementation

Question 78

What is the name of the vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults?

A)Rickets
B)Osteomalacia
C)Keratomalacia
D)Hyperkeratosis

Question 79

What percentage of the U.S.population is deficient in vitamin D?

A)5
B)10
C)20
D)30

Question 80

Which of the following compounds is known to function as a hormone?

A)Vitamin D
B)Vitamin K
C)Phylloquinone
D)Alpha-tocopherol