Deck 9: Weight Management: Overweight, obesity, and Underweight

Question 1

Hyperplastic obesity is related to a(n)

A)increase in fat absorption.
B)decrease in ketone formation.
C)increase in the size of fat cells.
D)increase in the number of fat cells.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What is the rationale for the fat cell theory of obesity?

A)Fat cell number increases dramatically after puberty
B)Fat cell number in an adult can decrease only by fasting
C)Fat cell number increases most readily in late childhood and early puberty
D)Weight gain from overeating in adults takes place primarily by increasing the number of fat cells

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is known to promote fat storage in adipocytes?

A)Glucagon
B)Lipoprotein lipase
C)Cellulite synthetase
D)Lipoprotein synthetase

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is a characteristic of the lipoprotein lipase enzyme?

A)In men,the enzyme activity is high in abdominal fat cells
B)Obese people who lose weight show markedly higher enzyme activity
C)Obese people have less enzyme activity in their adipocytes than lean people do
D)In women,the enzyme activity is low in fat cells within the breasts,hips,and thighs

Question 5

Tom was overweight when he was 13.During puberty he continued to gain weight steadily until at age 23,when he decided to lose weight.Tom successfully lost 50 pounds.Which of the following most likely happened to Tom's fat cells?

A)They shrank in size but did not decrease in number
B)They melted away when he burned all the excess fat
C)They decreased in number but did not decrease in size
D)They changed very little since fat cells shrink only with a weight loss greater than 100 pounds

Question 6

Which of the following is a characteristic of fat cell development?

A)The amount of fat in the body is substantially determined by the size of the fat cells
B)More and larger fat cells are found in obese people compared with healthy-weight persons
C)Fat cell number increases most readily during early adulthood,when energy expenditure declines
D)Fat cells may enlarge but not increase in number upon reaching the age of 50 in males and reaching menopause in women

Question 7

What is the classification of a person who is 6 feet 4 inches tall and 202 lbs?

A)Underweight
B)Healthy weight
C)Overweight
D)Obese

Question 8

The most likely explanation for why women readily store fat around the hips whereas men readily store fat around the abdomen is gender differences in

A)blood insulin levels.
B)the activity of lipoprotein lipase.
C)circulating lipid transport proteins.
D)the activity of lipoprotein synthetase.

Question 9

Obesity resulting from an increase in the number of fat cells is termed

A)hyperplastic obesity.
B)hypertrophic obesity.
C)idiopenthic leptinemia.
D)anaplastic hypometabolism.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a feature of fat cell metabolism in men and women?

A)The rate of fat breakdown is higher in women than in men
B)The release of lower-body fat is more active in men than in women
C)Lipoprotein lipase enzyme activity is regulated by a gene that responds to weight loss
D)Fat storage in men develops primarily across the abdomen whereas in women it is found chiefly around the hips and thighs

Question 11

Which of the following defines the body's set point?

A)Minimum weight of a person
B)Maximum weight of a person
C)Point at which a person's weight plateaus before dropping again quickly
D)Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight

Question 12

Which of the following does NOT describe the behavior of fat cells?

A)The number decreases when fat is lost from the body
B)The size is larger in obese people than in normal-weight people
C)The storage capacity for fat depends on both cell number and cell size
D)The number increases most rapidly in late childhood and early puberty

Question 13

According to body mass index figures,what percentage of people aged 2-19 years are overweight or obese?

A)12
B)34
C)48
D)68

Question 14

Obesity resulting from an increase in the size of fat cells is termed

A)hyperplastic obesity.
B)hypertrophic obesity.
C)idiopenthic leptinemia.
D)anaplastic hypometabolism.

Question 15

In the quest for achieving desirable body weight,adults have control over all of the following EXCEPT

A)diet.
B)behavior.
C)physical activity.
D)adipocyte number.

Question 16

The major function of lipoprotein lipase is to

A)assist bile in the digestion of dietary lipids.
B)remove triglycerides from blood for storage.
C)trigger adipokine release from adipose tissue.
D)release triglycerides from storage within adipocytes.

Question 17

According to body mass index values,what fraction of the U.S.adult population is considered overweight or obese?

A)1/10
B)1/6
C)1/3
D)2/3

Question 18

Which of the following describes a trend of worldwide obesity?

A)Nowadays,obesity is not seen in developing countries
B)Prevalence of obesity has leveled out in the last few years in the U.S.
C)The cut-off figure of the BMI for obesity varies from country to country
D)The obesity in other countries does not seem to increase risks for chronic diseases

Question 19

Adverse effects on organs such as the liver from the presence of excess body fat is known as

A)lipotoxicity.
B)hyperplastic lipase.
C)set point susceptibility.
D)hyper-responsive ghrelin.

Question 20

Which of the following is a feature of the lipoprotein lipase enzyme?

A)Its activity decreases after weight loss but then rebounds quickly after resuming normal food intake
B)Its activity can always increase but cannot decrease and is,in part,controlled by the ratchet effect of metabolism
C)Its activities in men and women are sex-related and explain the differences in major fat storage regions of the body
D)Its low activity in obese people explains,in part,the inability to mobilize storage fat for energy when following an energy-restricted diet

Question 21

Which of the following is a characteristic of the rate of dietary fat oxidation?

A)It is lower in obese people
B)It is independent of LPL activity
C)It is higher in females than males
D)It is independent of the body's set point

Question 22

Why,in part,is weight loss more successful with exercise and also after bypass surgery?

A)Ghrelin levels are relatively low
B)Adiponectin levels are relatively high
C)PYY release from the hypothalamus is suppressed
D)Leptin release from subcutaneous fat stores is enhanced

Question 23

Which of the following is a feature of weight gain and genetics?

A)Obese people can change their genome but not their epigenome
B)Exercise has little,if any,effect on the genetic influence on weight gain
C)Identical twins are half as likely to weigh the same compared with fraternal twins
D)Adopted children tend to have body weights more like their biological parents than their adoptive parents

Question 24

What are the observed effects of sleep deprivation on leptin and ghrelin?

A)Leptin and ghrelin both increase
B)Leptin and ghrelin both decrease
C)Leptin decreases while ghrelin increases
D)Leptin increases while ghrelin decreases

Question 25

What primarily determines a person's susceptibility to obesity?

A)Heredity only
B)Environment only
C)Fat content of diet
D)Heredity and environment

Question 26

What is Prader-Willi syndrome?

A)Altered receptor activity for leptin
B)A genetic disorder resulting in obesity
C)Fat accumulation in the liver of gastric bypass patients
D)A failure to adapt to alternating periods of excess and inadequate energy intake

Question 27

Which of the following is a characteristic of the body's major types of adipose tissue?

A)Very little brown fat is found in adults,whereas more is seen in infants
B)White adipose is especially important in infants as a moderator of temperature extremes
C)The uncoupled reactions in brown and white adipose are the result of LPL-induced hydrolysis of ATP
D)Among the three types of adipose,namely,white,yellow,and brown,the white adipocytes account for the greatest amount of heat expenditure

Question 28

Which of the following is a feature of ghrelin?

A)It is a metabolic antagonist of leptin
B)It stimulates appetite and energy storage
C)The blood level in the fasting state correlates directly with body weight
D)It is released in high amounts from adipocytes during periods of excess energy intake

Question 29

What is the significance of the uncoupling proteins in adipose tissue?

A)Increased loss of energy as heat
B)Reduction of fat cell number
C)Lowering of basal metabolism
D)Proliferation of fat cell number

Question 30

As a new assistant in a weight-loss research laboratory,you are given a tour of the mouse laboratory.Why is the leptin-deficient mouse much larger than its leptin-sufficient counterpart?

A)Leptin deficiency causes lower levels of ghrelin
B)Leptin deficiency enhances appetite and decreases energy expenditure
C)Leptin deficiency causes psychological depression,which leads to increased food intake
D)Leptin deficiency reduces the desire to do physical activity,resulting in more excess energy available for fat storage

Question 31

Kirima is a Native Eskimo who lives in one of the coldest regions in the world.What type of adipose tissue is most effective at helping her to maintain warm body temperatures during the coldest parts of the year?

A)Black
B)White
C)Brown
D)Yellow

Question 32

Which of the following is the best evidence that environment must play a role in obesity?

A)The rate of obesity has been rising while the gene pool has remained relatively constant
B)The recognition that identical twins reared apart have body weights similar to their biological parents
C)The development of precise body composition methodologies that define adipose storage sites based on gender
D)The discovery of uncoupling proteins that explain the variations in energy metabolism among lean and overweight people

Question 33

Which of the following is known to cause a reduction in fat cell number in mice?

A)Injection of leptin
B)Supplements of ghrelin
C)Long-term resistance exercise
D)Consumption of high-protein diets

Question 34

What serves as the body's chief storage site for lipids?

A)Yellow fat
B)Brown adipose tissue
C)White adipose tissue
D)High-density lipoproteins

Question 35

Which of the following is a feature of ghrelin?

A)High blood levels are found in obese people
B)Its major role in the body is in suppressing appetite
C)It is secreted by adipocytes and promotes negative energy balance
D)Its blood concentration is very high in people with anorexia nervosa

Question 36

Which of the following describes a relationship between leptin and energy balance?

A)Fat cell sensitivity to leptin is higher in obese people
B)A deficiency of leptin is characteristic of all obese people
C)Blood levels of leptin usually correlate directly with body fat
D)Major functions of leptin include an increase in hunger and a decrease in metabolic rate

Question 37

Which of the following is a characteristic of the risk for obesity?

A)It is higher in fraternal than identical twins
B)It is associated more with environment than genetics
C)It is usually higher in people with more brown adipose tissue
D)It is higher in people who have obese friends,siblings,or a spouse

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of food portion sizes?

A)They are both high in fat and large in size at restaurants
B)They have increased in general and this change parallels the increasing prevalence of obesity
C)Reducing portion size has a bigger impact than reducing energy density as a means of lowering total energy intake
D)They have increased most notably at fast-food restaurants compared with conventional eating establishments

Question 39

On which organ or tissue does leptin primarily act?

A)Pancreas
B)Intestines
C)Adipocytes
D)Hypothalamus

Question 40

Which of the following is a feature of leptin?

A)It is an enzyme
B)It is a satiety signal
C)It is usually deficient in obese people
D)It is secreted by the brain and acts on fat cells

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that meet the conditions for surgical intervention for weight loss in obese people?

A)BMI of at least 40
B)Absence of psychological problems
C)Ability to tolerate phendimetrazine,orlistat,or phentermine
D)Failure of diet and exercise to promote acceptable weight loss

Question 42

Your patient,Mr.Sinclair,has a BMI of 43 and is taking drugs to lose weight.He has heard that some drugs cause lots of gastrointestinal discomfort and would prefer to take one that doesn't give him any of these side effects.Which of the following should be prescribed for Mr.Sinclair?

A)Olestra
B)Orlistat
C)Serotonin
D)Phentermine

Question 43

Which of the following is a feature of prescription drug use for treatment of obesity?

A)Most drugs may be safely prescribed even in otherwise healthy obese people
B)Most experts believe that drugs should not be used because obesity is not a disease
C)Most currently available drugs are highly effective in both the short and long term
D)The use of "off-label" drugs is common to take advantage of their modest weight loss effects

Question 44

What percentage of people in the United States who use nonprescription weight-loss products have a normal weight?

A)5
B)10
C)20
D)35

Question 45

The prescription drug phentermine acts by regulating the utilization of

A)blood insulin.
B)norepinephrine.
C)hormone-sensitive lipase.
D)adipocyte lipoprotein lipase.

Question 46

Clinically severe obesity is also known as

A)morbid obesity.
B)metabolic syndrome.
C)leptin-resistant obesity.
D)psychological-resistant syndrome.

Question 47

Which of the following is a feature of weight-loss remedies?

A)Dietary supplements are not necessarily tested for safety or effectiveness
B)Body wraps and creams that have FDA approval are helpful for weight-reduction regimes
C)Sauna baths may reach temperatures high enough to melt visceral but not subcutaneous fat stores
D)Hot baths raise the metabolic rate by 5-10% for 1-2 hours and may serve as part of a general weight-loss program

Question 48

Which of the following is a feature of physical inactivity and energy balance?

A)There is a strong genetic component to reduced physical activity of overweight people
B)Differences in the time obese and lean people spend lying,sitting,standing,and moving account for about 350 kcalories per day
C)Although watching television correlates with weight gain,playing video games does not,presumably due to the heightened excitement engendered by action games
D)Extraordinarily inactive people who lower their food intakes below that of their lean counterparts activate brown adipose tissue uncoupling proteins that stimulate hyperthermic weight loss

Question 49

Which of the following is a feature of NEAT?

A)It is the kcal expended in vigorous activity
B)It is the time (minutes/day)spent in vigorous exercise
C)It is about 350 kcal/day higher in lean than obese people
D)It activates brown adipose tissue in response to moderate but sustained physical activity

Question 50

A popular eating plan that promises quick weight loss is known as a(n)

A)fad diet.
B)discretionary diet.
C)spot reduction program.
D)aggressive bariatric program.

Question 51

What is the primary action of orlistat,a weight-loss drug?

A)It reduces taste sensation
B)It inhibits lipoprotein lipase
C)It inhibits pancreatic lipase
D)It alters circulating leptin concentrations

Question 52

What is the principal reason that the FDA has banned the sale of products containing ephedrine?

A)The costs are prohibitive
B)The products were found to be ineffective for weight loss
C)The products were implicated in several cases of heart attacks and seizures
D)The products were found to contain contaminants that were believed to be responsible for inducing liver failure

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of obese people?

A)Most obese people maintain their weight losses
B)Obese people often have feelings of rejection
C)In many cultures,obesity is viewed as a sign of robust health
D)Most weight-loss programs emphasize willpower and hard work to achieve long-term weight loss

Question 54

Compared with non-obese people,obese people have a lower

A)basal metabolic rate.
B)thermic effect of food. c physical activity level.
D)metabolic response to exercise.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT a feature of nonprescription weight-loss products?

A)Few are effective
B)Many are shown to be dangerous
C)By law,all of them must explain the risks associated with their plans
D)They lead to physical,metabolic,and psychosocial problems in their customers

Question 56

Television watching contributes to obesity for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A)it promotes inactivity.
B)it promotes between-meal snacking.
C)it replaces time that could be spent eating.
D)it gives high exposure to energy-dense foods featured in the commercial advertisements.

Question 57

To help prevent body fat gain,the DRI suggests daily,moderately intense,physical activities totaling

A)20 minutes.
B)60 minutes.
C)1 ¹/₂ hours.
D)3 hours.

Question 58

Which of the following is a feature of taking diet histories to gauge energy intake?

A)They correlate strongly with current and past energy intakes
B)Their accuracy correlates strongly with an obesogenic environment
C)Only overweight and obese people report inaccurate energy intakes
D)Both normal and obese people commonly misreport actual energy intakes

Question 59

At any given time,approximately what percentage of all U.S.adults are attempting to lose weight?

A)10
B)20
C)40
D)60

Question 60

Aggressive treatment should be introduced in overweight people if they have which of the following risk factors?

A)Hypertension only
B)Cigarette smoking only
C)High LDL and low HDL
D)Impaired glucose tolerance only

Question 61

Which of the following is a feature of the body's response to engaging in physical activity?

A)After an intense and vigorous workout,metabolism remains elevated for several hours
B)Lower body fat is more readily lost from vigorous exercises that work primarily the hip and leg muscles
C)Blood glucose and fatty acid levels are low immediately after working out,but thereafter recover on their own
D)After an intense workout,most people immediately feel the urge to eat a large carbohydrate meal to replace glycogen stores

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT a sensible guideline for diet plans?

A)Consume low-fat foods regularly
B)Eat rapidly to avoid prolonged contact with food
C)Adjust energy intake downward as weight loss progresses
D)Include vegetables,fruits,and grains as the mainstay of the diet

Question 63

What is the best approach to weight loss?

A)Avoid foods containing carbohydrates
B)Eliminate all fats from the diet and decrease water intake c Greatly increase protein intake to prevent body protein loss
D Reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure

Question 64

An important aid in any weight-loss diet program is to

A)decrease water intake.
B)increase physical activity.
C)speed up thyroid activity with metabolic enhancers.
D)develop ketosis by keeping carbohydrate intake as low as possible.

Question 65

Which of the following is a feature of gastric surgery for the treatment of clinically severe obesity?

A)Weight regain almost never occurs
B)It is always an irreversible medical procedure
C)It is less effective than traditional liposuction
D)It diminishes the amount of food that can be eaten without GI distress

Question 66

Which of the following describes a connection between physical activity and energy expenditure?

A)Walking a mile uses about the same energy as running a mile
B)Walking a mile uses about half as much energy as running a mile
C)Exercising the leg muscles is effective at burning away fat primarily around the thighs and hips
D)Exercising the abdominal muscles is effective at burning away fat primarily around the abdomen

Question 67

All of the following are characteristics of the results of weight-loss surgery EXCEPT

A)hunger is suppressed.
B)deficiencies of vitamins and minerals are common in the long term.
C)dramatic improvements are seen in blood lipids,diabetes,and blood pressure.
D)medical supervision in the postsurgery period is required only for the first 6-9 months.

Question 68

Which of the following is a feature of the use of artificial sweeteners to control body weight?

A)They may lead to weight gain in some people
B)They automatically lower a person's daily energy intake
C)They delay gastric emptying time,leading to enhanced satiety
D)They trigger epinephrine secretion,which suppresses appetite

Question 69

Which of the following is a feature of meal eating?

A)Taking large bites helps to reduce food intake
B)Faster eating correlates with higher body weight
C)Total kcal intake in higher when meals are eaten more slowly
D)Satiety hormones are blunted when meals are eaten more slowly

Question 70

A person who weighs 150 lbs.and walks at a pace of 3 miles/hr expends about how many kcalories in that hour?

A)115
B)270
C)410
D)850

Question 71

Which of the following is a characteristic of liposuction?

A)It often improves blood pressure and insulin sensitivity
B)The typical loss of body weight ranges from 25 to 50 lbs
C)Within a year,body fat returns,primarily to the abdomen
D)It is considered a valid but slightly less effective alternative to gastric bypass

Question 72

The feeling of satiety from weight-loss diets is best achieved by diets rich in

A)long-chain fats only.
B)short-chain fats only.
C)simple carbohydrates.
D)complex carbohydrates.

Question 73

Which of the following is a characteristic of breakfast eating?

A)Breakfast skippers have higher BMRs up until their first meal of the day
B)Eating breakfast once per week conveys the same benefits as 5 times per week
C)People who eat breakfast frequently have a lower BMI than breakfast skippers
D)People who skip breakfast have lower 24-hour energy intakes than breakfast eaters

Question 74

What minimum amount of body weight loss (lbs)is shown to improve physical capabilities and quality of life?

A)5-10
B)20-25
C)35-40
D)55-60

Question 75

In a weight reduction regimen,the most realistic time frame for losing 10% of initial body weight is

A)6 weeks.
B)3 months.
C)6 months.
D)1 year.

Question 76

Which of the following describes the research results regarding obese women in weight-loss programs?

A)They were mostly satisfied with a 15% reduction in weight
B)They initially expected to lose unrealistic amounts of weight
C)They typically lost about 30% more weight than researchers predicted
D)They experienced fewer psychological benefits than expected after losing weight

Question 77

As a general rule,what minimum number of kcalories per day is necessary to ensure nutritional adequacy in an eating plan for reducing body weight in men?

A)500
B)800
C)1200
D)1600

Question 78

As a general rule,what minimum number of kcalories per day is necessary to ensure nutritional adequacy in an eating plan for reducing body weight in women?

A)500
B)800
C)1200
D)1600

Question 79

What is a safe rate of weight loss on a long-term basis for most overweight people?

A)0.5-2 lbs/week
B)3-4 lbs/week
C)5% body weight/month
D)10% body weight/month

Question 80

Which of the following would be most effective at lowering energy intake in a person on a weight reduction program?

A)Decrease portion sizes
B)Select less energy-dense foods
C)Restrict fiber intake as a means to reduce excess water retention
D)Consume a small high-fat snack before each meal to reduce appetite