Deck 3: Psychodynamic Therapies

Question 1

Central in Adlerian therapy are problems concerning:

A)communication.
B)control.
C)responsibility.
D)self-esteem.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Having clients reevaluate their future goals in an effort to weaken the effect of present contingencies would most likely be undertaken by a(n):

A)Adlerian therapist.
B)existential therapist.
C)interpersonal therapies.
D)psychoanalysis.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to object-relations theory,a mature adult identity necessarily entails a process in which objects have influence but are not "swallowed whole." This is known as:

A)incorporation.
B)separation-individuation.
C)symbiosis.
D)identification.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to Adlerian therapy,the most common and important defense mechanism is:

A)compensation.
B)projection.
C)rationalization.
D)regression.

Question 5

Recent modifications to psychoanalysis regard which of the following to be a useful source of information about the patient as long as it is recognized and appropriately managed?

A)Repression
B)Transference
C)Countertransference
D)Acting-out

Question 6

The technique by which Adlerian therapists encourage patients to laugh at and then devalue the desire for attention or control by no longer taking such consequences seriously is called:

A)act as if.
B)catching oneself .
C)create images.
D)push-button.

Question 7

Heinz Kohut,the founder of self-psychology,proposed that certain parental behaviors were essential to support the development of a coherent sense of self in children.The most important of these is:

A)empathy.
B)mirroring.
C)resolution of the tendency to split objects into good and bad components.
D)consistent yet neutral discipline practices.

Question 8

By performing the Adlerian technique of ______,the client can discover that they can soon become the fictional character they were pretending to be.

A)act as if
B)catching oneself
C)create images
D)push-button

Question 9

Adlerian theory believes all of the following about basic mistakes patients make in constructing a view of the nature of the world EXCEPT:

A)distortions of life demands.
B)faulty values.
C)maximization of one's worth.
D)overgeneralizations.

Question 10

According to psychodynamic therapists like Kernberg and Masterson,the value of sustained empathy and firm boundary setting in the treatment of severely disordered people (i.e.,borderline personality disorder)is that:

A)it encourages the development of conflict-free spheres of the ego.
B)permits effective interpretations that support awareness of the parts of themselves that have been split off.
C)it provides the foundation for the development of a more normal symbiosis with the therapist.
D)it gradually challenges fears of lost autonomy.

Question 11

The interpretations done by Adlerian therapists in raising consciousness help to make clients:

A)acutely conscious of their many defensive maneuvers.
B)aware of the catastrophic expectations that they use as excuses to run.
C)aware of how their lives are following self-selected scripts.
D)aware of how the past and present is connected with the future.

Question 12

A child's defensive attempt to avoid being overwhelmed by more powerful parents is known by followers of Kernberg as:

A)object diffusion.
B)separation-individuation.
C)splitting.
D)introjection.

Question 13

In which of the following therapies does the therapist raise consciousness by conducting a lifestyle analysis?

A)Adlerian therapy
B)Existential therapy
C)Interpersonal therapies
D)Psychoanalysis

Question 14

A therapist working with a married couple would most likely interpret the marital discord as related to disturbances in early attachments if they held which of the following therapy orientations?

A)Systemic family therapy
B)Object-relations therapy
C)Person-centered therapy
D)Existential therapy

Question 15

Betty is constantly saying "You can't win at life." In conducting a lifestyle analysis,her Adlerian therapist would suggest she is making the following basic mistake:

A)distortions of life demands.
B)faulty values.
C)minimization of one's worth.
D)overgeneralization.

Question 16

Which of the following represents the Kernberg's key therapeutic method for working with individuals with narcissistic personality disorder?

A)Empathy
B)Neutrality
C)Interpretation
D)Mirroring

Question 17

Frankie is constantly saying "Nobody cares." In conducting a lifestyle analysis,his Adlerian therapist would suggest he is making the following basic mistake:

A)distortions of life demands.
B)faulty values.
C)minimization of one's worth.
D)overgeneralization.

Question 18

By encouraging clients to actively participate in the analysis of their lifestyles and the goals to which those styles are directed,Adlerian therapists are working with which of the following processes?

A)Catharsis
B)Consciousness raising
C)Contingency control
D)Counterconditioning

Question 19

Both Kernberg and Masterson have argued that traditional psychoanalysis risks supporting the development of a psychotic transference in patients with severe self/character disorders (i.e.,borderline personality disorder).What is the key clinical method of their psychodynamic therapies that makes it more likely for severely disordered clients to benefit from therapy?

A)Supporting the development of a more normal transference relationship
B)Immediate interpretation the client's defensive splitting of the therapist as a "bad parent"
C)Increased the use of unconditional positive regard or empathy
D)Combine increased emotional support with clear limit setting

Question 20

The summary of Kohut's two analyses of the case of Mr.Z emphasizes that the most significant clinical difference between classical psychoanalysis and self-psychology is:

A)that classical psychoanalysis relies on consciousness raising techniques,while self-psychology does not make use of interpretations.
B)that self-psychology methods first support the development of a mirroring transference before consciousness-raising techniques are employed.
C)that a self-psychology approach would regard Mr.Z's grandiosity as stemming from unmet needs,while psychoanalysis emphasizes intrapsychic conflicts organized around the Oedipal process.
D)that classical psychoanalysis would interpret Mr.Z's arrogance in light of a persistent merger with an idealized mother,while self-psychology would be concerned with the unmet needs of the autonomous self.

Question 21

That problems with communication are fundamentally problems with cooperation is a viewpoint held by which of the following?

A)Adlerian therapy
B)Existential therapies
C)Interpersonal therapies
D)Psychoanalysis

Question 22

Self-esteem would most likely be characterized by which of the following statements in Adlerian theory?

A)A solid sense of self-esteem can be created only by creating a style of life that is of value to world.
B)A solid sense of self-esteem seems to be one of the rewards of discovering that we indeed have the inner-strength to be self-supportive.
C)One's sense of self-esteem is central to a healthy existence.
D)The inner-directed person accepts that self-esteem occurs at the level of being-for-oneself and is a function of how we evaluate ourselves.

Question 23

Which of the following theories would most likely say that once individuals accept responsibility for shaping their own lives,they must also accept that they are responsible for the impact of their lifestyle on society?

A)Adlerian therapy
B)Existential therapies
C)Interpersonal therapies
D)Psychoanalysis

Question 24

Regarding adjustment versus transcendence,which of the following therapies believes healthy people are committed to helping the entire society transcend its present level of functioning in order to become a more perfect social system?

A)Adlerian therapy
B)Existential therapies
C)Interpersonal therapies
D)Psychoanalysis

Question 25

Which of the following therapies would most likely say that a solid sense of self-esteem can be created only by creating a style of life that is of value to world?

A)Adlerian therapy
B)Existential therapies
C)Interpersonal therapies
D)Psychoanalysis

Question 26

Which of the following theories would most likely say that the problems with control stem from pathological personalities being frequently preoccupied with dominating others?

A)Adlerian therapy
B)Existential therapies
C)Interpersonal therapies
D)Psychoanalysis

Question 27

According to Adlerian theory,hostility is most likely to be represented by which of the following statements?

A)Hostility is found in the ulterior transactions between individuals who have decided that they or others are not OK.
B)Hostility is a basic will to power.
C)Those parts of the world that we experience as outside of our ego boundaries are subject to hostility.
D)Violence is not always a pathological act.

Question 28

would say that the issue with impulses is that they must be directed toward prosocial goals as a part of the total lifestyle.

A)Adlerian therapy
B)Existential therapies
C)Interpersonal therapies
D)Psychoanalysis

Question 29

Which statement is most characteristic of Adlerian theory regarding impulse control?

A)Impulses are just an expression of the primary thrust toward completion.
B)Impulses are the dominant forces of human beings.
C)People need to identify the feeling carefully and become aware of which ego state is cathected when the impulsive feeling occurs.
D)The issue with impulses is that they must be inhibited.

Question 30

Responsibility would be characterized by which of the following statements in Adlerian theory?

A)Accepting responsibility for one's life is a critical part of being a healthy person.
B)Once individuals accept responsibility for shaping their own lives,they must also accept that they are responsible for the impact of their lifestyle.
C)The hope is that once clients accept that their basic lifestyles were self-selected,they will be free to choose a more constructive existence.
D)Theoretically,there is no freedom and no choice,and therefore no responsibility.

Question 31

Which of the following therapies would most likely say that the interests of the self and the interests of others are not experienced as being in basic conflict by those who care enough to find completion through cooperation?

A)Adlerian therapy
B)Existential therapies
C)Interpersonal therapies
D)Psychoanalysis

Question 32

Which of the following therapies say that the greatest value is a social interest that allows us to contribute to the common welfare of humanity?

A)Adlerian therapy
B)Existential therapies
C)Interpersonal therapies
D)Psychoanalysis

Question 33

Adlerian therapy is characterized by its detractors in the following ways: (1)It is a school that remains a strange combination of a theory that could attain scientific respectability and a religion that dedicates the soul to social interest; and (2)what help it is with patients who are troubled because they are oversocialized.According to the text authors,these would be leveled,respectively,by which of the following theoretical viewpoints?

A)Behavioral,existential
B)Behavioral,integrative
C)Integrative,behavioral
D)Integrative,psychoanalytic

Question 34

Which statement is most characteristic of Adlerian theory regarding the ideal individual?

A)The ideal individual is one who seeks security and success.
B)The ideal individual is the ideal goal for therapy.
C)The ideal is to make oneself authentic by making choices in life that create meaning and value out of our existence.
D)The interests of the self and the interests of others are not experienced as being in basic conflict by those who care enough to find completion through cooperation.

Question 35

Adlerian therapy would most likely say which of the following about sexuality?

A)It is not the prime mover of life,but it is one of the important life tasks.
B)Sexuality can be as free from intimacy as is the rest of life.
C)Sexuality is NOT the essence of humanity.
D)The problem of sexuality is basically a transference problem.

Question 36

Regarding anxiety and defenses,which of the following therapies views anxiety's primary purpose as keeping the client from having to take action and move ahead into the future?

A)Adlerian therapy
B)Cognitive therapy
C)Interpersonal therapies
D)Psychoanalysis

Question 37

The purpose of defenses in Adlerian therapy are to:

A)avoid the here and now.
B)keep forbidden desires from being expressed.
C)protect against aversive inferiority feelings.
D)turn our attention away from threats of non-being by pretending to be something we're not.

Question 38

In helping clients choose,Adlerian therapists are most likely to do which of the following?

A)Encourages patient to create rational alternatives to an apparently irrational way of being
B)Encourage the volitional powers of the client right from the start of therapy by making it a contractual arrangement
C)Help client reduce confusion or contamination allowing the client to choose which ego state to cathect at any particular time
D)Help make patients conscious of the fictional finalisms that they are trying to make real thus allowing them the freedom to choose to stay with their old styles

Question 39

Adlerian theory would most likely say which of the following about the issue of adjustment versus transcendence:

A)going beyond one's internalized conditions of worth to become a whole person suggests some need to transcend one's personal acculturation process.
B)social transcendence is for snobs who can only feel superior at the expense of the commoners that surround them.
C)the only fate that can possibly be transcended is a fate that is self-imposed.
D)we must not delude ourselves into thinking we can transcend that we've been thrown into.

Question 40

That hostility is seen as the worst expression of the belief that self-interest can be of higher value than social interest is a belief held by:

A)Adlerian therapy.
B)existential therapies.
C)interpersonal therapies.
D)psychoanalysis.

Question 41

Compared to other psychological treatments for depression,meta-analysis has shown that supportive therapy is:

A)less effective.
B)more effective.
C)comparable.
D)comparable,but only after controlling for researcher allegiance.

Question 42

A lifestyle analysis would include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)a family constellation.
B)an interpretation of the patient's basic mistakes.
C)dream analysis.
D)summary of a client's strengths.

Question 43

Which of the following represent some key characteristics of brief psychodynamic therapies?

A)Setting a time limit on treatment
B)Adopting a more active and less neutral therapeutic stance
C)More rapid interpretation,particularly of transference phenomena
D)All of the above

Question 44

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be true of the therapeutic relationship in Adlerian theory?

A)It is a prototype of social interest.
B)The classical values of love,faith,and hope for the human condition are essential to an effective therapeutic relationship.
C)The therapist is like a teacher who has faith in the unused potential of the student-client to create a fulfilling style of life.
D)The therapist relates as someone who is genuinely superior,but communicates a faith in the client's ability to actively contribute to finding solutions to serious problems.

Question 45

Jung's split from Freud and orthodox psychoanalysis was primarily due to Jung's rejection of:

A)the exclusively sexual nature of libido.
B)the value of the interpretation of dreams.
C)the notion of personal unconscious in favor of a collective unconscious.
D)the concept of archetypes.

Question 46

Controlled comparative outcome studies on Adlerian therapy would most likely suggest:

A)there is insufficient research to say.
B)has been shown to outperform no treatment.
C)has been shown to outperform placebo.
D)it is comparable to cognitive therapies.

Question 47

One of the most common neurotic styles to emerge from parental domination is:

A)an inferiority complex.
B)constant attention seeking.
C)constant revenge taking.
D)the compulsive lifestyle.

Question 48

Fundamental differences between Freudian psychoanalysis and psychodynamic object relations is that object relations are:

A)the focus of instinctual gratification.
B)attachment and nurturance seeking.
C)symbiotic.
D)products of the ego.

Question 49

The important value of the therapeutic alliance is highlighted by the fact that the success rate in low versus high alliance therapies increases from:

A)10 to 45 percent.
B)25 to 75 percent.
C)37 to 63 percent.
D)55 to 83 percent.

Question 50

In a comparative effectiveness study of patients with borderline personality disorder receiving transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP),dialectical-behavior therapy (DBT)or supportive therapy (Clarkin et al.,2007),post-treatment comparisons to DBT and supportive therapy showed that patients receiving TFP were:

A)slightly worse on most measures.
B)equally improved on nearly all measures.
C)slightly better on most measures.
D)showed better quality of life and paradoxically less symptom improvement.

Question 51

In brief psychodynamic psychotherapy,transference interpretations typically consider links between the patient's behavior toward:

A)significant past figures and the therapist.
B)current life figures and toward the therapist.
C)significant past figures and current life figures,and de-emphasizes interpretation of behavior toward the therapist.
D)the therapist,current life figures,and significant past figures.

Question 52

The fact that psychological events are determined not so much by historical circumstances as by present expectations of how one's future life can be completed is referred to as:

A)expected self.
B)fictional finalism.
C)future self.
D)historical expectations.

Question 53

Contemporary and brief psychodynamic therapies primarily differ from traditional psychoanalysis in that the former:

A)lets the treatment take its own course.
B)emphasizes the necessity of a working alliance.
C)targets a focal intrapsychic or interpersonal problem within the first few sessions.
D)relies less on interpretation and transference.

Question 54

From a psychodynamic perspective,the primary aims of supportive psychotherapy are to:

A)facilitate a patient's emotional experience and expression.
B)interpret and understand a patient's defenses.
C)strengthen the patient's coping and reduce vulnerability to regression.
D)support everyday insight and psychological mindedness.

Question 55

Anamnesis refers to:

A)a patient who blocks out their earliest memories.
B)an interpretation of the client's earliest recollections.
C)hypnotizing a child to help them recall a traumatic event.
D)treating a patient who has amnesia.

Question 56

For a client who exhibited frequent stomach cramps for which no medical reason could be determined,a brief psychodynamic therapist might interpret the client's experience of this symptom as a habitual way of dealing with the expression of anger if:

A)a significant past figure experienced stomach cramps.
B)the client tended to experience stomach cramps when having sex with her partner.
C)the client experienced cramps in the presence of her father,her current boyfriend,and now in the presence of the therapist.
D)the client attempted to avoid discussions of her stomach cramps.

Question 57

Meta-analysis of 31 studies of supportive therapy for depression (Cuijpers et al.,2012)documented:

A)no difference when compared to control conditions.
B)small effect sizes compared to control conditions.
C)moderate effect sizes compared to control conditions.
D)large effect sizes compared to control conditions.

Question 58

According to Adler,the core motive of human personality is:

A)dominance.
B)intimacy.
C)social distinction.
D)striving for superiority.

Question 59

Jung's unique contributions to psychotherapy include all of the following EXCEPT the:

A)word-association test.
B)concept of a collective unconscious.
C)sexual nature of libido.
D)introvert-extrovert distinction.

Question 60

Of the following statements,which would be LEAST consistent with the likely future direction of Adlerian therapy?

A)Adlerian therapy will gradually disappear as a distinct orientation as a result of its own success.
B)Adler's influence will be represented in the cognitive and behavioral therapies it inspired.
C)Adlerian therapy will remain a distinct therapeutic approach.
D)The future impact of Adlerian therapy will probably be more indirect than direct.

Question 61

From an object relations perspective,which of the following is a paramount influence on identity development?

A)Intrapsychic conflicts
B)Conflict-free spheres of the ego
C)Pleasure seeking libido
D)Attachment history

Question 62

The text authors conclude that meta-analyses indicate that brief psychodynamic therapy:

A)is less effective than other treatments,but superior to no treatment.
B)is not always superior to no treatment,and sometimes as effective as other treatments.
C)just as effective as alternative treatments,and definitely superior to no treatment.
D)is more effective than no treatment,and slightly better than other treatments.

Question 63

Larry is a 42-year-old divorced and self-employed businessman who recently lost his business to bankruptcy and has limited financial resources.He presents with worsening anxiety,depression,variable self-esteem,and defensive reactivity when asked to reflect on his emotional and relationship experiences.Which of the following psychodynamic therapies is most likely to be recommended for Larry?

A)Object-relations therapy
B)Insight oriented/exploratory therapy
C)Supportive therapy
D)Ego analysis

Question 64

The text authors summarize evidence suggesting that short-term psychodynamic therapy may be especially beneficial for which of the following clinical groups?

A)Personality disorders
B)Neurotic disorders
C)Adjustment disorders
D)Mood disorders

Question 65

In contrast to more intensive,insight-oriented therapy,supportive therapy is generally indicated when a patient shows:

A)limited psychological mindedness.
B)intrapsychic conflicts.
C)a capacity for healthy relationships.
D)clinically significant psychological symptoms.

Question 66

Several meta-analyses suggest that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy seem to:

A)endure much longer than other therapies.
B)decrease over time.
C)increase with time.
D)be confounded by the allegiance effect.

Question 67

The text authors offer four forecasts about the future of psychodynamic psychotherapy.These include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)The primacy of the Oedipal complex will continue to give way to the primacy of early attachments.
B)Future training will focus on preparation of brief psychodynamic therapists.
C)There will be continued resistance to submitting psychodynamic therapy to empirical study.
D)The treatment focus will shift from neurotic disorders to more complex disorders like personality and trauma disorders.

Question 68

Meta-analysis of comparative studies including complicated patients suggest that long-term psychodynamic therapy is:

A)less effective than shorter forms of treatment.
B)much more effective than shorter forms of treatment.
C)less effective at termination,but more effective after one year than shorter forms of treatment.
D)as effective or slightly more effective than shorter forms of treatment.

Question 69

When interpreting effect size statistics by Cohen's standard,an effect size of .60 would be considered:

A)insignificant.
B)small.
C)medium.
D)large.

Question 70

What is a meta-analysis?

A)A statistical method for combining the results of many studies
B)A method for combining multiple case studies across different therapy systems
C)The analysis provided by a supervising analyst
D)A method for measuring changes in behavior in individual therapy

Question 71

According to Winnicott,which of the following helps to cultivate a child's internalization of the continuing presence of parental love?

A)Mirroring
B)Normal symbiosis
C)Transitional objects
D)Introjection

Question 72

Numerous meta-analytic studies have documented that brief psychodynamic therapy with adults produces:

A)large effects compared to wait-list controls.
B)large effects compared to behavior therapy.
C)large effects compared to other established therapies.
D)large effects but mostly due to the allegiance bias.

Question 73

The object-relations theorist who stressed the centrality of "good enough" mothering in a holding environment was:

A)Margaret Mahler.
B)David Winnicott .
C)Otto Kernberg.
D)Heinz Kohut.

Question 74

In one review of 29 studies involving treatment comparisons,Luborsky and colleagues (1999)found that the allegiance effect accounted for what percentage of the variance in reported outcome?

A)About one-fifth
B)About one-half
C)About two-thirds
D)About four-fifths

Question 75

In a randomized controlled trial comparing Kernberg's transference-focused psychotherapy,dialectical behavior therapy,and supportive therapy for patients with borderline personality disorder,results indicated that patients in:

A)dialectical behavior therapy were more improved than those in transference-focused psychotherapy or supportive therapy.
B)transference-focused therapy were more improved than those in dialectical behavior or supportive therapy.
C)both dialectical behavior or transference-focused therapy improved to the same degree but were more improved than those in supportive therapy.
D)each of the three therapies improved to an equivalent degree.

Question 76

According to Winnicott,the developmental value of a holding environment is that it facilitates which of the following capacities?

A)To be alone and become independent
B)Psychological-mindedness
C)Splitting off of bad self-images
D)Introjection

Question 77

If a patient experiences a particularly stressful life event in the midst of an expressive-exploratory psychotherapy,a psychodynamic therapist would most likely switch to which of the following approaches?

A)Object relations
B)Supportive
C)Lifestyle analysis
D)Transference focused