Deck 32: Fungi

Question 1

In what way are bacteria and fungi similar?

A)Ecological function
B)Cell wall components
C)Design of the nucleus
D)Ribosome structure

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Why are microsporidia so hard to classify?

A)When compared to other eukaryotic organisms, microsporidia are extremely small.
B)The intracellular parasitic lifestyle greatly reduces the need for functional organelles.
C)They lack nuclei.
D)They are very rare.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Alexander Fleming kept finding mold contamination that was killing his bacterial cultures.This observation eventually lead to the development of the antibiotic penicillin.Why would a fungus produce a compound that is selectively toxic to bacteria?

A)Fungi eat bacteria.
B)Fungi are killed by bacterial toxins.
C)Fungi compete with bacteria for resources.
D)Killing bacteria is an accident.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The symbiotic relationship between green algae or cyanobacteria and fungi produce _________________.

Question 5

Which molecule would be an indicator of fungal contamination in a drug preparation?

A)Cellulose
B)Collagen
C)Chitin
D)Deoxyribose

Question 6

What type of symbiotic relationship is exemplified by mycorrhizal fungi?

A)Mutualism
B)Commensalism
C)Parasitism
D)Atavism

Question 7

Fungi are ecologically important for all of the following reasons, except

A)They break down organic materials and return them to the ecosystem.
B)All can exist in symbiotic relationships.
C)Some can ferment and produce bread, beer, wine, cheese, and soy sauce.
D)Some cause diseases in plants and animals.

Question 8

The fungal group that is most closely related to ancestral fungi are the

A)Zygomycota.
B)Chytridomycota.
C)Ascomycota.
D)Basidomycota.

Question 9

In leaf cutter ant colonies, the ants clip leaves to feed a fungus garden and then the ants feed on the fungus.Is this a mutualistic relationship?

A)No, the ants are parasites on both the leaves and fungus.
B)Yes, the ants and the trees are in a mutualistic relationship.
C)No, the ants are leaf parasites but have no relationship with the fungus.
D)Yes, the ants and the fungus are engaged in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship.

Question 10

What type of symbiotic relationship is exemplified by athlete's foot?

A)Mutualism
B)Commensalism
C)Parasitism
D)Atavism

Question 11

Why are fungi used to clean oil spills?

A)Fungi use the hydrocarbons in oil instead of CO₂ during photosynthesis.
B)The chemicals in oil kill off the fungus's competitors.
C)Fungi use the organic molecules in the oil as food.
D)Fungi store the hydrocarbons in their large central vacuoles.

Question 12

A symbiotic association between a fungus and a green alga or a cyanobacterium is called a

A)lichen.
B)mycorrhiza.
C)protist.
D)kelp.

Question 13

Baker's yeast is a single-celled ascomycete that is used in bread making.Why does yeast make bread dough rise?

A)Yeast cells suck in air when trapped in dough.
B)Carbon dioxide is produced during fermentation.
C)Multiplication of yeast physically expands the dough.
D)The fungal cells burst causes the dough to expand.

Question 14

A type of fungi that has been long useful for baking, brewing, and wine making, and is now becoming very important in genetic research is _____.

Question 15

Fungi exist mainly in the form of slender filaments, barely visible to the naked eye, which are called _______.

Question 16

A mass of hyphae in an ascomycete is commonly referred to as a(n)

A)mycelium.
B)mycorrhizae.
C)conidium.
D)sporangium.

Question 17

Specialized symbiotic associations between the roots of plants and fungi are called

A)lichens.
B)hyphal associations.
C)heterokaryotic junctions.
D)mycorrhizae.

Question 18

The system of fungal filaments that penetrates and grows through the substrate is called a(n)

A)exoskeleton.
B)hyphal compartment.
C)mushroom.
D)mycelium.

Question 19

Why are neocallimastigomycetes being studied for biofuel production?

A)They can ferment glucose into alcohol.
B)They can release fermentable sugars from structural polysaccharides.
C)They can generate methane.
D)They provide energy to power fermentation.

Question 20

Fungal hyphae in which two genetically distinct kinds of nuclei occur together are said to be __________.

Question 21

Arbuscular mycorrhizae are characterized by all of the following features except

A)They are the most common mycorrhizal type.
B)Fungal hyphae penetrate plant root cells.
C)They are seen in the earliest vascular plant fossils.
D)The fungus can associate with several species of plants.

Question 22

The only diploid cell of the life cycle of basidiomycetes is produced within the basidium by

A)mitosis.
B)meiosis.
C)karyogamy.
D)ascus bursting.

Question 23

Lichens are adversely affected by

A)humidity.
B)sunlight.
C)pollution.
D)sexual reproduction of the fungal partner.

Question 24

A mycologist visits your biology class and discusses her research on a particular fungus that lives on the bark of damaged spruce trees.She explains that the fungal hyphae of her research organism is heterokaryotic.You raise your hand and request that she define that word.Her correct response is

A)heterokaryotic means that the nuclei of the fungal hyphae are genetically the same.
B)heterokaryotic means that the nuclei of each compartment of the hyphae are genetically distinct.
C)heterokaryotic means that each compartment of the hyphae contain two distinct nuclei.
D)heterokaryotic means that each compartment of the hyphae contains only one nucleus.

Question 25

All of the following are reproductive structures found in some fungi except

A)ascus.
B)basidium.
C)sporangiophore.
D)mycorrhiza.

Question 26

Select the incorrect statement related to fungi.

A)All fungi secrete digestive enzymes and practice external digestion.
B)Some fungi can break down cellulose into its glucose subunits.In addition, some fungi are predaceous.
C)One method of reproduction in fungi is by flagellated sperm.Water is a requirement for those particular fungi to reproduce.
D)Some fungi are able to grow to many hectares in size.

Question 27

Which of the phyla of fungi is incorrectly matched with its example?

A)Ascomycota-yeast
B)Basidiomycota-rust
C)Zygomycota-bread mold
D)Ascomycota-mushrooms

Question 28

Ectomycorrhizae, associations in which the fungal hyphae surround but do not penetrate the cell walls of the plant roots, usually involve

A)ascomycetes.
B)basidiomycetes.
C)zygomycetes.
D)ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.

Question 29

A mature walled ascus of an ascomycete usually contains

A)eight diploid nuclei.
B)eight haploid nuclei.
C)many multinucleate conidia.
D)an egg and a sperm.

Question 30

Asexual reproduction in ascomycetes takes place by means of

A)ascogonia.
B)ascospores.
C)conidia.
D)motile gametes.

Question 31

Diploid cells of animals and plants are genetically similar to fungal

A)monokaryotic hyphae.
B)dikaryotic hyphae (1n+1n).
C)homokaryotic hyphae.
D)spores.

Question 32

Lichens are mutualisms between

A)yeast and another fungi.
B)fungi and an alga.
C)fungi and a green plant.
D)fungi and a mycorrhizae.

Question 33

The rusts and smuts that seriously affect crop plants are

A)ascomycetes.
B)zygomycetes.
C)chytrids.
D)basidiomycetes.

Question 34

Which of the following fungi usually form arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in which the outer cells of the plant roots are penetrated by the fungal hyphae?

A)ascomycetes
B)glomeromycetes
C)deuteromycetes
D)basidiomycetes

Question 35

The fruiting structures formed by secondary mycelia of basidiomycetes are known as

A)mushrooms.
B)yeasts.
C)lichen.
D)ascocarps.

Question 36

Mycorrhizae, specialized symbiotic associations between the roots of plants and fungi, are characteristic of

A)all plants.
B)about 90% of all plants.
C)about 60% of all plants.
D)about 40% of all plants.

Question 37

The fungi that cause serious plant disease, such as Dutch elm disease and chestnut blight, belong to the phylum

A)Ascomycota.
B)Zygomycota.
C)Imperfect fungi.
D)Basidiomycota.

Question 38

The most economically useful unicellular fungi are

A)basidiomycetes.
B)actinomycetes.
C)yeasts.
D)mushrooms.

Question 39

A division of fungi that lacks septa in their hyphae except when they form sporangia or gametangia is the

A)ascomycetes.
B)zygomycetes.
C)chytridomycetes
D)basidiomycetes.

Question 40

The body of a fungus has several characteristics.One of these is their hyphae, long chains of cells.Which of the following statements best describes the nature of septa and cross walls?

A)Septa of the cross walls are formed on the outside of fungal cells and give the fungal body more rigidity.
B)Septa form cross walls between the long chains of cells that make up hyphae.
C)The cross wall within the nuclear membrane of every fungal body forms septa.
D)Spores of fungi that are formed within reproductive structures have cross walls separated by septa.

Question 41

One major difference between ectomycorrhizae and arbuscular mycorrhizae is

A)ectomycorrhizae are parasitic on plant roots while arbuscular mycorrhizae are not.
B)ectomycorrhizae do not penetrate plant roots; arbuscular mycorrhizae penetrate plant roots.
C)ectomycorrhizae are more common on plant roots than arbuscular mycorrhizae.
D)ectomycorrhizae form mutualisms while arbuscular mycorrhizae are parasitic.

Question 42

Which one of the following fungal groups has an alternation of multicellular gametophyte and sporophyte generations?

A)Zygomycetes
B)Ascomycetes
C)Blastocladiomycota
D)Chytridiomycetes

Question 43

In the life cycle of a zygomycete, after the zygospore is formed, the next event will be

A)mitosis.
B)meiosis.
C)plasmogamy.
D)karyogamy.

Question 44

Ruminant animals have symbiotic fungi which

A)digest cellulose and lignin.
B)infect milk-producing glands, fermenting the milk.
C)produce toxins in muscle tissue.
D)produce natural antibiotics.

Question 45

Recent phylogenetic analysis has provided evidence to justify classifying microsporidians as fungi.

Question 46

Comparisons of DNA sequences have revealed that glomeromycetes are not in the same clade as the zygomycetes.

Question 47

In basidiomycetes the _______ is diploid.

A)basidium
B)primary mycelium
C)secondary mycelium
D)zygote

Question 48

Which one of the following terms best applies to the fungus participant in a typical lichen?

A)Mutualist
B)Ectomycorrhizal fungus
C)Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus
D)Epiparasite

Question 49

How does fungal mitosis differ from animal mitosis?

A)Cytokinesis only occurs in fungal mitosis.
B)The nuclear envelope remains intact in fungal mitosis.
C)The spindle apparatus is unique to fungal mitosis.
D)Fungi only undergo meiosis, true mitosis is only found in animals.

Question 50

A nonphotosynthetic plant sharing a mycorrhizal fungus with a photosynthetic plant is best described as a

A)mutualist.
B)epiparasite.
C)parasite.
D)host.

Question 51

Zygospores are used to resist harsh conditions.