Deck 2: Society and Culture

Question 1

Bob works overtime and he therefore cannot spend as much time with his children as he would like. He feels guilty but knows that if he does not work overtime he could lose his job. This situation is an example of

A) role conflict.
B) role fatigue.
C) role overload.
D) conflicting subordinate statuses.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The status that dominates and explains all of the other statuses a person has is called an)

A) master status.
B) achieved status.
C) ascribed role.
D) transitional status.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is part of the concept of society?

A) a collection of interacting persons who share culture and territory
B) a collection of people who share culture and territory, but who do not interact
C) a group of people who share a way of life
D) the different patterns of social interaction

Answer 3

A

Question 4

If a collection of people share some characteristics, interact with each other, and have some feelings of unity, they make up a

A) reference group.
B) social network.
C) formal organization.
D) social group.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of people in horticultural societies?

A) permanent settlements
B) the absence of a sexual division of labor
C) a shorter life expectancy than hunter-gathers
D) the common experience of warfare

Question 6

In an agricultural society there is a centralization of

A) farming.
B) food distribution.
C) animal usage.
D) political control.

Question 7

Generally, pastoral people are

A) fiercely independent and inclined to scorn land boundaries.
B) fiercely dependent on others within an area of land.
C) dependent on hunting-gathering technology.
D) dependent on agriculture.

Question 8

What is the driving force behind sociocultural evolution?

A) religious movements
B) food-producing technology
C) political forces
D) powerful kinds and political leaders

Question 9

Mary is a professor at a large university. She not only is expected to teach classes but must attend conferences, serve on committees and do research. All of these responsibilities associated with the status of professor are called

A) role strain.
B) roles sets.
C) conflicting roles.
D) status conflict.

Question 10

The positions people occupy in a group or society are called

A) roles.
B) statuses.
C) groups.
D) norms.

Question 11

Roberta is the manager of a bank and when she goes to work she must deal with the many expectations of her job. These expectations make up her

A) group.
B) social network.
C) social role.
D) institution.

Question 12

Prescribed roles specifically refer to

A) how people actually behave in a situation.
B) norms or expectations concerning how a person should behave.
C) behaviors we have with us from birth.
D) how people behave in organizations or formal groups.

Question 13

Herman played on a softball team and was a Sunday School teacher. However, his main commitment was to his job. His softball and church activities are called his

A) master statuses.
B) ascribed statuses.
C) subordinate statuses.
D) group memberships.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about Hunting and Gathering societies is false?

A) These societies hunt animals and gather plants.
B) Sjaromg food is a central value of these societies.
C) These societies domesticate animals.
D) These societies are patriarchal.

Question 15

Secondary groups are more commonly found in

A) small preliterate societies.
B) midsize, economically diverse societies.
C) small, national societies.
D) large, industrial societies.

Question 16

The process of changing from a technologically simple society to a more complex one with significant consequences for social and cultural life is called

A) group behavior.
B) socio-economic change.
C) sociocultural evolution.
D) social change.

Question 17

Societies can function despite differences and conflicts due to a foundation composed of

A) a normative structure.
B) social interaction.
C) statuses, roles, groups and institutions.
D) community.

Question 18

Positions we are born into, such as sex and race, are called

A) ascribed roles.
B) achieved roles.
C) ascribed statuses.
D) achieved statuses.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is the definition of ʺsocial institutionʺ?

A) the process by which individuals act toward and react to each other
B) the stable sets of widely shared beliefs, norms, and procedures that are organized to satisfy basic needs
C) the recurring patterns of social structures that lead to social stratification
D) two or more people who interact with each other and share a sense of community

Question 20

In horticultural societies, the existence of a food surplus gives rise to

A) social equality.
B) social inequality.
C) widespread prosperity.
D) widespread poverty.

Question 21

When norms are formalized and written down, they have become

A) laws.
B) mores.
C) values.
D) religious beliefs.

Question 22

Even though social institutions are very beneficial to a society, they tend to support the status quo and are resistant to

A) expansion.
B) change.
C) traditionalism.
D) conflict.

Question 23

Laura was an anthropologist who was studying a tribe that lived in a remote area of New Guinea. She discovered that the focus of the tribeʹs religion was spirits whom they believed lived in the trees. The tribeʹs religion would be part of their culture.

A) material
B) nonmaterial
C) primitive
D) evolutionary

Question 24

One way sociologists can discover a peopleʹs values is by

A) asking persons what norms they believe in.
B) observing the way people actually behave.
C) observing the sacred rules followed by the elderly.
D) studying the official laws of the peopleʹs government.

Question 25

In post-industrialized societies, technology has

A) transformed the society to a service producing society.
B) transformed the society to a food producing society.
C) transformed the society to an animal producing society.
D) transformed the society from a urban to a rural society.

Question 26

According to the multiculturalists, if you believe that Christopher Columbus is a hero, you are

A) anti-cultural.
B) a cultural relativist.
C) Afrocentric.
D) Eurocentric.

Question 27

Overall, the textʹs author argues that popular culture is

A) a mirror of the status quo.
B) a corrupter of the status quo.
C) the creator of moral decay.
D) not an important part of culture.

Question 28

American popular culture

A) promotes gender inequality.
B) does not have a global impact.
C) has a powerful global influence.
D) is morally decadent and harmful.

Question 29

Treating the elderly with respect infers that the Japanese

A) value youth.
B) value old age.
C) value all relatives.
D) value marriage.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a change created by industrialization?

A) a change in the function of institutions
B) a great improvement in human life
C) an increase in religious beliefs
D) a decrease in the likelihood for war

Question 31

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis about language and culture suggests that

A) no two societies have identical languages.
B) societies can have different languages but perceive the world in identical ways.
C) language shapes the ways in which people perceive the world.
D) language has no effect on how people perceive the world.

Question 32

Lisa attended her friendʹs wedding wearing cut-off jeans and a tank top. When the minister began the ceremony, Lisa whistled and cheered. Lisaʹs mode of dress and behavior at the wedding was a violation of societyʹs

A) folkways.
B) mores.
C) laws.
D) expectations.

Question 33

Relatively unsophisticated artistic creations that appeal to the masses of a society is the definition of

A) real culture.
B) popular culture.
C) big culture.
D) subculture.

Question 34

Culture is

A) a sophisticated knowledge of opera and literature.
B) a design for living.
C) people interacting with one another in a pattern way.
D) abstract ideas that influence people but not tangible objects.

Question 35

Practices found in all cultures are called

A) cultural instincts.
B) cultural variations.
C) cultural universals.
D) cultural changes.

Question 36

If a law does not have normative support it is

A) easier to enforce.
B) unpopular but enforceable.
C) very difficult to enforce.
D) in conflict with the values.

Question 37

Sally was very pleased when she receive a perfect attendance certificate at the end of the school year. The certificate is an example of aan)

A) informal sanction.
B) positive sanction.
C) negative sanction.
D) folkway.

Question 38

According to the author of the text, minority-centered views

A) challenge Eurocentrists to recognize minority contributions.
B) foster self-esteem for Eurocentrists.
C) limit Eurocentrists perspectives of minorities.
D) result in confusion.

Question 39

A language, gesture, or sound that stands for some other thing is known as a

A) symbol.
B) belief.
C) instinct.
D) norm.

Question 40

According to the author of the text, American values

A) have changed greatly over the past 20 years.
B) have declined to be important to society.
C) have been less beneficial to the U.S. society than other countries with different societies.
D) have been more beneficial to the U.S. society than other countries with different values.

Question 41

According to the text, evidence shows that Americans are working harder than before.

Question 42

A value is a socially shared idea about what is good, desirable, or important.

Question 43

The belief that cultures can only be judged on their own merits and standards is called

A) cultural universal.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) cultural relativism.
D) a positive sanction.

Question 44

Primary group is a group whose members interact formally, relate to each other as players of particular roles, and expect to profit from each other.

Question 45

Symbolic interactionists tend to stress the importance of culture as

A) a consequence of human behavior.
B) a product of human creation.
C) a reflection of the ruling class.
D) a part of society.

Question 46

The attitude that oneʹs own culture is superior to that of others is called

A) cultural relativism.
B) prejudice.
C) ethnocentrism.
D) multiculturalism.

Question 47

Condoleezza Riceʹs position as National Security Advisor in the Bush administration is an ascribed status, and her status as an African American and a women are achieved.

Question 48

Cultural practices like language and food-gathering exist in all cultures because

A) all humans have the same survival needs.
B) all cultures have had some contact with each other.
C) genetically, we all behave in largely the same way.
D) humans need to get along with each other.

Question 49

According to the perspective, culture as a guide to humans is fixed, but as a product of humans it is ever changing.

A) structural functionalist
B) conflict
C) symbolic interactionist
D) cultural ecologist

Question 50

According to the conflict perspective, culture

A) is basically neutral.
B) is determined by elements of the physical environment.
C) reflects a consensus of a societyʹs values and mores.
D) reflects the interest of the rich and powerful in society.

Question 51

Ascribed status is a status that is attained through an individualʹs own actions.

Question 52

The functional perspective explains cultural practices by looking at

A) the purpose of the practice serves for society as a whole.
B) the role of environment on behavior.
C) the consistency of behaviors over time.
D) what the practice means to be a particular individual.

Question 53

Knowledge is a collection of relatively objective ideas and facts about the physical and social worlds.

Question 54

is the view of the world from the standpoint of African culture.

A) Ethnocentrism
B) Athnocentrism
C) Afrocentrism
D) Eurocentrism

Question 55

Pastoral society produces food so efficiently that high technology and service industry dominate it.

Question 56

Sociologists have difficulty accepting the Darwinian theory called

A) cultural relativism.
B) sociobiology.
C) natural selection.
D) ethnocentrism.

Question 57

Samuel Huntington suggested that cultural differences are the source of international conflict. According to Huntington, the most common difference is

A) individualism.
B) economics.
C) political.
D) language.

Question 58

Afrocentrism is the view of the world from the standpoint of African culture.

Question 59

Hunter-gatherers move about in search of food.

Question 60

According to the text, we feel role strain if we have to play two conflicting roles from the same status.

Question 61

Postindustrial societies are dominated by technology and industries.

Question 62

We will experience if we simultaneously play two conflicting roles from two different statuses.

Question 63

According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, our language makes us see the world in a certain way.

Question 64

Multiculturalism is a state in which all subcultures in the same society are equal to one another.

Question 65

The attitude that oneʹs culture is superior to other ways of life is called .

Question 66

A practice found in all cultures and used as a means to meet the same human need is called a
.

Question 67

An) is a collection of people who interact with one another and have a certain feeling of unity.

Question 68

statuses are given to us independently of what we do.

Question 69

Statuses that are given to us based on what we do, rather than who we are, are called
statuses.

Question 70

is a word, gesture, music, or anything that stands for some other thing.

Question 71

A new Darwinian theory called , argues that human behavior is genetically determined.

Question 72

Judy begins a new job as a nurse. Her supervisor expects her to be on time and take good care of her patients. These expectations make up her role.

Question 73

A belief is an idea that is relatively subjective, unreliable, or unverifiable.

Question 74

A sanction is a reward for conformity to norms or punishment for violation of norms.

Question 75

In 1872, was the first black vice-presidential candidate, running on the ticket of the Equal Rights Party

Question 76

societies produce food primarily by using machinery.

Question 77

is a design for living that includes knowledge, art, law, custom, and other habits we have as members of a society.

Question 78

is the view of the world from European culture.

Question 79

According to the text, both functionalist and conflict perspectives provide a structural view of culture as largely capable of constraining us.

Question 80

is the belief that a culture must be understood on its own terms.