Deck 15: Social Change

Question 1

Fashions are examples of collective behaviors because they

A) combine brief, intense enthusiasm.
B) combine information in novel ways.
C) lead to permanent and enduring patterns of social change.
D) move down the social hierarchy.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Crazes are different than fads because crazes

A) are a little bizarre.
B) have serious social consequences.
C) involve more people.
D) have a longer life.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

All of the following are characteristics of crowds EXCEPT

A) uncertainty.
B) a sense of urgency.
C) members tend to be critical.
D) permissiveness.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of collective behavior?

A) persons attending a church on Sunday
B) groups of students going to classes
C) students protesting cuts in welfare programs
D) masses of people hurrying to work in the morning

Question 5

Social contagion in a crowd is accelerated through imitation, suggestibility, and

A) panic.
B) emergent norms.
C) circular reaction.
D) coercion.

Question 6

The least structured and rarest form of collective behavior is

A) a lynch mob.
B) a craze.
C) an acting crowd.
D) panic.

Question 7

A television commercial employs a former Olympic gold medalist to endorse a brand of cereal. The commercial is using what propaganda technique to sway the public?

A) name-calling
B) testimonial
C) card-stacking
D) bandwagon

Question 8

Institutionalized behavior is predictable and well-organized as opposed to behavior that is unpredictable and unorganized.

A) collective
B) group
C) individual
D) crowd

Question 9

If a countryʹs government tries to convince its citizens that a war is necessary for defending democracy and freedom it is using which of the following kinds of propaganda techniques?

A) transfer
B) testimonial
C) name calling
D) glittering generality

Question 10

What distinguishes the public from a crowd?

A) A public is more homogeneous.
B) A crowd is more dispersed.
C) A public is a dispersed collection of people.
D) A public is better educated and more diverse.

Question 11

In July 1990, a large group of pilgrims to the Holy City of Mecca were trapped in a tunnel when the lights went out. The resulting stampede led to the death of 1426 people. This event is an example of a

A) religious movement.
B) social scare.
C) craze.
D) panic.

Question 12

If numerous people engage in a frenzied activity without bothering to check the source of their anxiety, they are engaged in

A) a social movement.
B) a panic.
C) mass hysteria.
D) social behavior.

Question 13

The majority of the people who were in the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, survived the inferno. Hadley Cantril would suggest that these people survived because they most likely had

A) personal adequacy.
B) critical inability.
C) critical ability.
D) personal inadequacy.

Question 14

Rumors tend to thrive in totalitarian societies where

A) people trust the government.
B) an issue is important and the government share information.
C) people have little to do but talk.
D) the media is control by the government.

Question 15

When a collection of people temporarily do something while in proximity to one another they are considered members of a

A) social movement.
B) crowd.
C) panic.
D) social change.

Question 16

Social change is

A) usually spontaneous.
B) always violent.
C) the alternation of society over time.
D) more structured than collective behavior.

Question 17

A fire breaks out in a hotel and a mother and child jump out of a window on the twentieth floor. The mother probably experienced

A) mass hysteria.
B) panic.
C) craze.
D) imitation.

Question 18

When Le Bon said that a crowd has a ʺcollective mindʺ he meant that

A) an acting crowd is homogeneous in though and action.
B) members of an acting crowd think and behave in individual ways.
C) the crowd consists of people with the same occupation.
D) people with different personalities cannot be turned into a ʺcollective mind.ʺ

Question 19

The theory that crowds act as they do by developing new norms appropriate to the situation is called

A) collective mind theory.
B) emergent norm theory.
C) majestic norm theory.
D) equilibrium theory.

Question 20

Fashions occur in the U.S. because what is new is good; they serve as status symbols; and they change almost annually in order

A) for lower classes to conform.
B) for merchants to increase their sales.
C) for the upper class to keep up appearances.
D) for designers to keep working.

Question 21

Consequences of social movements include all of the following EXCEPT

A) influence public policy.
B) end war.
C) create new institutions.
D) achieve immediate goals.

Question 22

Followers of New Age religions believe that all people have god in them and need to express their spirituality at all times. They often attempt to spread their belief to everyone they meet through speeches and books. They are an example of an) movement.

A) expressive
B) reform
C) resistance
D) revolutionary

Question 23

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between tradition and modernization?

A) Modernization is always in direct conflict with tradition.
B) Tradition disappears once a society becomes fully developed or modern.
C) Tradition can in some instances facilitate the process of modernization.
D) If people refuse to give up their traditions, modernization will occur but at a significantly slower pace.

Question 24

According to Arnold Toynbeeʹs challenge and response theory of social change, civilization arises out of

A) responses to the natural environment.
B) successful responses to the challenges of the environment.
C) changes in the environmental life cycle.
D) strong leadership and appropriate technology.

Question 25

The changes that accompany the shift from an agricultural society to an industrialized one are called

A) revolution.
B) social change.
C) modernization.
D) social emergence.

Question 26

Modern evolutionary theorists believe that societies tend to

A) change gradually form simple to complex forms.
B) experience irregular and uneven change.
C) experience change in different ways.
D) repeat change on an annual cycle.

Question 27

Modern evolutionary theorists now realize that

A) evolution is unilinear.
B) a modern lifestyle is not always an improvement over a traditional one.
C) all societies improve when they progress from simple to complex forms.
D) even though societies evolve in different ways, the types of adaptations they make to their environment is similar.

Question 28

During the Gulf War, the U.S. exhibited two types of power that Joseph Nye called

A) military and persuasive power.
B) political and legal power.
C) business and referent power.
D) international and persuasive power.

Question 29

Sociologists Gerald Lenski and Patrick Wolar found that industrializing agricultural societies such as South Korea showed higher levels of development than industrializing horticultural societies such as Ghana. Their finds support the theory of social change.

A) cyclical
B) evolutionary
C) revolutionary
D) modernization

Question 30

Before a social movement can develop certain conditions must exist. The first condition is

A) social conditions that produce frustration among masses of people.
B) some support from middle or upper class people.
C) the involvement of large interest groups who must focus legislative attention on the issue.
D) the organization of bands of persons to work for the movement.

Question 31

The Civil Rights Movement is an example of a social movement that is

A) not coordinated.
B) enduring and structured.
C) unstructured and short-lived.
D) an expressive movement.

Question 32

One criticism of the resource mobilization theory of social movements is that the theory virtually ignores the role of in the start of social movements.

A) human resources
B) charismatic leaders
C) access to the media
D) discontent

Question 33

theory emphasizes the growing separation between Western and non -Western cultures.

A) Divergence
B) Neo-colonialism
C) Convergence
D) Resource mobilization

Question 34

Herbert Spencerʹs classic evolutionary theory was given a boost by its similarity to

A) Marxʹs class conflict theory.
B) Spenglerʹs majestic cycles theory.
C) Darwinʹs theory of biological evolution.
D) neo-evolutionary theories.

Question 35

Collective behavior that has a purpose, is fairly highly structured and tends to last more than a year is called a social

A) evolution.
B) reform.
C) expression.
D) movement.

Question 36

Pitrim Sorkinʹs principle of immanent change emphasizes that the most powerful cause of change is

A) external rather than internal.
B) from within the society.
C) located in the physical environment.
D) ideas and material conditions.

Question 37

The convergence theory of modernization assumes that modernization

A) will produce a world society.
B) will strengthen nationalism.
C) is variable in its impact and process.
D) crystallizes the uniqueness and strength of each culture.

Question 38

The mediaʹs power to influence public opinion is basically because the media

A) gives the public the information they want to hear.
B) serve as gatekeepers of information.
C) is influenced by the government.
D) is not censored by the government.

Question 39

In Saudi Arabia, gambling, movies, and dancing are forbidden and heavily punished. The basis of these rules is

A) modernization.
B) capitalism.
C) Islam.
D) nationalism.

Question 40

Which of the following statements about modernization is true?

A) Modernization inevitably destroys tradition.
B) Tradition and industrialization always clash.
C) Tradition has had a positive impact on modernization in countries like Japan and India.
D) In India, the native cultures have lost influence among Westernized elites.

Question 41

Discontent, if deep enough, can bring about a social movement by itself.

Question 42

Itʹs better not to listen to rumors because they are always false.

Question 43

Sensate culture stresses empirical evidence or science as the path to knowledge and urges people to favor practical, materialistic and hedonistic way of life.

Question 44

According to symbolic interactionist theory, when society changes to create a new social order

A) change in other areas will occur.
B) a revolution will occur.
C) people will define their world differently.
D) equilibrium will be disturbed.

Question 45

Modernization is the form of social change that involves transformation of an agricultural society into an industrial one.

Question 46

According to the text, a crowd seems to have a collective mind, with all its members thinking, feeling and acting alike.

Question 47

If you are watching a humorous movie in a theater, how often you laugh depends solely on how funny you think the movie is.

Question 48

Which theory of social change emphasizes how various parts of society work together to maintain the stability of the whole?

A) conflict theory
B) cyclical theory
C) equilibrium theory
D) challenge and response theory

Question 49

Talcott Parson is associated with the equilibrium theory.

Question 50

The alteration of society over time is called .

A) social development
B) social panic
C) social movement
D) social change

Question 51

Communication tailored to influence opinion is called .

A) public opinion
B) rumor
C) propaganda
D) statement

Question 52

Modernization always threatens or destroys tradition.

Question 53

Hilda is a sociologist who is interested in studying social change. She believes that one major source of change is politically oppressed people joining together to create new social arrangements. She is probably most allied with

A) the conflict view.
B) the evolutionary theory.
C) equilibrium positions.
D) the theory of revolutionary cycles.

Question 54

People in traditional societies tend to define themselves as an integral part of a group, but people in modern societies tend to define themselves as free and independent. These differences show that

A) self-definitions are determined by economic structure.
B) social change has a great impact on an individualʹs worldview.
C) self-definitions stay about the same despite social change.
D) the conflict perspective on social change is about right.

Question 55

Talcott Parsons believed that social changes was not an overthrow of the old but new elements integrated into aspects of the old society. He called this process

A) balance and stability.
B) the cyclical theory.
C) a moving equilibrium.
D) the evolutionary theory.

Question 56

Social change is the alteration of society over time.

Question 57

Marx believed that workers would revolt against a capitalist society. This has not occurred because Marx failed to anticipate all of the following EXCEPT

A) the emergence of multinational companies.
B) the emergence of a large middle class.
C) the government improving conditions for workers.
D) the emergence of a welfare state.

Question 58

The author of the text predicts that within the next decade the U.S. society will take on some new demographic characteristics. They include all of the following EXCEPT

A) more jobs that require intellectual skills rather than physical skill.
B) baby boomers reaching retirement age.
C) social diversity will become more nonwhite than white.
D) the largest minority group will be Asian.

Question 59

Since 1990, the gap between rich and poor in the United States has narrowed as a result of increasing economic growth.

Question 60

According to equilibrium theory, a change in one part of society

A) results in an evolutionary pattern of development.
B) is always functional for that society.
C) creates class conflict.
D) produces compensatory changes throughout the society.

Question 61

Panic sometimes takes the form of , in which numerous people engage in frenzied activity without bothering to check the source of their fear.

Question 62

is the collection of ideas and attitudes shared by the members of a particular public.

Question 63

If Jane tells Judy a story that she never verified, she is spreading an) .

Question 64

There are two kinds of social behavior- collective and .

Question 65

In most crowds, people are typically anonymous to each other and a disaster will cause them to panic and behave destructively.

Question 66

behavior, such as fads or crazes, is both spontaneous and unstructured.

Question 67

is a crowd trait that allows members to express feelings they would suppress under ordinary circumstances.

Question 68

According to the text, a large minority of aging boomers are struggling with their finances.

Question 69

The wearing of the logo ʺI Love New Yorkʺ after the 9-11-2000 terrorist attacks is considered by sociologists to be an) .

Question 70

The theory has been criticized for ignoring the place of frustration in social movements.

Question 71

The Ku Klux Klan is an example of an) .

Question 72

German historian Oswald Spengler 1880-1936) was the first to make the cyclical assumption explicit.

Question 73

Violence in most riots is contagious, virtually all participants will get involved.

Question 74

movements are conscious efforts to bring about or prevent change.

Question 75

is an unverified story that is spread from one person to another.

Question 76

The alteration of society over time is the definition of .

Question 77

The form of social change that involves the transformation of an agricultural society into an industrial one is called .

Question 78

Information that is deliberately constructed to influence opinion is called .

Question 79

A is a collection of people temporarily doing something while in proximity to one another.

Question 80

A fad is a temporary enthusiasm for an innovation less respectable than fashion.