Deck 8: Early Childhood: Physical Development

Question 1

Which of the following is true of the corpus callosum?

A)It starts developing only after the age of five.
B)Its use is limited to processing visual information.
C)It connects the brain stem to the frontal regions of the brain.
D)Its myelination is largely complete by the age of eight.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

It is an undisputable fact that handedness is associated with cognitive advantages and disadvantages.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Younger preschoolers are more likely to engage in _____ than older preschoolers.

A)sociodramatic play
B)cooperative play
C)physical play
D)role play

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Encopresis is more likely to happen during the day than at night.

Question 5

American children between the ages of one and three average eight to nine minor illnesses a year.

Question 6

Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of death in early childhood.

Question 7

Somnambulism is also known as _____.

A)bed-wetting
B)sleepwalking
C)soiling
D)sleep apnea

Question 8

Girls significantly outgrow boys in height during the preschool years.

Question 9

Sprouting refers to the development of new memories.

Question 10

Which of the following is true about motor activity in early childhood?

A)Motor activity level begins to decline after two or three years of age.
B)High motor activity ensures high intelligence quotient.
C)During childhood, girls show a decline in motor activity, whereas boys show an increase in motor activity.
D)Children become more restless with a decrease in motor activity level.

Question 11

Nathan and Joseph are chasing each other around the park and wrestling in the grass. The children are involved in _____.

A)sociodramatic play
B)onlooker play
C)creative play
D)rough-and-tumble play

Question 12

At two years of age, the brain attains 75 percent of its adult weight.

Question 13

According to Mayo Clinic, 2014, two-to-three-year-olds need 1600-2,000 calories of food per day.

Question 14

Sleep terrors usually occur during rapid-eye-movement sleep.

Question 15

Skipping is a fine motor skill and develops after gross motor skills.

Question 16

Bed-wetting tends to occur during rapid-eye-movement sleep.

Question 17

In developing countries, measles is considered a minor illness.

Question 18

Infants and young toddlers find it more difficult to recover from brain damage than adults because their brains lack plasticity.

Question 19

Plasticity of the brain is greatest at about _____.

A)four to five years of age
B)one to two years of age
C)six to seven years of age
D)eight to nine years of age

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of a gross motor skill?

A)Four-year-old Betty solves simple mathematical calculations.
B)Jon, a two-year-old, walks up the stairs, two feet to a step.
C)Mia, a three-year-old, draws vertical and horizontal lines.
D)Five-year-old Paul ties his shoelaces without help.

Question 21

Sleepwalking in children is assumed to reflect:

A)immaturity of the nervous system.
B)trouble controlling impulses.
C)general misbehavior.
D)developmental and learning disorders.

Question 22

In the context of the United States, which of the following is an example of a minor illness?

A)Tuberculosis
B)Measles
C)Pneumonia
D)Diarrhea

Question 23

Which of the following statements is true of two-year-olds?

A)They have an erratic appetite.
B)They need about 2,300 calories per day.
C)They need more calories per day than an infant.
D)They are fairly indifferent to the taste of sugar.

Question 24

Gross motor skills are the skills that:

A)are used in manipulation that involves small and precise movements.
B)are used in locomotion that involves large muscle groups.
C)are used by children when drawing images or playing a musical instrument.
D)are acquired in late childhood or early adolescence.

Question 25

In the context of height and weight gains during early childhood, as compared with infancy, _____.

A)boys and girls gain some more baby fat
B)boys and girls become more slender
C)girls as a group become heavier and taller than boys
D)girls as a group outgrow boys significantly

Question 26

Which of the following activities involves gross motor skills?

A)Painting a picture using a paintbrush
B)Stringing four beads using a large needle
C)Riding a bicycle with training wheels
D)Building a tower with six cubes

Question 27

In right-handed individuals, the left hemisphere of the brain is relatively more involved in _____ functions.

A)problem-solving
B)visual-spatial
C)aesthetic
D)emotional

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of fine motor skills?

A)Five-year-old Leah kicks a ball.
B)Two-year-old Kyron pushes and pulls large toys.
C)Four-year-old Farah rides a tricycle well.
D)Three-year-old Dana builds a tower with nine cubes.

Question 29

A possible cause of enuresis is:

A)hyperactivity of the prefrontal cortex.
B)an immature motor cortex.
C)a lack of specific neurotransmitters needed to achieve physical control.
D)a pathological connection in the diencephalon.

Question 30

Children with frequent nightmares or sleep terrors can develop__________.

A)pneumonia
B)cancer
C)diabetes
D)insomnia

Question 31

Which of the following is true of sleep terrors?

A)They are outgrown by childhood.
B)They wane as children develop.
C)They occur during rapid-eye-movement sleep.
D)They are less severe than nightmares.

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of a major childhood illness in developing countries?

A)Cold
B)Cancer
C)Tetanus
D)Viral fever

Question 33

The process of myelination of the corpus callosum is largely complete by the age of__________, enabling the integration of logical and emotional functioning.

A)two
B)six
C)four
D)eight

Question 34

Which of the following statements is true of sleep terrors?

A)They are the same as nightmares.
B)They usually occur during deep sleep.
C)They are more common in infancy than at other ages.
D)They occur frequently during late adolescence.

Question 35

Wendy is a five-year-old girl who loves to draw. Earlier, she drew combinations of basic shapes. This year, however, her drawings have begun to make more sense and can be identified as a house, a car, an apple, etc. Wendy has reached the _____ of children's artistic development.

A)pictorial stage
B)design stage
C)shape stage
D)placement stage

Question 36

Infants fed formula made with tap water may be at risk of__________.

A)lead poisoning
B)diabetes
C)arthritis
D)seasonal allergies

Question 37

Which of the following is true of childhood immunizations?

A)They are used to eliminate diseases like arthritis and diabetes.
B)They are still unavailable for diseases like rubella and diphtheria.
C)They have greatly reduced the incidence of serious childhood illnesses.
D)They have completely eliminated major childhood illnesses.

Question 38

Infants seem to be born liking the taste of__________, although they are fairly indifferent to salt.

A)cheese
B)pepper
C)sugar
D)garlic

Question 39

Which of the following is true of somnambulism?

A)It usually is more common in adults than children.
B)It usually occurs during light rapid-eye-movement sleep.
C)It causes violent agitation in children if awakened during an episode.
D)It tends to occur during deep sleep.

Question 40

In right-handed individuals, the right hemisphere of the brain is usually superior in _____.

A)logical analysis
B)visual-spatial functions
C)computation
D)problem-solving functions

Question 41

During the preschool years, _____.

A)girls as a group outgrow boys significantly
B)boys as a group become more intelligent than girls
C)boys as a group get slightly taller and heavier than girls
D)girls as a group are better than boys in physical challenges

Question 42

During a recent parent-teacher meeting, the teacher tells the parents of three-year-old Cameron that he is in the design stage of artistic development. According to the teacher, Cameron will be able to draw _____.

A)only circles
B)artistic pictures of landscapes
C)combinations of the basic shapes
D)only recognizable objects like houses and airplanes

Question 43

Which of the following statements is true of accidents?

A)Girls are more likely than boys to incur accidental injuries.
B)Poor children are more likely to die from fires than other children.
C)Poor children are less likely to die in motor vehicle accidents than other children.
D)Accidents cause less deaths than any other causes of deaths.

Question 44

Children's artistic development is _____.

A)primarily linked to the development of social skills
B)not linked to the development of gross motor skills
C)not linked to the development of fine motor skills
D)linked to the development of cognitive skills

Question 45

Harsh punishment in response to encopresis:

A)may aggravate the problem and cause anxiety.
B)causes the problem to stop immediately.
C)appears to work for boys but not for girls.
D)teaches self-control.

Question 46

When preschoolers suffer damage to certain areas of the brain, the _____ of the brain enables other areas of the brain to assume functions of the damaged parts.

A)elasticity
B)specificity
C)suppleness
D)plasticity

Question 47

Which of the following is true of handedness?

A)Some infants show no hand preference during infancy.
B)It is not influenced by genetics.
C)Identical twins have identical hand preference.
D)It is established that handedness is exclusively associated with emotional advantages.

Question 48

Sleep terrors differ from nightmares in that:

A)nightmares are more frightening.
B)sleep terrors occur during rapid-eye-movement sleep.
C)nightmares are usually outgrown.
D)sleep terrors usually occur during deep sleep.

Question 49

Unlike the left hemisphere of the brain, the right hemisphere is relatively more involved in:

A)intellectual undertakings that require logical analysis in right-handed individuals.
B)aesthetic and emotional responses in right-handed individuals.
C)problem-solving functions in left-handed individuals.
D)processing visual information in left-handed individuals.

Question 50

Which of the following statements is true of the development of motor skills in early childhood?

A)Girls are significantly better at tasks requiring gross motor skills than boys.
B)Boys are significantly better at tasks requiring precise movements than girls.
C)Fine motor skills develop at a slower rate in boys than in girls.
D)Throughout early childhood, girls and boys are similar in motor skills.

Question 51

Which of the following is a similarity between enuresis and encopresis?

A)Both are elimination disorders.
B)Both are sleep disorders.
C)Both usually become more frequent with age.
D)Both usually occur during the day.

Question 52

_____ refers to the ability to compensate for injuries to particular areas of the brain.

A)Elasticity
B)Plasticity
C)Handedness
D)Enuresis

Question 53

__________is a major childhood illness.

A)Cold
B)Vomiting
C)Cerebral palsy
D)Nausea

Question 54

Increase in brain weight during the preschool years is due to the:

A)increase in the thickness of the skull.
B)continuing myelination of nerve fibers.
C)increase in the size of the spinal cord.
D)continuing growth of the medulla.

Question 55

_____ are the skills that involve the small muscles used in manipulation and coordination.

A)Social skills
B)Gross motor skills
C)Cognitive skills
D)Fine motor skills

Question 56

Which of the following is a result of the myelination of the corpus callosum?

A)It hinders the development of the cerebellum of the brain.
B)It restricts the brain from exhibiting plasticity.
C)It helps in distinguishing between left-brained and right-brained children.
D)It enables the integration of logical and emotional functioning.

Question 57

Which of the following activities involves fine motor skills?

A)Walking up stairs, two feet to a step
B)Kicking a large ball
C)Hopping on one foot
D)Printing on easel with a brush

Question 58

Which of the following holds true for children moving from infancy into their second and third years?

A)They need to consume more carbohydrates than infants.
B)They need a significantly less intake of vitamins.
C)They need a significantly high intake of fats.
D)They need to consume fewer calories than infants.

Question 59

Which of the following is a similarity between sleep terrors and somnambulism?

A)Both take place during lighter rapid-eye-movement sleep.
B)Both involve violent agitation when awakened during an episode.
C)Both intensify as children develop.
D)Both occur during deep sleep.

Question 60

Which of the following is a difference between growth during preschool years and growth during infancy?

A)Growth during preschool years is significantly slower than growth during infancy.
B)Growth during preschool years develops only motor skills, whereas growth during infancy develops only cognitive skills.
C)Growth during preschool years is significantly faster than growth during infancy.
D)Growth during preschool years develops only cognitive skills, whereas growth during infancy develops only skills.

Question 61

Which of the following is true of gross motor skills in preschoolers?

A)They are acquired by imitating other children.
B)They are acquired exclusively through adult instruction.
C)They are acquired faster by girls than by boys.
D)They develop gradually, a bit more slowly than fine motor skills.

Question 62

Brendan is a one-year-old boy and recently suffered an injury to the part of the brain that controls language. On examining him, his neurologist says that other areas of the brain will assume functions of the damaged part and Brendan will not lose the ability to speak or understand a language. The neurologist bases this diagnosis on the _____ of Brendan's brain.

A)plasticity
B)carcinogenicity
C)elasticity
D)immunogenicity

Question 63

Briefly explain the development of the brain in the context of the left and right hemispheres.

Question 64

Describe the development of handedness in early childhood.

Question 65

Discuss the major illnesses of early childhood.

Question 66

Two-year-old Rick loves to scribble with crayons. When his mother looked at his scribbled papers, she noticed that all of Rick's squiggles were in the bottom right corner of the pages. In this scenario, Rick is in the _____ of children's artistic development.

A)pictorial stage
B)design stage
C)shape stage
D)placement stage

Question 67

By the age of five, a child's brain:

A)reaches 50 percent of its adult weight.
B)reaches 75 percent of its adult weight.
C)reaches 90 percent of its adult weight.
D)reaches 10 percent of its adult weight.

Question 68

Briefly describe rough-and-tumble play.

Question 69

Which of the following is true of bed-wetting?

A)Bed-wetting is a sign of poor parenting.
B)Bed-wetting increases in occurrence with age.
C)Bed-wetting is more common among girls than boys.
D)Bed-wetting tends to occur during the deepest stage of sleep.

Question 70

Myelination of neural pathways linking the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex:

A)accounts for the decrease in memory abilities of a child.
B)accounts for the increase in fine motor skills, balance, and coordination of a child.
C)is linked to poor verbal skills in a developing child.
D)is linked to a dramatic increase in a child's ability to imagine and be creative.

Question 71

Discuss the minor illnesses of early childhood.

Question 72

Briefly describe the nutritional needs of preschool children.

Question 73

Discuss accidents as a cause of death in early childhood.

Question 74

Provide a brief account of encopresis.

Question 75

Provide a brief account of enuresis.

Question 76

_____ refers to the thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the human brain.

A)The cerebrum
B)The corpus callosum
C)The cerebral cortex
D)The cerebellum

Question 77

In a 24-hour period, most preschoolers sleep:

A)fifteen to sixteen hours at night and two hours during the day.
B)three to four hours at night and take two naps of three hours each during the day.
C)nine to ten hours at night and take a nap of one to two hours.
D)eleven to twelve hours at night and six hours during the day.

Question 78

Briefly describe the influence of genetic factors on handedness of a child.