Deck 6: Infancy: Cognitive Development

Question 1

Piaget's sensorimotor stage refers to the first six years of cognitive development in children.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Children learn many vocabulary words, especially nouns and verbs, by imitation.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Which of the following is a symptom of Broca's aphasia?

A)Laborious and patterned speech
B)Short stature and infertility
C)A rounded face and a protruding tongue
D)Inability to understand speech

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to Piaget, the__________stage is the first stage of cognitive development.

A)sensorimotor
B)formal operational
C)preoperational
D)concrete operational

Question 5

Which of the following is an accurate statement on the evaluation of Piaget's theory on cognitive development?

A)Piaget emphasized the role of maturation, almost to the point of excluding adult and peer influences on cognitive development.
B)Piaget believed that deferred imitation in babies appears as early as nine months.
C)The pattern and sequence of events described in Piaget's theory were restricted only to American infants.
D)Piaget's theory overestimated infants' competence.

Question 6

According to studies conducted by Arbib in 2015 and Brucker et al. in 2015, mirror neurons are connected with gender differences in empathy and the instinctive human ability to acquire language.

Question 7

Screening infants does not help detect early signs of sensory or neurological problems.

Question 8

Infants' first sentences are typically one-word utterances.

Question 9

By about eight months of age, cooing decreases markedly.

Question 10

The mean length of utterance is the average number of morphemes that communicators use in their sentences.

Question 11

The angular gyrus "translates" auditory information, such as spoken words, into visual information.

Question 12

The Bayley scales is the only test that has been developed to screen infants for sensory or neurological problems.

Question 13

Memory improves dramatically between five to ten years of age and then again by the age of 18.

Question 14

Chanel is a six-month-old baby. Her mother shows her a teddy bear and she giggles. However, when her mother hides the teddy bear behind her back, Chanel makes no attempt to search for it. From the given information, it can be concluded that Chanel has not yet developed:

A)deferred imitation.
B)object permanence.
C)the rooting reflex.
D)a simple reflex.

Question 15

Jim tells his son, "Wear your shoes when you go outside to play." Jim's son cannot produce a sentence like this, but he completely understands his dad and goes to put his shoes on before going outside to play. The fact that Jim's son understands this statement suggests that the words in the sentence fall into his _____.

A)receptive vocabulary
B)expressive vocabulary
C)advanced vocabulary
D)active vocabulary

Question 16

Cognitive development proceeds in the same way and at the same pace for all infants.

Question 17

Tertiary circular reactions are first witnessed during the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A)sensorimotor
B)concrete operational
C)preoperational
D)formal operational

Question 18

The Bayley scales primarily measure:

A)mental and motor abilities of infants.
B)environmental influences on intelligence.
C)genetic influences on intelligence.
D)the development of a fetus.

Question 19

In the context of Piaget's theories of cognitive development, which of the following statements is true of the pattern and sequence of events related to the cognitive development of a child?

A)Most researchers now agree that cognitive development is tied to discrete stages as Piaget suggested.
B)Piaget believed that deferred imitation in babies appears as early as nine months.
C)The pattern and sequence of events Piaget described were noticed more clearly in boys than girls.
D)The pattern and sequence of events Piaget described have been observed in children cross-culturally.

Question 20

Infants begin cooing:

A)at birth.
B)during the second month.
C)at one week of age.
D)during the fourth month.

Question 21

According to studies conducted by Kibbe in 2013 and Yermolayeva & Rakison in 2014, the development of object permanence is tied into the development of infants' _____.

A)locomotive ability
B)reflex action
C)reasoning ability
D)motor ability

Question 22

Which of the following is an accurate statement about object permanence?

A)It is the recognition that an object or a person continues to exist even when out of sight.
B)It is the absorption of new events into existing schemes.
C)It is the modification of existing schemes to accommodate novel objects.
D)It is the imitation of people and events that occurred in the past.

Question 23

According to Imuta's research in 2013, infant memory can be improved if infants _____ before their memory is tested.

A)receive a reminder
B)eat some food
C)drink their mother's milk
D)sleep for two hours

Question 24

Which of the following is true of infant memory?

A)Infants demonstrate memory of experiences they had while still in the womb.
B)Infants demonstrate memory for stimuli to which they have been exposed previously only after four months of age.
C)Memory does not improve much between two and six months of age.
D)Memory improves dramatically between two and six months of age and the development slows down at 12 months of age.

Question 25

Apart from being activated when an individual performs a motor act or observes another individual engaging in the same act, mirror neurons in humans are also connected with _____.

A)hunger pangs that one experiences while on a diet
B)physical growth
C)problem solving
D)emotions such as disgust

Question 26

According to research by Rose et al. in the year 2012, in a continuing effort to find aspects of intelligence and cognition that might remain consistent from infancy through later childhood, a number of researchers have recently focused on _____.

A)visual recognition memory
B)genetic behavioral patterns
C)canalization
D)deferred imitation

Question 27

Julia was working on her laptop one day and her 18-month-old daughter was sitting on her lap. A week later, when she was working on her laptop again, her daughter reached out from her lap and started pressing the keys of the laptop. In this scenario, Julia's daughter is displaying:

A)echolalia.
B)deferred imitation.
C)a primary circular reaction.
D)object permanence.

Question 28

Which of the following represents a primary circular reaction?

A)Kala accidentally touching her nose with her thumb and then repeating it
B)Jose turning toward the sound of his mother's voice
C)Lorenzo flinching when his brother pinches him
D)Megan reaching out for her teddy bear

Question 29

Benjamin is a two-month-old baby who accidentally discovers his thumbs. He waves them around for a while and then sticks one of them in his mouth. He repeats this for a few times. Benjamin's behavior is an example of:

A)a primary circular reaction.
B)deferred imitation.
C)a tertiary circular reaction.
D)echolalia.

Question 30

The mean length of utterance is the average number of _____ that communicators use in their sentences.

A)holophrases
B)phonemes
C)compound words
D)morphemes

Question 31

Which of the following is a difference between the surface structure and the deep structure of language?

A)Surface structure includes prelinguistic vocalizations like cooing and babbling, whereas deep structure includes holophrases and telegraphic speech.
B)Surface structure is the superficial grammatical construction of a sentence, whereas deep structure is the underlying meaning of a sentence.
C)Surface structure is the number of words one understands, whereas deep structure is the number of words one can use in a sentence.
D)Surface structure is the automatic repetition of sounds or words, whereas deep structure is the use of pitches of varying levels to help communicate meaning.

Question 32

Jay is a 12-month-old infant. He often starts making sounds like "ha-ba-ba-ba-ba-ha." This is an example of _____.

A)intonation
B)echolalia
C)deferred imitation
D)cooing

Question 33

Which of the following is used in the Bayley Scales of Infant Development?

A)A scale measuring the environmental influences on an infant
B)A behavior rating scale
C)A scale measuring the cultural influences on an infant
D)A maternal behavior scale

Question 34

_____ is best described as the imitation of an action that may have occurred hours, days, or even weeks earlier.

A)Deferred imitation
B)Subconscious imitation
C)Mirroring
D)Conditioning

Question 35

The presence of__________suggests that children have mentally represented behavior patterns.

A)deferred imitation
B)negative emotion
C)environmental stimulus
D)positive energy

Question 36

Erica is a two-year-old girl. She sees an owl for the first time and asks her mother what it is, and her mother replies that "it is an owl." Now, every time Erica sees a bird she calls it an "ool." This process is called _____.

A)deferred imitation
B)overextension
C)habituation
D)canalization

Question 37

Which of the following infants is illustrating the presence of visual recognition memory?

A)Janet laughs loudly when her mother tickles her.
B)Percy wriggles his toes when he wants his mother to pick him up and often cries if he is not picked.
C)Pierce spends more time looking at the picture of a new person rather than the familiar picture of his mother.
D)Angelica stacks blocks on top of each other to make a tower.

Question 38

When infants babble, they tend to produce:

A)incomplete sentences.
B)only vowel sounds.
C)complete sentences of five to six words.
D)combinations of consonants and vowels.

Question 39

According to the first substage of the sensorimotor stage, reflexes are _____ at birth.

A)absent.
B)flexible.
C)stereotypical.
D)complex.

Question 40

A researcher who contradicts Piaget's theory on cognitive development is most likely to state that:

A)infants show deferred imitation as early as nine months of age.
B)deferred imitation appears at about 18 months after birth.
C)the sensorimotor stage is the first stage of cognitive development.
D)the second substage of the sensorimotor stage lasts from about one to four months of age.

Question 41

A child is shown two objects for 20 seconds. After this, one of the objects is replaced and the infant spends more time looking at the new object. Which of the following processes does this represent?

A)Visual recognition memory
B)Canalization
C)Centration
D)Deferred imitation

Question 42

Around the sixth month, an infant searches for an object that has rolled out of sight. In the context of Piaget's stages of development, this is evidence of__________.

A)canalization
B)habituation
C)object permanence
D)object representation

Question 43

In the context of research by Klee & Stokes in 2011, which of the following sentences is true about receptive vocabulary and expressive vocabulary?

A)Children's receptive vocabulary development outpaces their expressive vocabulary development.
B)Children's receptive vocabulary develops only after their expressive vocabulary is completely developed.
C)Children's receptive vocabulary is equal to their expressive vocabulary at any given time.
D)Children's receptive vocabulary is lost if proper reinforcement is not provided, whereas expressive vocabulary is permanent.

Question 44

During a study, Rovee-Collier and her colleagues tied one end of a ribbon to a brightly colored mobile and the other end to an infant's ankle. Which of the following did this study measure?

A)Object permanence
B)Habituation
C)Memory in infants
D)Primary circular reactions in infants

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of a tertiary circular reaction?

A)Kala accidentally touches her nose with her thumb and feels ticklish.She then repeats the action.
B)Jose turns toward the phone when it starts ringing.He also turns and looks at his mom when she speaks.
C)Lorenzo's mother shakes an object to make it rattle and then gives the object to Lorenzo.He immediately shakes the object in a similar manner.
D)After many tries, Megan turns her toy sideways so she can pull it into her crib.Now, whenever she wants the toy, she turns it sideways to pull it through.

Question 46

Piaget believed that deferred imitation appears at about _____ months of age.

A)18
B)15
C)12
D)10

Question 47

Research conducted by Corballis in 2010 suggests that__________with the built-in human capacity to acquire language.

A)the medulla oblongata is connected
B)the bulb is connected
C)mirror neurons are connected
D)motor neurons are connected

Question 48

Larry is talking to his ten-month-old son. He wants his son to call him "daddy" and he keeps repeating the word "daddy" to his son. He is delighted when his son responds with "dada." In this scenario, Larrys's son is:

A)cooing.
B)babbling.
C)humming.
D)murmuring.

Question 49

Which of the following is true of mirror neurons?

A)They are activated when people gaze at their reflection in a mirror.
B)They are not connected with human emotions.
C)They are present in the frontal lobe of the brain.
D)They are present in all mammals except monkeys.

Question 50

Paul is a six-month-old baby who loves playing with his toy truck. Every time he picks his truck up, he says "ooh," and every time he drops it back on the floor he says "aah." In this scenario, Paul is:

A)cooing.
B)babbling.
C)murmuring.
D)humming.

Question 51

Infants coo when they are _____.

A)hungry
B)tired
C)hurt
D)happy

Question 52

Which of the following is a similarity between cooing and babbling?

A)Both do not represent objects or actions.
B)Both sound like human speech.
C)Both are related to experiences of pain.
D)Both are used to express meaning.

Question 53

Which of the following substages of the sensorimotor stage serves as a transition between sensorimotor development and the development of symbolic thought?

A)The fifth substage
B)The fourth substage
C)The sixth substage
D)The second substage

Question 54

Toward the end of the first year, infants use patterns of rising and falling _____ that resemble the sounds of adult speech.

A)echolalia
B)syntax
C)telegraphic speech
D)intonation

Question 55

In the context of language acquisition, the critical period is also known as the__________.

A)sensitive period
B)primary period
C)vocalization period
D)linguistic period

Question 56

Infants use their _____ when they coo.

A)tongues
B)thumbs
C)feet
D)forefingers

Question 57

Darin, an infant, makes babbling sounds but cannot say actual words. This is an example of__________.

A)prelinguistic vocalization
B)paralinguistic vocalization
C)deferred imitation
D)habituation

Question 58

The behavior rating scale in the Bayley Scales of Infant Development assesses _____.

A)attention span
B)perceptual skills
C)learning and memory
D)problem-solving skills

Question 59

Emma is a seven-month-old infant. She repeatedly shakes her rattle because she likes the noise it makes. This is an example of a _____.

A)simple reflex
B)secondary circular reaction
C)primary circular reaction
D)tertiary circular reaction

Question 60

Suppose Feriha, an infant, is familiar with a ball but not with a bat. When she is given a bat for the first time, she is able to distinguish between the two objects. This ability to discriminate between the two objects is referred to as__________.

A)visual recognition memory
B)canalization
C)cognitive assimilation
D)deferred imitation

Question 61

According to research by Pugh et al. in 2013, problems in the angular gyrus area of the brain can cause problems in _____.

A)breathing
B)sleeping
C)reading
D)walking

Question 62

Discuss the role of reinforcement in prelinguistic vocalization.

Question 63

According to studies conducted by Pelphrey et al. in 2004 and Rose et al. in 2011, memory improves dramatically between _____.

A)one and two months of age
B)two and six months of age
C)one and eight months of age
D)six and eight months of age

Question 64

Infants tend to repeat stimulating actions that first occurred by chance. In the context of Piaget's stages of development, this is an example of a__________that focuses on an infant's own body rather than on the external environment.

A)primary circular reaction
B)secondary circular reaction
C)tertiary circular reaction
D)simple reflex

Question 65

Discuss the critical period for language acquisition in children.

Question 66

What are mirror neurons? Explain mirror neurons in humans.

Question 67

Discuss prelinguistic vocalization.

Question 68

Discuss some of the ways in which language growth in young children can be enhanced by adults.

Question 69

Explain the nativist view of language development.

Question 70

The__________comprises both mental-scale and motor-scale items and also includes a behavior rating scale.

A)Apgar Scales of Infant Development
B)Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence Test
C)Bayley Scales of Infant Development
D)Motor Performance Scales

Question 71

According to research by Mayor & Plunkett in 2010, _____ gradually pull back to their proper references as a child's vocabulary and ability to classify objects develop.

A)holophrases
B)overextensions
C)intonations
D)exclamations

Question 72

Discuss the various structures of the brain that are involved in language development.

Question 73

The motor scale in the Bayley Scales of Infant Development assesses _____.

A)attention span
B)goal directedness
C)standing skills
D)emotional development

Question 74

Which of the following is a difference between primary and secondary circular reactions?

A)Primary circular reactions involve only reflexes, while secondary circular reactions involve only thoughts.
B)Primary circular reactions involve complex actions, while secondary circular reactions involve simple actions.
C)Primary circular reactions focus on an infant's own body, while secondary circular reactions focus on the environment.
D)Primary circular reactions involve voluntary actions, while secondary circular reactions involve involuntary actions.

Question 75

Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget's theory on cognitive development?

A)It did not focus on adult and peer influences on cognitive development.
B)It focused almost exclusively on learning processes.
C)It did not explain the cognitive development of infants aged 12 months and above.
D)It did not estimate the abilities of infants.

Question 76

Explain how Jean Piaget noted an interesting error known as the A-not-B error. Do infants show the A-not-B error under all circumstances?

Question 77

Jamie, an infant, sticks his tongue out when he sees his father do the same. While doing this, which of the following is most likely to have occurred?

A)Jamie's mirror neurons must have been activated.
B)Jamie's body must have stopped the production of dopamine for a while.
C)Jamie must have engaged in prelinguistic vocalizations.
D)Jamie must have engaged in deferred imitation.

Question 78

Explain the psycholinguistic theory of language acquisition.

Question 79

Why are infants tested? Name a few scales used for testing infants.

Question 80

Which of the following is a symptom of Wernicke's aphasia?

A)Laborious and patterned speech
B)Short stature and infertility
C)Trouble understanding speech
D)Inability to walk