Deck 4: Birth and the Newborn Baby: in the New World

Question 1

Janice had several complications during her pregnancy and her physician was not sure if the baby would survive the delivery. Later, it was found that Janice was infected with the AIDS virus after she got pregnant. In Janice's situation, it is ideal for her physician to:

A)avoid the use of anesthesia.
B)reduce the use of medication during labor.
C)perform a cesarean section during delivery.
D)use the method of hypnosis.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is a disadvantage of performing an episiotomy?

A)It reduces the responsiveness of the baby shortly after birth.
B)The incision made during an episiotomy may cause itching and discomfort as it heals.
C)It leads to the transmission of viruses that cause genital herpes and AIDS.
D)The incision made during an episiotomy often leads to the random tearing of vaginal muscles.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Jessica is the mother of a 4-month-old boy. She notices that whenever she picks her baby from his crib, he moves his arms and legs as if he is trying to hug her. The baby moves in this manner due to the _____.

A)rooting reflex
B)Moro reflex
C)grasping reflex
D)Babinski reflex

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Babies who sleep on a firm sleep surface are most likely to die from sudden infant death syndrome.

Question 5

Major depression with perinatal onset, a serious maternal depression following delivery, is characterized by sadness, apathy, and feelings of worthlessness.

Question 6

Preterm babies have over-developed muscles, so their sucking and breathing reflexes are extremely strong.

Question 7

With a pudendal block, anesthesia is injected into the spinal cord, temporarily numbing the entire body.

Question 8

During childbirth, general anesthesia increases the frequency of uterine contractions and increases the responsiveness of the neonate shortly after birth.

Question 9

Prostaglandins cause the cramping that women may feel before or during menstruation.

Question 10

The third stage of childbirth ends with the birth of a baby.

Question 11

__________refers to pain resulting from gas or other sources of distress in the digestive tract of babies.

A)Colic
B)Aphasia
C)Anoxia
D)Hypoxia

Question 12

Transition occurs toward the end of the first stage of labor.

Question 13

The strongest predictor of whether a practitioner will choose to use episiotomy during the second stage of childbirth is the condition of the mother and baby.

Question 14

A study led by health professionals at the Children's Hospital Boston found that in babies who died of sudden infant death syndrome, the _____ sensitivity to the chemical serotonin is compromised.

A)cerebellum's
B)medulla's
C)thalamus's
D)hypothalamus's

Question 15

The Apgar scale is a measure used to assess the health of a mother after she has given birth.

Question 16

Maya is in labor and her obstetrician decides to use a local anesthetic to help her cope with the pain. The obstetrician injects an anesthetic into her Alcock's canal and her external genitals become numb. The obstetrician has most likely used a(n) _____.

A)epidural block
B)pudendal block
C)spinal block
D)femoral nerve block

Question 17

During labor, the placenta and uterus secrete__________that excite the muscles of the uterus to engage in contractions.

A)triglycerides
B)phospholipids
C)serotonins
D)prostaglandins

Question 18

_____ enables the body to conserve water by inhibiting urine production when fluid levels are low.

A)Insulin
B)Vasopressin
C)Prolactin
D)Epinephrine

Question 19

Which of the following events occurs in the second stage of labor?

A)The uterine contractions stretch the skin surrounding the birth canal and propel the baby along.
B)The placenta and uterus secrete prostaglandins that stimulate uterine contractions.
C)The placenta separates from the uterine wall and is expelled through the birth canal.
D)The blood vessels in the birth canal rupture leading to the appearance of blood in vaginal secretions.

Question 20

A(n)__________is a heated, protective container for premature infants.

A)crib
B)incubator
C)bedpan
D)ventilator

Question 21

A newborn baby is given a Vitamin K injection to:

A)prevent bacterial infections.
B)regulate its heart rate and pulse.
C)help its blood clot properly if it bleeds.
D)prevent any involuntary bowel movement.

Question 22

Mason, a four-week-old infant, is in his crib. He is not displaying any movement and has his eyes closed. However, he is breathing regularly. In this scenario, Mason is in the state of _____.

A)quiet sleep
B)alert inactivity
C)drowsiness
D)active sleep

Question 23

__________is the chemical in the body that has a role in the development of sudden infant death syndrome.

A)Serotonin
B)Adrenalin
C)Dopamine
D)Testosterone

Question 24

Daria, a three-week-old infant, is resting quietly in her crib. Her eyes are open, and she is breathing regularly. She is also looking around but shows little body movement. In this scenario, Daria is in the state of _____.

A)quiet sleep
B)alert inactivity
C)alert activity
D)active sleep

Question 25

During a breech presentation, the prolonged constriction of the umbilical cord may occur as the:

A)tiny air sacs in the baby's lungs stick together without expanding.
B)umbilical cord may dry and fall off on its own.
C)baby's body may press the umbilical cord against the birth canal.
D)baby does not receive enough oxygen in utero to develop properly.

Question 26

Who among the following infants is most at risk of dying from sudden infant death syndrome?

A)Billy, an infant who is always put to sleep on his stomach
B)Mel, an infant who sleeps in the same room as her parents
C)Jason, an infant with a slightly above average birth weight
D)Sandy, an infant who is breastfed regularly

Question 27

Which of the following is a similarity between an epidural block and a spinal block employed during childbirth?

A)Both temporarily numb the mother's body below the waist.
B)Both produce depressing effects on infants that last for a long time.
C)Both are forms of general anesthetics.
D)Both reduce the chances of infection during delivery.

Question 28

Which of the following terms refers to buttocks-first childbirth?

A)Premature birth
B)Breech presentation
C)Prepared childbirth
D)Normal delivery

Question 29

_____ regulates maternal behavior in lower mammals.

A)Insulin
B)Testosterone
C)Prolactin
D)Epinephrine

Question 30

Which of the following observations on parent-infant bonding was made in the controversial research led by Klaus and Kennell?

A)Extended parent-infant contact is required during the first hours postpartum in order to foster parent-infant bonding.
B)Parent-infant bonding is a simple process involving just the desire to have a child.
C)Serious maternal depression can delay bonding with newborns.
D)A history of rejection by parents can adversely affect women's bonding with their own children during the first few years.

Question 31

__________refers to the formation of parent-infant attachment.

A)Bonding
B)Transition
C)Conditioning
D)Convergence

Question 32

Which of the following is true of a neonate's reflexes?

A)They provide information about a neonate's neural functioning.
B)They disappear within hours after birth.
C)They are produced by a neonate's complex thought processes and are conscious.
D)They are replaced by corresponding involuntary actions.

Question 33

In which of the following reflexes does a baby arch the back, fling out the arms and legs, and draw them back to the chest in response to a sudden noise or change in position?

A)The rooting reflex
B)The Moro reflex
C)The grasping reflex
D)The Babinski reflex

Question 34

_____ stimulates the production of milk in women.

A)Insulin
B)Testosterone
C)Prolactin
D)Epinephrine

Question 35

According to studies conducted by Keebaugh, A. C., et al. in 2015 and by Young in 2015, increasing _____ levels transform an indifferent male into a caring, monogamous, and protective mate and father.

A)vasopressin
B)testosterone
C)prolactin
D)epinephrine

Question 36

Who among the following women is in the first stage of labor during childbirth?

A)Nita, whose baby is in the breech position
B)Agnes, whose uterine contractions occur every fifteen minutes
C)Julia, whose baby has appeared at the opening of her vagina
D)Miriam, whose umbilical cord has been clamped and severed

Question 37

In which of the following methods of learning are neonates' involuntary responses conditioned to new stimuli?

A)Classical conditioning
B)Social learning
C)Observational learning
D)Operant conditioning

Question 38

Which of the following scenarios describes a mother suffering from major depression with perinatal onset?

A)Kate, who is in her fifth month of pregnancy, suffering from insomnia
B)Rebecca feeling hopeless and insignificant after delivering twins
C)Angelina giving birth to a premature baby
D)Meera, who is in her third month of pregnancy, fearing that she might have to abort her pregnancy

Question 39

Which of the following is a similarity between major depression with perinatal onset and postpartum anxiety?

A)Both produce delusional thoughts about an infant in his or her mother's mind.
B)Women suffering from major depression with perinatal onset as well as women suffering from postpartum anxiety have command hallucinations that are dangerous to them as well as to their babies.
C)Both are caused by high levels of estrogen in a mother's body.
D)Women suffering from major depression with perinatal onset as well as women suffering from postpartum anxiety may show obsessive concern for the well-being of their babies.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true of the kangaroo care given to preterm infants?

A)It stimulates infants and improves their physical and mental health.
B)It requires infants to be provided with a steady supply of oxygen.
C)It intensifies mothers' feelings of incompetence and guilt.
D)It involves placing infants in a temperature-controlled environment.

Question 41

Prolonged cutoff of a baby's oxygen supply during delivery can cause:

A)Turner syndrome.
B)rosacea.
C)Down syndrome.
D)cerebral palsy.

Question 42

Which of the following is true of visual accommodation?

A)The ability to see as through a fixed-focus camera is referred to as visual accommodation.
B)The degree to which neonates perceive color is referred to as visual accommodation.
C)Neonates show little or no visual accommodation.
D)Neonates are farsighted because the lens in their eyes can adjust to focus on objects.

Question 43

During labor,__________is said to have taken place when the baby's head begins to emerge from the birth canal.

A)transition
B)grafting
C)crowning
D)germination

Question 44

During the first stage of childbirth, the process of transition occurs. Transition lasts for _____.

A)30 minutes or less
B)a week
C)eight hours or less
D)60 minutes or more

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true of women who experience major depression with perinatal onset?

A)They profit from social support and counseling.
B)They have a high libido.
C)They want to abort their pregnancy.
D)They suffer from bipolar disorder.

Question 46

Judy has a 3-month-old baby. Whenever someone tickles the baby's cheeks or chin, she moves her head toward that person's fingers and puts them in her mouth. This is most likely due to the _____.

A)rooting reflex
B)Moro reflex
C)tonic-neck reflex
D)Babinski reflex

Question 47

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the rooting reflex?

A)Jane curling her fingers around her favorite toy
B)Abdul moving his feet forward, one foot at a time
C)Nia turning her head to the left when her cousin touches her left cheek
D)Ruby flinging her arms and drawing them back when she gets startled by the sound of a car horn

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true of small-for-gestational-age babies?

A)They are taller than their age-mates.
B)They are more attentive when compared with their age-mates.
C)They show slight delays in learning when compared with their age-mates.
D)They tend to be heavier than their age-mates.

Question 49

A(n) _____ is defined as an unlearned, stereotypical response to a stimulus.

A)reflex
B)emotion
C)intuition
D)mnemonic

Question 50

Which of the following events signals the beginning of childbirth?

A)The emergence of the baby from the birth canal
B)The beginning of the Braxton-Hicks contractions
C)The secretion of dopamine
D)The occurrence of regular uterine contractions

Question 51

The _____ in our brain causes us to breathe if we are in need of oxygen.

A)cerebellum
B)medulla
C)thalamus
D)hypothalamus

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true of the palmar reflex observed in infants?

A)It is replaced by voluntary grasping within five to six months of age.
B)It facilitates finding the mother's nipple in preparation for sucking.
C)It begins three months after the birth of the baby.
D)It can be elicited by loud noises and sudden movements.

Question 53

According to research by Korja et al., preterm babies are:

A)less likely to die than full-term babies.
B)round and robust in appearance.
C)less sociable than full-term infants.
D)heavier than full-term babies.

Question 54

Which of the following disorders refers to the weak and irregular breathing that is typical of preterm babies?

A)Respiratory distress syndrome
B)Down syndrome
C)Sclerosis
D)Carcinoma of the respiratory tract

Question 55

_____ is a measure of a newborn's overall level of health that assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity level, and respiratory effort.

A)The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment scale
B)The Wechsler scale
C)The Binet-Simon scale
D)The Apgar scale

Question 56

In the context of research conducted by Klier in 2006, which of the following statements is true of bonding between parents and their newborn children?

A)Serious maternal depression can delay bonding with newborns.
B)An extended early contact between parents and infants is necessary for the development of parent-infant bonding.
C)Parents of adopted children fail to develop a deep bond with them.
D)Parent-infant bonding is a simple process which is limited to the desire to have a child.

Question 57

According to research by Fernandes et al. in 2011, _____ solutions have a calming effect on neonates.

A)sweet
B)bitter
C)salty
D)sour

Question 58

_____ refers to the typical 9-month period from conception to childbirth.

A)Preterm
B)Postpartum period
C)Term
D)Critical period

Question 59

In the context of the relationship between parents and preterm infants, which of the following statements is true?

A)The demands of preterm babies are lesser than those of full-term babies.
B)Most mothers of preterm babies report feeling closer and attached to their babies.
C)Fear of hurting preterm babies discourages parents from handling them.
D)Parents typically treat preterm babies better than they treat full-term babies.

Question 60

According to the American Psychiatric Association, postpartum psychosis affects:

A)all women after delivery.
B)about 1 in 1,000 women.
C)about 2 in 5 women.
D)around 4 in 5 women.

Question 61

Which of the following is a similarity between the sucking reflex and the grasping reflex observed in infants?

A)Both can be elicited by loud noises, bumping a baby's crib, or jerking a baby's blanket.
B)Both are replaced by corresponding voluntary actions as an infant grows up.
C)Both facilitate an infant in finding their mother's nipple in preparation for sucking.
D)Both require infants to use only four fingers to respond to stimuli.

Question 62

Briefly describe the three stages of childbirth.

Question 63

Which of the following statements is true of sleep patterns in infants?

A)The typical infant has about ten cycles of waking and sleeping in a 24-hour period.
B)The longest nap in infants typically approaches eight and a half hours.
C)They are uniform in infants across the world.
D)They are inconsistent and change as a child ages.

Question 64

One of the reasons for performing a cesarean section during childbirth is to:

A)avoid the use of anesthesia.
B)reduce the use of medication during labor.
C)enable women to control the time of the delivery.
D)prevent any involuntary bowel movement.

Question 65

Discuss the sleeping patterns of infants.

Question 66

Discuss the nasal preferences of neonates.

Question 67

Describe the four different methods of childbirth.

Question 68

Briefly describe how vision and hearing function at birth.

Question 69

Discuss the sensitivity of neonates to different tastes.

Question 70

Babies who are born weighing under__________pounds are considered to be of low birth weight.

A)7.5
B)5.5
C)6.5
D)8.5

Question 71

Do infants' cries mean different things? Explain briefly.

Question 72

_____ infants in the United States die each year of sudden infant death syndrome.

A)2-3
B)100-2,002
C)2,000-3,000
D)2,00,000-3,00,000

Question 73

Explain some of the risks faced by low-birth-weight babies.

Question 74

In the context of learning in neonates, discuss classical conditioning.

Question 75

Discuss the importance of the sense of touch in neonates.

Question 76

Explain the role of oxytocin and vasopressin.

Question 77

Identify a true statement about the Lamaze method of childbirth.

A)In the Lamaze method, there is reduced responsiveness of the baby shortly after birth.
B)It is preferred only when a normal delivery may threaten the mother or the child.
C)In the Lamaze method, women engage in breathing and relaxation exercises.
D)Women who give birth according to the Lamaze method do not experience pain.

Question 78

In the context of postpartum psychological problems faced by mothers,__________is characterized by delusional thoughts about the infant that place the infant at risk of injury or death.

A)major depression with perinatal onset
B)postpartum anxiety
C)postpartum psychosis
D)postnatal depression

Question 79

According to the American Psychiatric Association, which of the following refers to the periods of tearfulness, sadness, and irritability experienced by some mothers following delivery?

A)Baby blues
B)Postpartum psychosis
C)Generalized anxiety
D)Anorexia

Question 80

Discuss some of the signs of prematurity in infants.