Deck 13: The Body, Medicine, Health, and Health Care

Question 1

Some argue that the importance of beauty in our culture has its roots in ______.

A) evolution
B) heterosexuality
C) religious idealism
D) stereotyping

Answer 1

A

Question 2

An example of a risky behavior is ______.

A) cigarette smoking
B) square dancing
C) avoiding alcohol
D) having protected sex

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Michael Foucault's book The Birth of the Clinic discusses ______.

A) the treatment of criminals and their bodies
B) the fact that doctors shifted their focus from lists of diseases to human beings
C) the importance of sexuality and the role of the body in obtaining sexual pleasure
D) the development of gender-differentiated medical research

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The industry with the highest rate of fatal work injuries as an overall number is ______.

A) manufacturing
B) construction
C) transportation
D) mining, oil and gas extraction

Question 5

According to a study by Dukes and Stein, girls with piercings ______.

A) were more school-oriented than girls with tattoos
B) were the most popular group of girls in their school
C) reported less deviant behavior than girls who were not pierced
D) reported more deviant behavior than girls who were not pierced

Question 6

Which one of the following is NOT addressed within the field of medical sociology?

A) the relationship between stress and health
B) the genetic differences between women and men
C) the inequalities by social class
D) the increasing use of advanced medical technology

Question 7

Looks-related stress and depression can be found among men and women and in countries around the world; however, ______ are particularly susceptible.

A) young women
B) older women
C) athletic men
D) out-of-shape men

Question 8

Today, body modifications, especially tattoos, are ______.

A) associated mainly with outlaw motorcycle gang members
B) widespread and common
C) decreasing among those who are in the military
D) decreasing on a large scale

Question 9

The line between the body and the mind is ______.

A) very clear
B) obvious to researchers
C) not clear
D) individual

Question 10

Joe is a wrestler who stops eating to try and meet his goal weight for his upcoming match. Soon he develops a condition known as ______.

A) anorexia
B) hyperanorexia
C) hypoanorexia
D) manorexia

Question 11

The process of deprofessionalization refers to the fact that the power of ______ has declined in recent years, whereas the power of ______ has increased.

A) doctors; nurses
B) doctors; patients
C) surgeons; nurses
D) nurses; surgeons

Question 12

______ often leads to dissatisfaction with the body, especially because of influence from peers and media.

A) Reflexivity
B) Hypersexuality
C) Consumptive beauty
D) Adolescence

Question 13

In 2016, women earned ______ of medical degrees.

A) 6.9 percent
B) 25.9 percent
C) 46.9 percent
D) 63.9 percent

Question 14

More and more girls between the ages of 8 and 11 years are becoming increasingly concerned with their physical appearance, so many are going on diets and turning to extreme forms of exercising. This is an example of how we are living in a(n) ______ society.

A) hyperflexive
B) hypoflexive
C) automative
D) reflexive

Question 15

______ is a commodity that people may try to buy through great effort, pain, and expenditures of large sums of money.

A) Self-esteem
B) Beauty
C) Reflexivity
D) Happiness

Question 16

A trend among many doctors is that they are leaving traditional private practice for what are called ______ practices.

A) concierge
B) caretaker
C) group
D) patient

Question 17

Michel Foucault's best-known book is ______.

A) The Mind and Body Connection
B) Discipline and Punish
C) The History of the Body
D) The Alteration of the Mind

Question 18

The German sociologist Ulrich Beck argues that we live in a risk society, meaning ______.

A) people are afraid to take risks
B) people who are poor tend to take more risks
C) many people take risks that endanger their heath, their bodies, and their lives
D) people from larger cities tend to take more risks than those from rural areas

Question 19

The premise of Naomi Wolf's book ______ states that the media exerts a great deal of influence in terms of physical appearance and sets unattainable standards of beauty.

A) Skin Deep Beauty
B) The Outside and the Inside of the Body
C) The Beauty Myth
D) The Myth of the Body

Question 20

Exercise-related injuries in sports have been ______ in recent years.

A) stagnant
B) decreasing
C) increasing
D) impossible to document

Question 21

Life expectancy at birth is greatest in ______ at 85 years old.

A) Japan
B) Germany
C) France
D) Canada

Question 22

Studies show the ratio of men to women who have coronary artery disease is ______.

A) widening
B) staying the same
C) narrowing
D) not a concern to doctors

Question 23

According to a World Health Organization projection, ______ people will die in the twenty-first century from smoking-related diseases.

A) 1 million
B) 1 trillion
C) one hundred thousand
D) 1 billion

Question 24

The tendency to label as an illness a phenomenon or syndrome that was not previously considered an illness is referred to as ______.

A) manifestation
B) materialization
C) medicalization
D) manifestization

Question 25

Why is there little knowledge regarding women and coronary heart disease?

A) Doctors often refuse to treat women who have this disease.
B) Women are not included in clinical trials.
C) This subject is not covered in medical schools.
D) Women are less likely to visit a doctor if they feel unwell.

Question 26

In 2015, the United States spent ______ percent of the GDP on health expenditures, ranking ______ in country expenditures as a proportion of GDP.

A) 5.4; last
B) 16.9; first
C) 8.1; twentieth
D) 10.9; fifth

Question 27

Blacks have a life expectancy that is ______ years less than that of whites.

A) 1.6
B) 3.6
C) 10.6
D) 15.6

Question 28

Which one of these is the best example of increasing consumerism in contemporary medicine?

A) the decision to market pharmaceutical drugs directly to consumers
B) the use of the internet to self-diagnose
C) the willingness to travel to other countries to obtain drugs or operations that are illegal in the United States
D) the increased use of complementary and alternative medicine around the world

Question 29

There is a greater likelihood that people who live in the lower social classes ______.

A) have poorer health
B) live in adequate housing
C) live in the suburbs and feel a sense of security
D) are unlikely to take illegal drugs

Question 30

______ tend to be the most vulnerable populations globally due to their lower social positions and poor access to health care.

A) Women and children
B) Middle-aged men and children
C) Elderly men and children
D) Elderly women and children

Question 31

Which one of the following is NOT a key aspect of the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)?

A) All Americans are required to have health insurance.
B) Medicaid coverage is decreased for the poor.
C) Employers with more than 50 employees are required to provide health insurance for them.
D) Health insurance companies are unable to reject applicants because they have preexisting conditions.

Question 32

Research funded by the National Institutes of Health must now include proportionate numbers of ______ unless researchers receive a special dispensation to bypass this requirement.

A) women
B) children
C) racial minorities
D) disabled individuals

Question 33

The greatest problem in the less-developed world is ______.

A) undernutrition
B) overnutrition
C) diminishing population
D) unsanitary conditions

Question 34

A negative aspect of globalization regarding health is the flow of ______ diseases.

A) predictable
B) borderless
C) contractible
D) transmissible

Question 35

The global mobility of borderless diseases can be attributed to which one of the following?

A) decreases in human migration that keep diseases in one country, making them more virulent
B) restrictions on global travel that don't allow for doctors to assist in global care
C) increases in human involvement about natural habitats previously untouched by human beings
D) the failure of pharmaceutical companies to create new medications

Question 36

Nuru-Jeter and her colleagues found that the stress associated with racism throughout the life course ______.

A) leads to drug usage
B) leads to broken marriages
C) adversely affects the mortality rate of black women and infants
D) leads to increased hostility among minority groups

Question 37

One's health is likely to be poorer if one is ______.

A) lower in social class
B) born before 1970
C) from any social class but engage in bad health habits
D) male

Question 38

Nurses are said to engage in ______.

A) physical work
B) occupational work
C) emotion work
D) primary work

Question 39

Countries in the ______ suffer disproportionately from hunger and malnutrition.

A) Global West
B) Global North
C) Global East
D) Global South

Question 40

Blacks are more likely to visit ______ hospitals due to a lack of health insurance.

A) private
B) public
C) nonpublic
D) universal

Question 41

Tuberculosis is an example of a(n) ______ disease.

A) land-locked
B) urban
C) border
D) borderless

Question 42

German sociologist Ulrich Beck argues that we live in a body-oriented society.

Question 43

Michel Foucault's best-known book is The Sociological Body.

Question 44

Medical sociology addresses a wide variety of specific issues such as racial-ethnic differences in health care.

Question 45

The range of life expectancy among countries ranges from 85 at the top to ______ at the bottom.

A) 45
B) 50
C) 55
D) 60

Question 46

The line between the body and the mind is not clear.

Question 47

The area of the world that has been most devastated by Ebola is ______.

A) southeast Asia
B) southern Africa
C) China
D) western Africa

Question 48

Despite health problems, the ______ industry continues to be central to the global economy.

A) liquor
B) tobacco
C) marijuana
D) sex

Question 49

Even with the Affordable Care Act, millions of Americans remain uninsured.

Question 50

War has the following effects on the health and well-being of people, except ______.

A) four times as much money is spent on the military than is spent on health and education
B) ninety percent of casualties are civilians
C) agricultural lands and crops are overrun, and the functioning of the economy is adversely affected
D) food security increases

Question 51

About 60 percent of Americans have tattoos today.

Question 52

The majority of not only acute but also chronic diseases occur at ______ ages in ______ countries.

A) older; low-middle-income
B) younger; low-middle-income
C) older; high-income
D) younger; high-income

Question 53

Medicalization is the process of labeling and defining aspects of life as medical problems that were not previously so labeled and defined.

Question 54

The medical profession has gotten more diverse over the last 50 years, but white males still make the highest starting salaries on average.

Question 55

Using the internet for health-related consumption includes the possibility of getting ______.

A) ineffective medications
B) high-cost medications
C) effective medications
D) low-cost medications

Question 56

What proportion of the world HIV population lives in sub-Saharan Africa?

A) 10 percent
B) 30 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 70 percent

Question 57

Early childhood differences in health by social class tend to have long-lasting effects over the life span.

Question 58

______ has its greatest impact on the less well-off and most vulnerable populations in the developing world.

A) Malaria
B) Cholera
C) Mononucleosis
D) Tuberculosis

Question 59

Body modifications such as tattoos have become less widespread and common in recent years.

Question 60

The most popular plastic surgery in 2015 was liposuction.

Question 61

According to the World Health Organization, 2 million people worldwide die each year from tobacco use.

Question 62

Discuss two ways by which the medical profession has changed in the last 50 years.

Question 63

How many people worldwide are affected by malnutrition? Aside from the direct effects of undernutrition--being underweight, hungry, or starving--what is one problem associated with undernutrition?

Question 64

The population that is most vulnerable to the spread of HIV/AIDS is the least likely to have access to high-quality health care and expensive drugs that can slow the progress of the disease.

Question 65

Discuss three ways that the internet has played a role in consumerism as it relates to health care.

Question 66

Undernutrition is a form of malnutrition that mainly affects people in the most developed countries.

Question 67

Discuss three points explaining the relationship between social class, race, and health in the United States.

Question 68

Define the term deprofessionalization and discuss two ways in which this phenomenon has occurred in recent years.

Question 69

Discuss two problems found within the U.S. health care system and discuss how the U.S. health care system compares to countries around the world.

Question 70

Discuss one work of Foucault that discusses the body as its central issue. What was the relevance of Foucault for the sociology of the body?

Question 71

Define the concept of a risk society and discuss two ways by which people can take risk that have the potential to jeopardize their health.

Question 72

Discuss the AIDS epidemic, including its prevalence, where it is most problematic, and how it is linked to globalization.

Question 73

There is an inconsistent relationship between social class and health.

Question 74

Blacks tend to underutilize the health care system and be healthier than whites.

Question 75

Across the globe, men live longer than women.

Question 76

Discuss the role the media has played regarding women and beauty. Give two specific examples from your own life experiences.

Question 77

Africa is the area of the world that has been devastated the most from the effects of AIDS.

Question 78

Smoking presents a clear example of inequalities by social class in the health care system in the United States.

Question 79

Research on marijuana's effects have been greatly limited because of the federal government's definition of it as an illegal substance.