Deck 20: Evolution of the Angiosperms

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Archaefructus?

A)seeds enclosed in carpels
B)stamens
C)petals
D)dissected leaves
E)an aquatic habitat

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The pollinium consists of the:

A)anther and filament.
B)contents of an anther.
C)stamen fused with the stigma and style.
D)two lateral petals and the cuplike lip.
E)meristems used to clone orchids.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT an example of coevolution of bees and flowers?

A)Bees have body parts adapted to collect and carry nectar.
B)Bees have body parts adapted to collect and carry pollen.
C)Flowers pollinated by bees are usually red.
D)Flowers pollinated by bees have distinctive markings.
E)Flowers pollinated by bees have showy, brightly colored petals.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In archaic angiosperms, the carpels:

A)are leaflike.
B)are fused.
C)are completely closed.
D)lack ovules.
E)are sharply differentiated into stigma, style, and ovary.

Question 5

In contrast to living angiosperms, the stamens of archaic angiosperms:

A)have thin filaments.
B)have thick anthers.
C)have terminal anthers.
D)are much less diverse in structure.
E)are colored and fleshy.

Question 6

Ray flowers and disk flowers are characteristic of the:

A)Magnoliaceae.
B)Asteraceae.
C)Piperaceae.
D)Orchidaceae.
E)Aristolochiaceae.

Question 7

Angiosperms first appear in the fossil record in the ______ period.

A)Devonian
B)Carboniferous
C)Triassic
D)Cretaceous
E)Tertiary

Question 8

Flowers with a long corolla tube are most likely pollinated by:

A)bats.
B)birds.
C)moths.
D)bees.
E)beetles.

Question 9

Which of the following statements concerning pollination by "deception" is FALSE?

A)"Food-deception" is practiced by about one-third of orchid species.
B)"Sex-deception" occurs exclusively in the grasses.
C)Food-deceivers mimic the appearance of food-rewarding flowers.
D)Sex-deceivers mimic the appearance of a female insect.
E)Sex-deceivers give off fragrances that resemble pheromones.

Question 10

The most important flower-visiting animals in angiosperm evolution are:

A)bees.
B)birds.
C)beetles.
D)bats.
E)moths and butterflies.

Question 11

In most angiosperms, petals are probably evolutionary derivatives of:

A)stamens.
B)sepals.
C)carpels.
D)receptacles.
E)peduncles.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a unique characteristic of the angiosperms?

A)Double fertilization producing endosperm
B)Stamens with four pairs of pollen sacs
C)A three-nucleate microgametophyte
D)A reduced (e.g., seven-celled, eight-nucleate) megagametophyte
E)Phloem having sieve tube elements and companion cells

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT an evolutionary trend among flowers?

A)from radial symmetry to bilateral symmetry
B)from unfused floral parts to fused floral parts
C)from an inferior ovary to a superior ovary
D)from an indefinite number of parts to a definite number of parts
E)from an undifferentiated perianth to one differentiated into a distinct calyx and corolla

Question 14

Which of the following was NOT an evolutionary adaptation of angiosperms in response to insects?

A)closed carpels
B)inferior ovary
C)edible flower parts
D)floral nectaries
E)unisexual flowers

Question 15

The largest angiosperm family is the:

A)Magnoliaceae.
B)Asteraceae.
C)Piperaceae.
D)Orchidaceae.
E)Aristolochiaceae.

Question 16

The most recent evidence indicates that:

A)Wielandiella lacks flowerlike strobili.
B)The angiosperms have close relatives among the living gymnosperms.
C)The gnetophytes are the most recent angiosperm ancestors.
D)The Bennettitales are the most recent angiosperm ancestors.
E)The Caytoniales are the most recent angiosperm ancestors.

Question 17

Which of the following do NOT have single-pored pollen?

A)monocots
B)Amborellaceae
C)Nymphaeales
D)Australobaileyales
E)eudicots

Question 18

The monocots and eudicots comprise approximately _____ percent of living angiosperms.

A)97
B)63
C)50
D)10
E)3

Question 19

Which of the following statements concerning Amborella is FALSE?

A)It lacks vessels.
B)It belongs to the Mesangiospermae.
C)It has monoaperturate pollen.
D)It has an eight-celled, nine-nucleat embryo sac.
E)It is a basal grade angiosperm.

Question 20

The original angiosperms most likely:

A)had large flowers.
B)had complex pollination systems.
C)were terrestrial.
D)had simple flowers.
E)had vessel elements.

Question 21

A _______, characteristic of the pea family and others, splits open at maturity into two or more one-seeded portions.

A)cypsela
B)schizocarp
C)caryopsis
D)legume
E)silique

Question 22

By definition, an indehiscent fruit:

A)is fleshy.
B)has a single carpel.
C)does not break open at maturity.
D)has an inferior ovary.
E)has a stony endocarp.

Question 23

The red and blue pigments stored in vacuoles in flowers are:

A)anthocyanins.
B)flavonols.
C)betalains.
D)carotenoids.
E)betacyanins.

Question 24

By definition an accessory fruit develops from:

A)a single ovary only.
B)an ovary plus additional flower parts.
C)several carpels of one gynoecium.
D)the gynoecia of more than one flower.
E)a receptacle only.

Question 25

The grains typical of the grass family are a type of fruit known as a:

A)samara.
B)follicle.
C)caryopsis.
D)silique.
E)capsule.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT an indehiscent fruit?

A)caryopsis
B)nut
C)samara
D)schizocarp
E)capsule

Question 27

The red, orange, and yellow pigments of flowers are:

A)anthocyanins.
B)flavonols.
C)flavonoids.
D)carotenoids.
E)betacyanins.

Question 28

By definition, a parthenocarpic fruit lacks:

A)petals.
B)carpels.
C)receptacles.
D)seeds.
E)stamens.

Question 29

Flowers pollinated by ______ are most likely to produce no nectar, have dull colors, are relatively small, and have the sexes separated on the same plant.

A)bats
B)bees
C)butterflies
D)wind
E)beetles

Question 30

A simple fruit in which the fleshy portion is derived largely from the base of the perianth is a(n):

A)berry.
B)drupe.
C)pome.
D)follicle.
E)achene.

Question 31

Which of the following statements about most bat-pollinated flowers is FALSE?

A)They are dull colored.
B)They produce copious nectar.
C)They are relatively odorless.
D)They often hang down on long stalks.
E)They open only at night.

Question 32

Most flowers pollinated by birds:

A)are blue or purple.
B)are red or yellow.
C)are white.
D)have a strong odor.
E)have landing platforms.

Question 33

______ are flavonoids that vary in color with the pH of the cell sap.

A)Betacyanins
B)Anthocyanins
C)Betalains
D)Carotenoids
E)Chlorophylls

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT an adaptation specific to wind-borne fruits or seeds?

A)plume-like pappus
B)tissue with large air spaces
C)woolly hairs
D)wings
E)dust-like consistency

Question 35

The fruit characteristic of the pea family is a(n):

A)achene.
B)follicle.
C)legume.
D)silique.
E)capsule.

Question 36

The most important pigments in floral coloration are:

A)anthocyanins.
B)flavonols.
C)flavonoids.
D)carotenoids.
E)betacyanins.

Question 37

Ultraviolet absorbance in flowers is related to the presence of:

A)anthocyanins.
B)flavonols.
C)chlorophylls.
D)flavonoids.
E)carotenoids.

Question 38

The red color of beets is due to the presence of:

A)anthocyanins.
B)flavonols.
C)chlorophylls.
D)betacyanins.
E)carotenoids.

Question 39

A simple fruit in which the inner layer of the fruit wall is fleshy is a(n):

A)berry.
B)drupe.
C)pome.
D)follicle.
E)achene.

Question 40

Apples and pears are:

A)aggregate fruits.
B)multiple fruits.
C)simple accessory fruits.
D)aggregate accessory fruits.
E)parthenocarpic fruits.

Question 41

In the earliest angiosperms, sepals normally have the same number of vascular strands as the leaves of the same plant.

Question 42

Archaefructus is the first intact fossil of a mature eudicot.

Question 43

In ______, the seeds are shot aloft from the plant.

A)tumbleweed
B)willows and poplars
C)Linaria
D)Impatiens
E)the Asteraceae

Question 44

The magnoliids were the first lineage to diverge within the Mesangiospermae.

Question 45

The nectary of a moth-pollinated flower is usually at the top of the corolla tube.

Question 46

The monocots and eudicots each had a common ancestor.

Question 47

In angiosperms, there is a general trend from bilateral to radial symmetry.

Question 48

"Honey guides" are usually located on the petals of bee-pollinated flowers.

Question 49

Archaic members of the waterlily family (Nymphaeaceae) arose before the divergence of the monocots and eudicots.

Question 50

Gnetophytes are more closely related to angiosperms than to gymnosperms.

Question 51

Like gymnosperms, the earliest angiosperms had pollen grains with a single pore.

Question 52

The Nymphaeales (water lilies) are classified as basal angiosperms.

Question 53

Molecular evidence indicates the angiosperms are 125 million years old.

Question 54

A pollinium is a pollen-dispersal unit characteristic of the Orchidaceae.

Question 55

What is the apparent function of most secondary plant products?

A)attracting pollinators
B)facilitating fruit or seed dispersal
C)serving as plant hormones
D)serving as sources of energy for the plant
E)restricting the palatability of the plant to herbivores

Question 56

Amborella is a sister group of the Mesangiospermae.

Question 57

Which of the following statements about the coevolution of angiosperms and insects is FALSE?

A)Angiosperms exhibit a wide variety of pollination mechanisms.
B)Angiosperms exhibit a wide variety of fruit-dispersal mechanisms.
C)Whole families of plants are associated with major groups of plant-eating insects.
D)Whole families of plants can be characterized biochemically.
E)Many of the possible coevolution variants have evolved only once within a particular plant family.
True-False Questions

Question 58

Archaefructus is the earliest angiosperm whole-plant fossil.

Question 59

The function of elaiosomes is to:

A)provide food for ants.
B)produce noxious chemicals that deter herbivores.
C)facilitate dispersal by wind.
D)facilitate dispersal by water.
E)adhere to the fur or feathers of animals.

Question 60

A relationship between plants of the mustard family Brassicaceae and larvae of the butterfly family Pierinae has developed such that the larvae:

A)die when they eat the plants.
B)escape predation by mimicry.
C)provide food for the ants that live on the plants.
D)feed only on those plants.
E)protect the plants from herbivores.

Question 61

Wind-pollinated flowers often have feathery outgrowths for intercepting pollen grains.

Question 62

Bougainvillea flowers are red due to the presence of anthocyanins as well as betacyanins.

Question 63

A multiple fruit develops from an apocarpous gynoecium.

Question 64

In plants, the main role of chemicals such as cocaine and nicotine seems to be attracting pollinators.

Question 65

Either seeds or fruits may have wings or plumes for wind dispersal.

Question 66

An example of a secondary metabolite is caffeine.

Question 67

Most red and blue plant pigments are anthocyanins.

Question 68

A parthenocarpic fruit is one that develops without seeds

Question 69

In "food-deception," the plant signals the presence of nectar without providing it.