Deck 18: Gymnosperms

Question 1

Seed plants evolved most directly from:

A)lycophytes.
B)ferns.
C)progymnosperms.
D)angiosperms.
E)trimerophytes.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following was NOT a step in the evolution of the ovule?

A)Retention of the megaspores in the megasporangium
B)Production of only four megaspore mother cells per megasporangium
C)Formation of a highly reduced endosporic megagametophyte
D)Production of only one functional megaspore per megasporangium
E)Development of the embryo within the megagametophyte

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which extinct gymnosperms resembled modern cycads?

A)Seed ferns
B)Cordaitales
C)Bennettitales
D)Ophioglossales
E)Trimerophytes

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following statements about gymnosperms is FALSE?

A)Gymnosperm means "naked seed."
B)Ovules and seeds are exposed on the surface of sporophylls.
C)The female gametophyte produces several archegonia.
D)The male gametophyte produces several antheridia.
E)The male gametophyte is endosporic.

Question 5

Which of the following questions concerning the progymnosperms is FALSE?

A)They had a bifacial vascular cambium.
B)Archaeopteris was a major type.
C)Some contain a eustele.
D)Most were heterosporous.
E)Seed plants are thought to have evolved from plants similar to the progymnosperms.

Question 6

______ produce nonmotile sperm.

A)Conifers and gnetophytes
B)Conifers and cycads
C)Cycads and Ginkgo
D)Cycads and gnetophytes
E)Ginkgo and gnetophytes

Question 7

After fertilization, the integuments develop into the:

A)seed coat.
B)ovule.
C)nucellus.
D)micropyle.
E)megaspore.

Question 8

In which gymnosperms do multiflagellated sperm swim to an archegonium?

A)None
B)Ginkgo only
C)Gnetophytes only
D)Cycads only
E)Ginkgo and cycads

Question 9

A micropyle is a(n):

A)nutritive structure of the embryo.
B)nutritive structure of the pollen grain.
C)opening in the megaspore wall.
D)opening in an integument.
E)opening in the megasporangium wall.

Question 10

In which of the following groups is the pollen tube haustorial?

A)Conifers and gnetophytes
B)Conifers and cycads
C)Cycads and Ginkgo
D)Cycads and gnetophytes
E)Ginkgo and gnetophytes

Question 11

The fossil record indicates that the integument evolved through a gradual:

A)thickening of the megasporangium wall.
B)splitting of the megaspore wall.
C)fusion of megaspore lobes.
D)splitting of the ovule wall.
E)fusion of integumentary lobes.

Question 12

Polyembryony is common in gymnosperms because a(n):

A)seed produces several ovules.
B)ovule produces several megasporangia.
C)megasporangium produces several megaspores.
D)megagametophyte produces several archegonia.
E)archegonium contains several eggs.

Question 13

Just before fertilization, a gymnosperm ovule contains:

A)an embryo.
B)antheridia.
C)archegonia.
D)megaspores.
E)a seed coat.

Question 14

In seed plants, the ______ is called the nucellus.

A)young sporophyte
B)megagametophyte
C)megaspore
D)megasporangium
E)embryo

Question 15

In gymnosperms, pollination occurs usually by:

A)insects.
B)water.
C)wind.
D)birds.
E)mammals.

Question 16

The progymnosperms had characteristics intermediate between those of the ______ and those of the ______.

A)Paleozoic ferns; gymnosperms
B)Paleozoic ferns; angiosperms
C)seedless vascular trimerophytes; seed plants
D)seedless vascular trimerophytes; modern ferns
E)seedless vascular trimerophytes; rhyniophytes

Question 17

With the evolution of the ovule, the unit of dispersal shifted from the megaspore to the:

A)sperm.
B)egg.
C)microspore.
D)megaspore mother cell.
E)seed.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a gymnosperm phylum?

A)Gnetophyta
B)Anthophyta
C)Cycadophyta
D)Ginkgophyta
E)Coniferophyta

Question 19

Which of the following statements about conifers is FALSE?

A)They belong to the phylum Coniferophyta.
B)Their leaves have humidity-resistant features.
C)They are the most ecologically important gymnosperms.
D)They include the pines, firs, and spruces.
E)The tallest vascular plant is a conifer.

Question 20

A seed is composed of a(n) ______ and ______.

A)ovule; embryo
B)ovule; megasporangium
C)ovule; integuments
D)megasporangium; embryo
E)megasporangium; integuments

Question 21

Which of the following statements about pine leaves is FALSE?

A)They have a thick cuticle.
B)They have sunken stomata.
C)They are spirally arranged and borne singly on the stem.
D)They are arranged in indeterminate bundles called fascicles.
E)Their vascular bundles are surrounded by transfusion tissue.

Question 22

The seed-scale complex of an ovulate cone consists of:

A)a megasporophyll and two ovules.
B)a megasporophyll and one bract.
C)an ovuliferous scale and two ovules.
D)two ovules and two bracts.
E)an ovuliferous scale, two ovules, and one bract.

Question 23

In the ______, ovules are solitary and surrounded by an aril.

A)larches
B)hemlocks
C)yews
D)junipers
E)spruces

Question 24

Which of the following statements about cycads is FALSE?

A)They resemble palms.
B)They exhibit secondary growth.
C)They produce nonflagellated sperm.
D)They are pollinated by insects.
E)They harbor cyanobacteria.

Question 25

In pines, the generative cell of the male gametophyte divides to produce:

A)two sperm cells.
B)one sterile cell and one spermatogenous cell.
C)one sterile cell and one sperm cell.
D)two spermatogenous cells.
E)two sterile cells.

Question 26

Palmlike gymnosperms belong to the phylum:

A)Cycadophyta.
B)Coniferophyta.
C)Ginkgophyta.
D)Progymnospermophyta.
E)Gnetophyta.

Question 27

In a conifer seed, the three different generations are represented by the:

A)integument, nucellus, and egg.
B)seed coat, embryo, and food supply.
C)seed coat, archegonium, and food supply.
D)integument, ovule, and embryo.
E)integument, megasporangium, and archegonium

Question 28

In pines, a megaspore mother cell divides to give rise to four ______, of which ______ disintegrate(s).

A)megaspores; one
B)megaspores; two
C)megaspores; three
D)megasporocytes; two
E)megasporocytes; three

Question 29

In the pine life cycle, meiosis occurs in:

A)archegonia.
B)microspores.
C)microsporocytes.
D)pollen grains.
E)sporophylls.

Question 30

In pines, the immature male gametophyte consists of:

A)two prothallial cells, one generative cell, and one tube cell.
B)one prothallial cell, two generative cells, and one tube cell.
C)one prothallial cell, one generative cell, and two tube cells.
D)two prothallial cells, two generative cells, and one tube cell.
E)one prothallial cell, one generative cell, and one tube cell.

Question 31

Which of the following statements about the embryogeny of pine is FALSE?

A)Three types of polyembryony occur in most species.
B)Four tiers of embryonic cells form at the lower end of the archegonium.
C)Suspensor cells force the embryos through the wall of the archegonium.
D)An embryo begins to develop from each of the four cells farthest from the micropyle.
E)The integument develops into a seed coat.

Question 32

The longest-lived tree is:

A)Sequoiadendron giganteum.
B)Sequoiadendron semperiverens.
C)dawn redwood.
D)sago palm.
E)bristlecone pine.

Question 33

The daughter cells produced by a microsporocyte are:

A)microspore mother cells.
B)microspores.
C)pollen grains.
D)prothallial cells.
E)generative cells.

Question 34

Which of the following gymnosperms is a cycad native to the United States?

A)Gnetum
B)Zamia
C)Tsuga
D)Taxus
E)Metasequoia

Question 35

Which phylum is characterized by having coralloid roots?

A)Progymnospermophyta
B)Gnetophyta
C)Ginkgophyta
D)Cycadophyta
E)Coniferophyta

Question 36

Which of the following statements about pine seeds is FALSE?

A)They are often shed from the cones during the first year following pollination.
B)They are often dispersed by the wind.
C)Some are dispersed only after the cones are scorched by fire.
D)Some are dispersed by birds.
E)Some are winged.

Question 37

Which of the following statements concerning pollination drops is FALSE?

A)They contain sugars and amino acids.
B)They contain proteins that function in pathogen defense.
C)They prevent pollen grains from contacting the nucellus.
D)They contain proteins that function in pollen development.
E)They exude from the open end of ovules.

Question 38

_________ is a conifer regarded as a "living fossil."

A)Tsuga
B)Sequoiadendron semperiverens
C)Metasequoia
D)Taxodium
E)Abies

Question 39

In pines, the mature male gametophyte consists of:

A)one tube cell and one generative cell.
B)one tube cell, one sterile cell, and one spermatogenous cell.
C)two prothallial cells, one tube cell, and one generative cell.
D)two prothallial cells, one tube cell, one sterile cell, and one spermatogenous cell.
E)two prothallial cells, one tube cell, one sterile cell, and two sperm.

Question 40

The tallest living plant is:

A)Sequoiadendron giganteum.
B)Sequoiadendron semperiverens.
C)Metasequoia.
D)Taxodium.
E)Pinus longaeva.

Question 41

All seed plants are heterosporous.

Question 42

The Bennettitales is an extinct group of gymnosperms.

Question 43

A seed develops into an ovule.

Question 44

Members of the phylum ______ harbor a green alga that exists in a "precursor" state, having neither discernible nuclei nor mitochondria.

A)Ginkgophyta
B)Coniferophyta
C)Gnetophyta
D)Progymnospermophyta
E)Cycadophyta

Question 45

In Pinus, the four-celled pollen grain consists of one prothallial cell, two generative cells, and one tube cell.

Question 46

Each gymnosperm ovule usually produces several archegonia.

Question 47

The tallest vascular plant belongs to the phylum Coniferophyta.

Question 48

Seeds are thought to have evolved before wood.

Question 49

In gymnosperms, the ovules abort about 95 percent of the time.

Question 50

The bifacial vascular cambium evolved first in the progymnosperms.

Question 51

A micropyle is the opening in a microsporangium.

Question 52

The gymnosperms most closely resembling angiosperms belong to the phylum:

A)Cycadophyta.
B)Coniferophyta.
C)Ginkgophyta.
D)Progymnospermophyta.
E)Gnetophyta.
True-False Questions

Question 53

The pollen grain is a partly developed megagametophyte.

Question 54

The microgametophytes of Gymnosperms usually produce at least one antheridium.

Question 55

Gymnosperms having fan-shaped deciduous leaves belong to the phylum:

A)Cycadophyta.
B)Coniferophyta.
C)Ginkgophyta.
D)Progymnospermophyta.
E)Gnetophyta.

Question 56

The progymnosperms were unique among the woody plants of the Devonian period in producing secondary phloem.

Question 57

The pollen tube originally developed as a structure that permitted the male gametophyte to absorb nutrients during sperm formation.

Question 58

Microspore mother cells divide by mitosis, producing microsporocytes.

Question 59

______ is a gnetophyte characterized by two strap-shaped leaves growing from a massive woody disk.

A)Rhopalotria
B)Zamia
C)Ephedra
D)Welwitschia
E)Gnetum

Question 60

In pines, materials are conducted between the mesophyll and the vascular bundles via transfusion tissue.

Question 61

Cyanobacteria typically inhabit coralloid roots.

Question 62

In cycads and Ginkgo, male and female gametophytes are produced on the same plant.

Question 63

In Pinus, when the generative cell divides it produces one sterile cell and two spermatogenous cells.

Question 64

In pine, the mature microgametophyte is the germinated pollen grain.

Question 65

The exposed part of Welwitschia consists of a concave disc that produces only two strap-shaped leaves.

Question 66

In conifer seeds, the food supply is diploid.

Question 67

The tallest living plant belongs to the family Cupressaceae.