Deck 16: Marine and Coastal Systems and Resources

Question 1

Salt marshes .

A)occur mostly in tropical areas
B)presently have remained undisturbed by human activities
C)contain too much salt to be inhabited by many organisms
D)occur mostly in arctic areas
E)occur mostly in temperate areas

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Water in the surface zone of the ocean is, for the most part, .

A)the saltiest
B)well mixed
C)the coldest
D)the densest
E)low in oxygen

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Kelp are _.

A)mostly found in tropical waters
B)a species of endangered fish
C)large algae that protect shorelines from erosion, and supply shelter and food for invertebrates and fish
D)poisonous if ingested by fish or humans
E)plants that grow on the deep ocean floor

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The area that underlies the shallow water bordering continents is called the _.

A)bathymetric zone
B)topographic shelf
C)continental shelf
D)pycnocline
E)surface zone

Question 5

Ocean water is saltiest .

A)where rains are the heaviest
B)where there is a large amount of glacial melting
C)at the equator
D)where there is high evaporation and low precipitation
E)in estuaries

Question 6

The rapid melting of Greenland's ice cap could disrupt the NADW formation by .

A)adding heat and salt to deep ocean waters
B)adding excess nutrients to cold northern waters
C)adding huge amounts of less dense fresh water to the surface of the system
D)adding huge amounts of dense fresh water to the deep ocean
E)acidifying ocean water

Question 7

Downwelling _.

A)occurs in areas where currents diverge, or flow away from each other
B)occurs where winds blow at right angles toward the coastline
C)is the flow of cold water down toward the ocean floor
D)of ocean water results in areas of high primary productivity at the ocean surface
E)occurs in areas where surface currents converge, or flow toward each other

Question 8

Which of the following is true of eutrophication in marine systems?

A)It can aid corals by killing parasites.
B)It can lead to algal blooms and red tides that kill fish.
C)It is rare and occurs only in bad weather.
D)It provides needed limiting nutrients.
E)It does not occur.

Question 9

Bathymetry is best defined as the study of .

A)coral reefs
B)fish populations
C)earthquakes
D)ocean depths
E)human populations

Question 10

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
Diets that incorporate seafood can be healthy for us and kind to the environment. However, all seafood is not comparable, so choice is important. Mollusks such as oysters, mussels, and scallops are good choices if they are grown suspended in water, because dredging for these mollusks damages seafloors. On fish farms, this involves growing organisms on nets, trays, or racks. Because mollusks are filter feeders, farmed mollusks can actually improve water quality. Although shrimp are also filter feeders, shrimp farms, especially in Southeast Asia, are often built in coastal areas where mangroves are destroyed to make room for farms. As long as excessive quantities of grain or wild fish are not used for feed, aquaculture can be a very good alternative to open ocean fishing because it can reduce bycatch, the pressure on wild stocks, and the fossil fuel use required at sea. Exceptions are farms that raise transgenic salmon, which often spread disease, or where the farmed fish become oversized and outcompete the native fish. These salmon consume massive quantities of fish feed, so better fish choices are farm-raised talapia, striped bass, and sturgeon.
In the wild, Pacific halibut, salmon, sablefish, and sardines are good choices because they are fished selectively. Wild grouper, shark, swordfish, tuna, and orange roughy must be consumed cautiously because water they inhabit usually contains high levels of mercury, PCBs, dioxins, or pesticides, which can biomagnify in food webs and bioaccumulate in fish tissues. Wild Chilean sea bass, Atlantic cod, and Atlantic halibut should be avoided because their populations have been overfished. Orange roughy have been overfished, reproduce slowly, and are fished with bottom-trawlers that frequently damage bottom habitat.
Why are marine reserves ecologically better than fish farms?

A)Farmed fish are genetically inferior.
B)They restore damaged habitats and allow overfished species to reproduce and spread.
C)Farmed fish are quickly depleted.
D)They require no government regulation.
E)They are met with less opposition by fishers because they provide tremendous economic benefits.

Question 11

In thermohaline circulation of global current systems, surface water is .

A)less salty, less dense, and warmer
B)saltier and colder
C)warm and dense
D)driven by winds from north to south
E)cold and dense

Question 12

As water warms, it .

A)decreases in density
B)decreases in temperature
C)dissolves increased amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
D)becomes more alkaline
E)sinks

Question 13

Marine reserves .

A)are people responsible for policing the open ocean waters
B)provide no benefits to fishers, so are unanimously opposed by them
C)are "no-take" areas in the oceans
D)are people responsible for policing the coastlines
E)are opposed by most environmentalists

Question 14

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
Diets that incorporate seafood can be healthy for us and kind to the environment. However, all seafood is not comparable, so choice is important. Mollusks such as oysters, mussels, and scallops are good choices if they are grown suspended in water, because dredging for these mollusks damages seafloors. On fish farms, this involves growing organisms on nets, trays, or racks. Because mollusks are filter feeders, farmed mollusks can actually improve water quality. Although shrimp are also filter feeders, shrimp farms, especially in Southeast Asia, are often built in coastal areas where mangroves are destroyed to make room for farms. As long as excessive quantities of grain or wild fish are not used for feed, aquaculture can be a very good alternative to open ocean fishing because it can reduce bycatch, the pressure on wild stocks, and the fossil fuel use required at sea. Exceptions are farms that raise transgenic salmon, which often spread disease, or where the farmed fish become oversized and outcompete the native fish. These salmon consume massive quantities of fish feed, so better fish choices are farm-raised talapia, striped bass, and sturgeon.
In the wild, Pacific halibut, salmon, sablefish, and sardines are good choices because they are fished selectively. Wild grouper, shark, swordfish, tuna, and orange roughy must be consumed cautiously because water they inhabit usually contains high levels of mercury, PCBs, dioxins, or pesticides, which can biomagnify in food webs and bioaccumulate in fish tissues. Wild Chilean sea bass, Atlantic cod, and Atlantic halibut should be avoided because their populations have been overfished. Orange roughy have been overfished, reproduce slowly, and are fished with bottom-trawlers that frequently damage bottom habitat.
The main environmental problem caused by harvesting bottom- dwelling mollusks is .

A)habitat destruction
B)introduction of invasive species
C)high bycatch
D)removal of keystone species
E)bioaccumulation

Question 15

Most present-day fisheries managers .

A)favor taxes on commercial fishing boats
B)favor short-term solutions to marine ecosystem problems
C)favor protection of commercially valuable species and not others
D)wish to set aside areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference
E)want all laws regarding fishing to be abolished

Question 16

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
Diets that incorporate seafood can be healthy for us and kind to the environment. However, all seafood is not comparable, so choice is important. Mollusks such as oysters, mussels, and scallops are good choices if they are grown suspended in water, because dredging for these mollusks damages seafloors. On fish farms, this involves growing organisms on nets, trays, or racks. Because mollusks are filter feeders, farmed mollusks can actually improve water quality. Although shrimp are also filter feeders, shrimp farms, especially in Southeast Asia, are often built in coastal areas where mangroves are destroyed to make room for farms. As long as excessive quantities of grain or wild fish are not used for feed, aquaculture can be a very good alternative to open ocean fishing because it can reduce bycatch, the pressure on wild stocks, and the fossil fuel use required at sea. Exceptions are farms that raise transgenic salmon, which often spread disease, or where the farmed fish become oversized and outcompete the native fish. These salmon consume massive quantities of fish feed, so better fish choices are farm-raised talapia, striped bass, and sturgeon.
In the wild, Pacific halibut, salmon, sablefish, and sardines are good choices because they are fished selectively. Wild grouper, shark, swordfish, tuna, and orange roughy must be consumed cautiously because water they inhabit usually contains high levels of mercury, PCBs, dioxins, or pesticides, which can biomagnify in food webs and bioaccumulate in fish tissues. Wild Chilean sea bass, Atlantic cod, and Atlantic halibut should be avoided because their populations have been overfished. Orange roughy have been overfished, reproduce slowly, and are fished with bottom-trawlers that frequently damage bottom habitat.
Which of the following is not true about aquaculture?

A)It can be resource intensive.
B)It directly depletes wild fish populations.
C)It is always unsustainable.
D)It can result in habitat destruction.
E)It can create mutants and spread diseases that harm native species.

Question 17

Red tides are caused by .

A)nutrient pollution leading to marine algae blooms
B)nutrient upwelling
C)the position of the moon
D)increased ocean oxygen content
E)increased ocean carbon dioxide content

Question 18

Zooxanthellae are .

A)an invasive species of kelp in the Indian Ocean
B)an endangered species of fish in the Pacific Ocean
C)symbiotic algae that provide corals with energy via their photosynthetic activity
D)symbiotic bacteria that decompose tissues of dead animals in oceans
E)symbiotic bacteria that fix nitrogen in oceans

Question 19

Upwelling .

A)occurs in areas where there are no currents
B)is the flow of warm water up toward the ocean surface
C)occurs where winds blow at right angles toward the coastline
D)results in areas of high primary productivity at the ocean surface
E)transports oxygen up toward the ocean surface

Question 20

El Niño and La Niña .

A)both decrease water temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean
B)both increase water temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean
C)occur in precise patterns every 10 years
D)produce changes of opposite direction in global temperature and precipitation patterns
E)both increase water temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico

Question 21

In 2006, Congress to address the issue of solid wastes in oceans.

A)first established Marine Protected Areas
B)passed the Marine Debris Research, Prevention and Reduction Act
C)instituted the FAO
D)passed the U.S. Oil Pollution Act
E)passed the Mangrove Protection Act

Question 22

Match the following.

A)salt marsh
B)estuary
C)surface zone
D)pycnocline
E)pelagic zone
F)littoral zone
G)bottom trawling
H)neritic zone
I)mangrove forest
J)drift netting
K)deep zone
Ocean zone where water is dense and sluggish and not affected by winds, sunlight, and daily temperature fluctuations

Question 23

Approximately % of the world's marine fish populations are either fully exploited or overexploited.

A)40
B)67
C)80
D)20
E)50

Question 24

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
Diets that incorporate seafood can be healthy for us and kind to the environment. However, all seafood is not comparable, so choice is important. Mollusks such as oysters, mussels, and scallops are good choices if they are grown suspended in water, because dredging for these mollusks damages seafloors. On fish farms, this involves growing organisms on nets, trays, or racks. Because mollusks are filter feeders, farmed mollusks can actually improve water quality. Although shrimp are also filter feeders, shrimp farms, especially in Southeast Asia, are often built in coastal areas where mangroves are destroyed to make room for farms. As long as excessive quantities of grain or wild fish are not used for feed, aquaculture can be a very good alternative to open ocean fishing because it can reduce bycatch, the pressure on wild stocks, and the fossil fuel use required at sea. Exceptions are farms that raise transgenic salmon, which often spread disease, or where the farmed fish become oversized and outcompete the native fish. These salmon consume massive quantities of fish feed, so better fish choices are farm-raised talapia, striped bass, and sturgeon.
In the wild, Pacific halibut, salmon, sablefish, and sardines are good choices because they are fished selectively. Wild grouper, shark, swordfish, tuna, and orange roughy must be consumed cautiously because water they inhabit usually contains high levels of mercury, PCBs, dioxins, or pesticides, which can biomagnify in food webs and bioaccumulate in fish tissues. Wild Chilean sea bass, Atlantic cod, and Atlantic halibut should be avoided because their populations have been overfished. Orange roughy have been overfished, reproduce slowly, and are fished with bottom-trawlers that frequently damage bottom habitat.
Which of the following is not characteristic of currents?

A)driven by temperature
B)always rapid and powerful
C)driven by wind
D)driven by density differences
E)driven by gravity

Question 25

Match the following.

A)salt marsh
B)estuary
C)surface zone
D)pycnocline
E)pelagic zone
F)littoral zone
G)bottom trawling
H)neritic zone
I)mangrove forest
J)drift netting
K)deep zone
Fishing technique for capturing groundfish

Question 26

Sea otters act as keystone species in the _.

A)deep ocean systems
B)kelp forests
C)salt marshes
D)coral reefs
E)mangrove forests

Question 27

The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 .

A)restricted oil movement to land rather than sea
B)required that by 2015 all oil tankers in U.S. water be double hulled
C)was a global treaty signed by all oil-transporting nations
D)increased gas taxes to pay for the Exxon Valdez spill
E)is not effective at altering national oil incidents

Question 28

What are groundfish?

A)various species that live in littoral habitats, such as tuna and whitefish
B)various species that live in benthic habitats, such as halibut and flounder
C)fish that are ground up and used for bait
D)fish that form the base of the food web of deep-water habitats
E)various species that are found in estuaries

Question 29

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
Diets that incorporate seafood can be healthy for us and kind to the environment. However, all seafood is not comparable, so choice is important. Mollusks such as oysters, mussels, and scallops are good choices if they are grown suspended in water, because dredging for these mollusks damages seafloors. On fish farms, this involves growing organisms on nets, trays, or racks. Because mollusks are filter feeders, farmed mollusks can actually improve water quality. Although shrimp are also filter feeders, shrimp farms, especially in Southeast Asia, are often built in coastal areas where mangroves are destroyed to make room for farms. As long as excessive quantities of grain or wild fish are not used for feed, aquaculture can be a very good alternative to open ocean fishing because it can reduce bycatch, the pressure on wild stocks, and the fossil fuel use required at sea. Exceptions are farms that raise transgenic salmon, which often spread disease, or where the farmed fish become oversized and outcompete the native fish. These salmon consume massive quantities of fish feed, so better fish choices are farm-raised talapia, striped bass, and sturgeon.
In the wild, Pacific halibut, salmon, sablefish, and sardines are good choices because they are fished selectively. Wild grouper, shark, swordfish, tuna, and orange roughy must be consumed cautiously because water they inhabit usually contains high levels of mercury, PCBs, dioxins, or pesticides, which can biomagnify in food webs and bioaccumulate in fish tissues. Wild Chilean sea bass, Atlantic cod, and Atlantic halibut should be avoided because their populations have been overfished. Orange roughy have been overfished, reproduce slowly, and are fished with bottom-trawlers that frequently damage bottom habitat.
Which of the following should be avoided because of PCB contamination?

A)oysters
B)mussels
C)wild salmon
D)talapia
E)tuna

Question 30

A 2003 study reported that % of large- bodied fish and sharks were lost in the first decade of industrialized fishing.

A)90
B)50
C)40
D)10
E)20

Question 31

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
Diets that incorporate seafood can be healthy for us and kind to the environment. However, all seafood is not comparable, so choice is important. Mollusks such as oysters, mussels, and scallops are good choices if they are grown suspended in water, because dredging for these mollusks damages seafloors. On fish farms, this involves growing organisms on nets, trays, or racks. Because mollusks are filter feeders, farmed mollusks can actually improve water quality. Although shrimp are also filter feeders, shrimp farms, especially in Southeast Asia, are often built in coastal areas where mangroves are destroyed to make room for farms. As long as excessive quantities of grain or wild fish are not used for feed, aquaculture can be a very good alternative to open ocean fishing because it can reduce bycatch, the pressure on wild stocks, and the fossil fuel use required at sea. Exceptions are farms that raise transgenic salmon, which often spread disease, or where the farmed fish become oversized and outcompete the native fish. These salmon consume massive quantities of fish feed, so better fish choices are farm-raised talapia, striped bass, and sturgeon.
In the wild, Pacific halibut, salmon, sablefish, and sardines are good choices because they are fished selectively. Wild grouper, shark, swordfish, tuna, and orange roughy must be consumed cautiously because water they inhabit usually contains high levels of mercury, PCBs, dioxins, or pesticides, which can biomagnify in food webs and bioaccumulate in fish tissues. Wild Chilean sea bass, Atlantic cod, and Atlantic halibut should be avoided because their populations have been overfished. Orange roughy have been overfished, reproduce slowly, and are fished with bottom-trawlers that frequently damage bottom habitat.
Farm-raised shrimp are not a good environmental seafood choice because .

A)trawling destroys coral reefs
B)they require high quantities of wild fish feed
C)shrimp farms are often associated with reduction in mangrove forest habitat
D)of high bycatch
E)of the bioaccumulation of toxins

Question 32

Oceanographers are studying the thermohaline currents to determine .

A)whether they are becoming more acidic
B)whether they could be replaced with artificial currents if damaged by changing temperatures
C)whether global climate change may slow or alter their path
D)if warm water from polar and glacial melt is affecting the chemistry of the currents
E)whether fresh water is more dense than saltwater

Question 33

The exceptionally strong warming of the eastern Pacific is referred to as .

A)Eastern Pacific Shallow Water Warming
B)El Niño
C)the Coriolis effect
D)Eastern Pacific Deep Water Warming
E)La Niña

Question 34

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
Diets that incorporate seafood can be healthy for us and kind to the environment. However, all seafood is not comparable, so choice is important. Mollusks such as oysters, mussels, and scallops are good choices if they are grown suspended in water, because dredging for these mollusks damages seafloors. On fish farms, this involves growing organisms on nets, trays, or racks. Because mollusks are filter feeders, farmed mollusks can actually improve water quality. Although shrimp are also filter feeders, shrimp farms, especially in Southeast Asia, are often built in coastal areas where mangroves are destroyed to make room for farms. As long as excessive quantities of grain or wild fish are not used for feed, aquaculture can be a very good alternative to open ocean fishing because it can reduce bycatch, the pressure on wild stocks, and the fossil fuel use required at sea. Exceptions are farms that raise transgenic salmon, which often spread disease, or where the farmed fish become oversized and outcompete the native fish. These salmon consume massive quantities of fish feed, so better fish choices are farm-raised talapia, striped bass, and sturgeon.
In the wild, Pacific halibut, salmon, sablefish, and sardines are good choices because they are fished selectively. Wild grouper, shark, swordfish, tuna, and orange roughy must be consumed cautiously because water they inhabit usually contains high levels of mercury, PCBs, dioxins, or pesticides, which can biomagnify in food webs and bioaccumulate in fish tissues. Wild Chilean sea bass, Atlantic cod, and Atlantic halibut should be avoided because their populations have been overfished. Orange roughy have been overfished, reproduce slowly, and are fished with bottom-trawlers that frequently damage bottom habitat.
Which of the following is not a problem with harvesting orange roughy?

A)high bycatch
B)habitat destruction
C)overfishing
D)toxicity
E)trawling

Question 35

Most marine- protected areas _ .

A)have been established without the consent of the United States
B)are in the open oceans
C)ban all fishing and extractive activities
D)are along the coastlines of developed nations
E)prohibit the installation of oil pipelines and fiber-optic cable lines within them

Question 36

About 80% of the ocean's water exists in the .

A)thermocline
B)pycnocline
C)euphotic zone
D)deep zone
E)surface zone

Question 37

Bycatch .

A)refers to the accidental capture of animals
B)is the practice of returning female and young fish back to the ocean
C)is fishing only at the surface of the ocean
D)is fishing only at deep levels of the ocean
E)is fishing for two species of fish concurrently

Question 38

In 1992, the Canadian government .

A)banned the use of trawl fishing
B)started harvesting manganese nodules from the ocean floor
C)gave subsidies to fishermen who were losing money due to low fish harvests
D)ordered a complete ban on cod fishing
E)enacted laws to protect many species of whales

Question 39

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
Diets that incorporate seafood can be healthy for us and kind to the environment. However, all seafood is not comparable, so choice is important. Mollusks such as oysters, mussels, and scallops are good choices if they are grown suspended in water, because dredging for these mollusks damages seafloors. On fish farms, this involves growing organisms on nets, trays, or racks. Because mollusks are filter feeders, farmed mollusks can actually improve water quality. Although shrimp are also filter feeders, shrimp farms, especially in Southeast Asia, are often built in coastal areas where mangroves are destroyed to make room for farms. As long as excessive quantities of grain or wild fish are not used for feed, aquaculture can be a very good alternative to open ocean fishing because it can reduce bycatch, the pressure on wild stocks, and the fossil fuel use required at sea. Exceptions are farms that raise transgenic salmon, which often spread disease, or where the farmed fish become oversized and outcompete the native fish. These salmon consume massive quantities of fish feed, so better fish choices are farm-raised talapia, striped bass, and sturgeon.
In the wild, Pacific halibut, salmon, sablefish, and sardines are good choices because they are fished selectively. Wild grouper, shark, swordfish, tuna, and orange roughy must be consumed cautiously because water they inhabit usually contains high levels of mercury, PCBs, dioxins, or pesticides, which can biomagnify in food webs and bioaccumulate in fish tissues. Wild Chilean sea bass, Atlantic cod, and Atlantic halibut should be avoided because their populations have been overfished. Orange roughy have been overfished, reproduce slowly, and are fished with bottom-trawlers that frequently damage bottom habitat.
Hydrothermal vents .

A)are passageways for fish within coral reefs
B)provide chemicals to symbiotic bacteria that support ecosystems at the ocean floor
C)create ocean currents
D)occur in tropical areas at the ocean surface
E)make the photic zone of ocean pelagic areas the most productive

Question 40

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
Diets that incorporate seafood can be healthy for us and kind to the environment. However, all seafood is not comparable, so choice is important. Mollusks such as oysters, mussels, and scallops are good choices if they are grown suspended in water, because dredging for these mollusks damages seafloors. On fish farms, this involves growing organisms on nets, trays, or racks. Because mollusks are filter feeders, farmed mollusks can actually improve water quality. Although shrimp are also filter feeders, shrimp farms, especially in Southeast Asia, are often built in coastal areas where mangroves are destroyed to make room for farms. As long as excessive quantities of grain or wild fish are not used for feed, aquaculture can be a very good alternative to open ocean fishing because it can reduce bycatch, the pressure on wild stocks, and the fossil fuel use required at sea. Exceptions are farms that raise transgenic salmon, which often spread disease, or where the farmed fish become oversized and outcompete the native fish. These salmon consume massive quantities of fish feed, so better fish choices are farm-raised talapia, striped bass, and sturgeon.
In the wild, Pacific halibut, salmon, sablefish, and sardines are good choices because they are fished selectively. Wild grouper, shark, swordfish, tuna, and orange roughy must be consumed cautiously because water they inhabit usually contains high levels of mercury, PCBs, dioxins, or pesticides, which can biomagnify in food webs and bioaccumulate in fish tissues. Wild Chilean sea bass, Atlantic cod, and Atlantic halibut should be avoided because their populations have been overfished. Orange roughy have been overfished, reproduce slowly, and are fished with bottom-trawlers that frequently damage bottom habitat.
Currently, the greatest ecological crisis facing marine food webs is .

A)oil spills
B)radiation
C)plastic dumping
D)overharvesting
E)abandoned fishing nets

Question 41

Match the following.

A)salt marsh
B)estuary
C)surface zone
D)pycnocline
E)pelagic zone
F)littoral zone
G)bottom trawling
H)neritic zone
I)mangrove forest
J)drift netting
K)deep zone
Ocean zone that comprises approximately 18% of the ocean's water; where density increases and temperature decreases with depth

Question 42

What are the motives for establishing marine sanctuaries and reserves?

Question 43

Match the following.

A)salt marsh
B)estuary
C)surface zone
D)pycnocline
E)pelagic zone
F)littoral zone
G)bottom trawling
H)neritic zone
I)mangrove forest
J)drift netting
K)deep zone
Ecosystem that lies along the shoreline between the farthest reach of the highest tides and the lowest reach of the lowest tide

Question 44

What does it mean to say that we are "fishing down the food chain"?

Question 45

Explain the response of Canadian cod populations in the area of the Grand Banks after the 1992 moratorium on cod fishing.

Question 46

Discuss the impacts of human-made pollution on ocean ecosystems.

Question 47

Explain how increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and warmer coastal waters resulting from global climate change may affect coral reefs.

Question 48

Match the following.

A)salt marsh
B)estuary
C)surface zone
D)pycnocline
E)pelagic zone
F)littoral zone
G)bottom trawling
H)neritic zone
I)mangrove forest
J)drift netting
K)deep zone
Area where a river flows into the ocean, mixing fresh water and saltwater

Question 49

On what concept has traditional fisheries management been based? What approach do scientists think would improve current management techniques?

Question 50

Match the following.

A)salt marsh
B)estuary
C)surface zone
D)pycnocline
E)pelagic zone
F)littoral zone
G)bottom trawling
H)neritic zone
I)mangrove forest
J)drift netting
K)deep zone
Tree- dominated ecosystem in tropical and subtropical latitudes that consists of gently sloping sandy and silty coastal areas

Question 51

Summarize some of the positive effects of establishing marine reserves.

Question 52

Discuss how fishing practices can damage ecosystems. Include problems associated with driftnets, longline fishing, and bottom- trawling.

Question 53

Discuss the importance of the goods and services that ocean ecosystems provide for humans.

Question 54

Explain the NADW in the context of global climate change.