Deck 6: The Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands and Hormone Actions

Question 1

A person with a pheochromocytoma (a functioning adenoma) is experiencing symptoms created by its hypersecretion of epinephrine, including high blood pressure, elevated heart rate, excessive sweating, anxiety, and weight loss. Where would this neuroendocrine tumor be located?

A) neurohypophysis of pituitary gland
B) hypothalamus
C) adrenal medulla
D) adrenal cortex
E) adenohypophysis of pituitary gland

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What layer of the adrenal cortex secretes androgens?

A) zona reticularis only
B) zona fasciculata only
C) zona glomerulosa only
D) both zonae reticularis and fasciculata
E) both zonae reticularis and glomerulosa

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is triiodothyronine?

A) a catecholamine released from the adrenal medulla
B) the hormone secreted from the pineal gland
C) the hormone secreted from the thymus
D) a catecholamine released from the adrenal cortex
E) a thyroid hormone, also known as T₃, secreted from the thyroid gland

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a hormone released from the anterior pituitary?

A) follicle stimulating hormone
B) luteinizing hormone
C) prolactin inhibiting hormone
D) growth hormone
E) adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 5

What hormone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa layer of the adrenal gland?

A) epinephrine
B) aldosterone
C) cortisol
D) progesterone
E) androgens

Question 6

The thyroid gland secretes what hormone(s)?

A) thyroid hormones only
B) thymosin only
C) calcitonin only
D) both thyroid hormones and thymosin
E) both thyroid hormones and calcitonin

Question 7

Which of the following is a CORRECT example of short -loop negative feedback?

A) Thyroid hormones inhibit the release of TSH.
B) TRH inhibits the release of TSH.
C) Thyroid hormones inhibit the release of TRH.
D) TRH stimulates the release of thyroid hormones.
E) TSH inhibits the release of TRH.

Question 8

Which of the following endocrine organs essentially secretes hormones from neurons?

A) pancreas
B) hypothalamus
C) adrenal cortex
D) thymus
E) gonads

Question 9

Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the endocrine region of the pancreas?

A) pancreatic polypeptide
B) cholecystokinin
C) somatostatin
D) insulin
E) glucagon

Question 10

A secondary endocrine organ is one that

A) secretes at least two hormones.
B) secretes hormones, but is better known for another function.
C) is the target of tropic hormones.
D) secretes tropic hormones.
E) receives communication from at least two hormones.

Question 11

Secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by .

A) releasing hormones : thalamus
B) tropic hormones : hypothalamus
C) stimulating hormones : posterior pituitary
D) oxytocin : hypothalamus
E) neurotransmitters : hypothalamus

Question 12

Which of the following hormones is NOT released from the adrenal gland?

A) cortisol
B) adrenocorticotropic hormone
C) aldosterone
D) androgens
E) epinephrine

Question 13

Which of the following tropic hormones is also known as the catecholamine, dopamine?

A) growth hormone inhibiting hormone
B) luteinizing hormone
C) growth hormone
D) prolactin releasing hormone
E) prolactin inhibiting hormone

Question 14

What is another name for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A) paraventricular nucleus
B) neurohypophysis
C) melanocyte
D) pineal gland
E) adenohypophysis

Question 15

Which of the following is a CORRECT example of long -loop negative feedback?

A) TSH stimulates the release of TRH.
B) GH stimulates the release of GHIH.
C) FSH inhibits the release of GnRH.
D) Glucocorticoids inhibit the release of CRH.
E) TSH inhibits the release of TRH.

Question 16

What hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, functions in uterine contraction and milk letdown in the breast?

A) oxytocin
B) prolactin
C) somatomedin
D) vasopressin
E) antidiuretic hormone

Question 17

Which tropic hormone is responsible for controlling the release of follicle stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary?

A) follicle releasing hormone
B) growth hormone releasing hormone
C) follicle stimulating releasing hormone
D) corticotropin releasing hormone
E) gonadotropin releasing hormone

Question 18

Which of the following correctly describes a pathway for secretion of a hormone under the control of tropic hormones?

A) TRH stimulates TSH release, which stimulates thymosin release.
B) PRH stimulates PH release, which stimulates prolactin release.
C) GHRH stimulates GH release, which stimulates insulin -like growth factor release.
D) CRH stimulates ACTH release, which stimulates somatomedin release.
E) GnRH stimulates PH release, which stimulates prolactin release.

Question 19

The release of from the pineal gland is important for establishing _.

A) prolactin : circadian rhythm
B) prolactin : breast milk production
C) melatonin : thirst
D) melatonin : circadian rhythm
E) melanin : thirst

Question 20

What ensures that blood levels of a specific releasing hormone are locally high in order to stimulate the pituitary?

A) pulsatility of tropic hormone release
B) hypothalamic -pituitary portal system
C) degradation rates of tropic hormones
D) affinity of the tropic hormones
E) hepatic portal system

Question 21

The mechanism of insulin catabolism in target cells is best described as degradation by

A) mitochondrial enzymes following receptor -mediated endocytosis.
B) peroxisomal enzymes.
C) insulin -degrading enzyme following receptor -mediated endocytosis.
D) lysosomes following receptor -mediated endocytosis.
E) proteases in the extracellular fluid.

Question 22

A person with Cushing's disease is found to have a functioning adenoma in the anterior pituitary causing an increase in ACTH secretion. Which of the following CORRECTLY describes changes in plasma levels of hormones?

A) increased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
B) decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
C) decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and increased cortisol
D) decreased CRH, increased ACTH, and increased cortisol
E) increased CRH, increased ACTH, and decreased cortisol

Question 23

What cells secrete epinephrine from the adrenal gland?

A) B cells
B) A cells
C) chromaffin cells
D) zona reticularis cells
E) D cells

Question 24

Abnormal hormone secretions from an endocrine gland due to altered tropic hormone release are called

A) secondary secretion disorders.
B) tertiary secretion disorders.
C) primary secretion disorders.
D) hypersecretions.
E) hyposecretions.

Question 25

Which of the following hormones regulates plasma calcium levels?

A) calcitonin only
B) calcitrol only
C) parathyroid hormone only
D) both calcitonin, and oxytocin
E) calcitonin, calcitrol, and parathyroid hormone

Question 26

Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by gonads?

A) testosterone
B) estradiol
C) androstenedione
D) oxytocin
E) progesterone

Question 27

Which of the following produces the hormone calcitonin?

A) posterior pituitary
B) adrenal cortex
C) pancreas
D) thyroid gland
E) adrenal medulla

Question 28

The concentration of free hormone in the blood depends on all of the following EXCEPT the

A) rate of receptor downregulation.
B) rate at which the hormone is metabolized.
C) rate of hormone secretion.
D) amount of hormone transported bound to carrier proteins.
E) amount of hormone temporarily stored in adipose tissue.

Question 29

A 10 -year -old with precocious puberty is found to have a space -occupying tumor in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, leading to excessive prolactin release. Which of the following correctly describes changes in plasma levels of hormones?

A) increased PRH, decreased PIH, and decreased prolactin
B) decreased PRH, increased PIH, and increased prolactin
C) increased PRH, increased PIH, and increased prolactin
D) decreased PRH, decreased PIH, and decreased prolactin
E) decreased PRH, decreased PIH, and increased prolactin

Question 30

Where does the neural input for circadian rhythmicity of the pineal gland and hypothalamic tropic hormones originate?

A) lateral geniculus
B) cerebrum
C) supraoptic nucleus
D) paraventricular nucleus
E) suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 31

Vasopressin works on the kidney to decrease urine output, as does aldosterone, but has an effect on blood vessels that is similar to yet another hormone, which is

A) ACTH.
B) atrial natriuretic peptide.
C) epinephrine.
D) cortisol.
E) rennin.

Question 32

Which hormone's release is governed by GnRH?

A) cortisol
B) insulin -like growth factors
C) glucagon
D) sex hormones
E) thyroid hormone

Question 33

All of the following paired hormones have antagonistic effects EXCEPT

A) insulin and glucagon.
B) epinephrine and norepinephrine.
C) PRH and dopamine.
D) ANP and aldosterone.
E) calcitonin and PTH.

Question 34

When the response to two hormones is greater than the sum of the individual responses, the response is described as

A) agonistic.
B) antagonized.
C) permissive.
D) synergistic.
E) additive.

Question 35

What anterior pituitary hormone is NOT a tropic hormone?

A) growth hormone
B) prolactin
C) follicle stimulating hormone
D) luteinizing hormone
E) adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 36

What hormone is secreted by the heart?

A) atrial natriuretic peptide
B) somatostatin
C) thymosin
D) erythropoietin
E) epinephrine

Question 37

Oxytocin is produced by neurons of the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus, but is released into the bloodstream where?

A) hypothalamic -pituitary portal system
B) uterus and breast tissue
C) neurohypophysis
D) capillary beds of the median eminence
E) anterior pituitary

Question 38

Which of the following changes in plasma levels would be observed in a primary hyposecretion of cortisol?

A) decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and increased cortisol
B) increased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
C) decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
D) increased CRH, increased ACTH, and increased cortisol
E) increased CRH, increased ACTH, and decreased cortisol

Question 39

The hormones somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon are all produced by what mixed endocrine/exocrine gland?

A) pancreas
B) thyroid gland
C) adrenal cortex
D) adrenal medulla
E) posterior pituitary

Question 40

All of the following hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex EXCEPT

A) androgens.
B) aldosterone.
C) cortisol.
D) epinephrine.
E) both male and female sex hormone precursors.

Question 41

What is the hormone whose release is stimulated by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in men?

A) inhibin
B) testosterone
C) calcitonin
D) GnRH
E) LH

Question 42

A hormone is activity.

A) additive
B) submissive
C) synergistic
D) tropic
E) permissive

Question 43

What is the name of the stalk that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A) sella turcica
B) median eminence
C) infundibulum
D) neurohypophysis
E) adenohypophysis

Question 44

Which pancreatic cell type secretes insulin?

A) alpha cells
B) F cells
C) gamma cells
D) delta cells
E) beta cells

Question 45

Acromegaly is caused by a(n)

A) thyroid deficiency.
B) increase in growth hormone in adults.
C) decrease of insulin -like growth factors.
D) cortisol deficiency.
E) decrease in growth hormone in adults.

Question 46

Inhibition of TRH release by the thyroid hormones is an example of

A) negative inhibition.
B) short loop negative feedback.
C) positive neuroendocrine reflex.
D) positive feedback.
E) long loop negative feedback.

Question 47

Which pancreatic cell type secretes somatostatin?

A) beta cells
B) F cells
C) alpha cells
D) gamma cells
E) delta cells

Question 48

What are hormones that regulate the release of other hormones?

A) release regulating hormones
B) tropic hormones
C) secondary hormones
D) stimulatory hormones
E) primary hormones

Question 49

A releasing hormone is a type of tropic hormone.

Question 50

What are the two hormones released in females in response to LH?

A) GnRH and GHRH
B) ANP and EPO
C) androgens and estrogens
D) estrogens and progesterones
E) prolactin and oxytocin

Question 51

Which hormone's release is ultimately affected by CRH?

A) cortisol
B) thyroid hormone
C) sex hormones
D) glucagon
E) insulin -like growth factors

Question 52

What hormone, released from the thyroid gland, regulates blood calcium?

A) calcitrol
B) calciferol
C) calmodulin
D) PTH
E) calcitonin

Question 53

What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down insulin, found in target and kidney cells?

A) insulin -degrading enzyme
B) proteasomal peptidase
C) insulin -tryptic factor
D) insulin peptidase
E) enterokinase

Question 54

Which hormone's release is ultimately affected by GHRH?

A) cortisol
B) insulin -like growth factors
C) thyroid hormone
D) glucagon
E) sex hormones

Question 55

What are the two classes of input that can alter the secretion of hormones?

A) neural signals and humoral signals
B) compression and release
C) anticipated input and reflexive input
D) chemical signals and mechanical input
E) motor signals and sensory signals

Question 56

Which pancreatic cell type secretes pancreatic polypeptide?

A) delta cells
B) beta cells
C) gamma cells
D) alpha cells
E) F cells

Question 57

Parathyroid hormone regulates blood levels of what ion?

A) chloride
B) potassium
C) T3
D) sodium
E) calcium

Question 58

Which pancreatic cell type secretes glucagon?

A) F cells
B) alpha cells
C) beta cells
D) gamma cells
E) delta cells

Question 59

Which hormone's release is ultimately affected by TRH?

A) thyroid hormone
B) insulin -like growth factors
C) sex hormones
D) glucagon
E) cortisol

Question 60

An alteration within the anterior pituitary that decreases the secretion of thyroid hormone would be termed a disorder.

A) primary secretion
B) secondary secretion
C) tertiary secretion
D) TSH hypersecretion
E) secreting tumor

Question 61

The parafollicular cells of the thyroid are stimulated by FSH released from the anterior pituitary.

Question 62

In a short negative feedback loop, a tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary inhibits the release of its own releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.

Question 63

Hormones transported in blood bound to proteins are metabolized more slowly than those traveling dissolved in plasma.

Question 64

The secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is controlled by hypothalamic tropic hormones.

Question 65

Insulin -like growth factors are secreted by the liver and function to promote tissue growth.

Question 66

Drinking the contents of an apple in the form of apple juice will cause a greater spike in serum glucose, and a subsequently greater insulin release, than by eating the apple in its natural state.

Question 67

Lipophilic hormones may be temporarily stored in adipose tissue, thereby affecting free levels of the hormone in the blood.

Question 68

The zona fasciculata secretes both androgens and glucocorticoids.

Question 69

The magnitude of response at the target cell depends on both the concentration of hormone and the concentration of receptor.

Question 70

Regulation of insulin release by blood glucose levels is an example of humoral control of hormone secretion.

Question 71

The release of LH and FSH by the anterior pituitary is under control of the same hypothalamic tropic hormone.

Question 72

All hormones of the adrenal cortex are steroid hormones.

Question 73

The hormone thymosin is released from the thyroid gland.

Question 74

The only non -peptide/protein tropic hormone is dopamine.

Question 75

Secondary endocrine organs include the heart, liver, kidneys, stomach, duodenum, and skin.

Question 76

The hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary by the hypothalamic -pituitary portal system.

Question 77

Growth hormone has direct action on target cells throughout the body.

Question 78

The parathyroid glands secrete calcitonin.

Question 79

Blood glucose levels are regulated by insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone.

Question 80

Growth hormone functions as both a tropic hormone and as a hormone that acts on target cells throughout the body.