Deck 20: The Gastrointestinal System

Question 1

Which of the following correctly lists the three portions of the mucosa?

A) muscularis mucosae, mucous membrane, submucosa
B) adventitia, lamina propria, muscularis externa
C) mucous membrane, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
D) serosa, muscularis mucosae, muscularis externa
E) adventitia, muscularis externa, mucous membrane

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Gastric reflux occurs when material flows backwards through which of the following structures?

A) lower esophageal sphincter
B) pyloric sphincter
C) glottis
D) epiglottis
E) upper esophageal sphincter

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Where do slow -wave potentials occur?

A) submucosal plexus
B) myenteric plexus
C) muscularis mucosae
D) inner circular muscle layer of the muscularis externa
E) outer longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis externa

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The is a layer of epithelial cells on the outer side of the serosa that secretes a watery lubricating fluid that makes it easier for organs to slide past one another.

A) submucosa
B) endothelium
C) mesentery
D) mesothelium
E) myenteric plexus

Question 5

What is the technical word for chewing?

A) haustration
B) accommodation
C) mastication
D) segmentation
E) micturition

Question 6

What layer of the gastrointestinal wall is a thick layer of connective tissue that provides the gastrointestinal tract with much of its elasticity and distensibility?

A) submucosa
B) peritoneum
C) serosa
D) lamina propria
E) mesentery

Question 7

Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall, from lumen to external surface?

A) submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa
B) mucosa, submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa
C) serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa
D) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
E) serosa, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa

Question 8

What is the thin layer of smooth muscle cells whose contraction stirs the lumenal contents and promotes contact with the mucosal membrane?

A) muscularis internae
B) muscularis mucosae
C) serosa
D) myenteric plexus
E) muscularis externae

Question 9

Enterocytes of the mucous membrane of the mucosal layer are classified as cells if they secrete fluids and enzymes into the lumen and bloodstream.

A) exocrine : endocrine
B) endocrine : exocrine
C) endocrine : absorptive
D) absorptive : endocrine
E) exocrine : absorptive

Question 10

The flow of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine is physically regulated by the

A) gastroileal sphincter.
B) pyloric sphincter.
C) lower esophageal sphincter.
D) epiglottis.
E) glottis.

Question 11

What cells secrete pepsinogen into the lumen of the stomach?

A) chief
B) parietal
C) G
D) neck
E) goblet

Question 12

The muscularis externa contains which of the following muscle groups?

A) an outer longitudinal layer that requires neural input for contraction
B) a muscularis mucosae, which lubricates as it contracts
C) an inner circular layer capable of slow -wave potentials only
D) both an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layer
E) an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer, and a muscularis mucosae

Question 13

The enteric nervous system receives its inputs from

A) autonomic neurons only.
B) somatic motor neurons only.
C) sensory neurons in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract only.
D) both autonomic neurons and sensory neurons in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract.
E) both somatic motor neurons and sensory neurons in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a basic process of the gastrointestinal system?

A) motility
B) secretion
C) digestion
D) filtration
E) absorption

Question 15

What layer of the mucosa is connective tissue that contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels?

A) serosa
B) mucous membrane
C) lamina propria
D) submucosal plexus
E) muscularis mucosae

Question 16

What is a mixture of food particles with gastric juice called?

A) gastric secretions
B) bolus
C) saliva
D) chyme
E) fundus

Question 17

What are rugae?

A) folds in the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption
B) folds in the large intestine that increase the surface area for absorption
C) folds in the stomach that can flatten to expand the stomach volume
D) a motility pattern of the large intestine
E) a motility pattern of the stomach

Question 18

As the food is broken into smaller pieces in the mouth, it is combined with its movement down the esophagus.

A) amylase
B) chyme
C) saliva
D) gastric juices
E) pancreatic juices

Question 19

What membrane lines the abdominal cavity?

A) adventitia
B) mesenteries
C) mesothelium
D) peritoneum
E) serosa

Question 20

What is a ring of skeletal muscle that regulates the movement of a bolus into the esophagus?

A) epiglottis
B) lower esophageal sphincter
C) pyloric sphincter
D) glottis
E) upper esophageal sphincter

Question 21

Blood from the intestinal capillaries drains into what blood vessel before entering the hepatic portal vein?

A) mesenteric vein
B) intestinal vein
C) hepatic artery
D) coeliac vein
E) hepatic vein

Question 22

What do parietal cells secrete?

A) hydrogen ions only
B) pepsinogen only
C) intrinsic factor only
D) both hydrogen ions and pepsinogen
E) both hydrogen ions and intrinsic factor

Question 23

What cells function to secrete hydrogen ions into the lumen of the stomach?

A) chief
B) parietal
C) goblet
D) neck
E) G

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT one of the components of exocrine pancreatic secretions?

A) amylase
B) protease
C) lipase
D) nuclease
E) sucrose

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a normal function of the high acidity of the stomach?

A) destroy foodborne bacteria
B) denature proteins
C) activate pepsin
D) activate vitamin B₁₂
E) protect against illness

Question 26

What is the brush border?

A) microvilli from epithelial cells lining the small intestine
B) microvilli from parietal cells
C) villi from parietal cells
D) villi from epithelial cells lining the small intestine
E) villi from epithelial cells lining the stomach

Question 27

To increase the absorptive efficiency of the small intestine, the surface area of the mucosa is increased by the presence of folds in the wall called , and projections of the cell membrane
Called .

A) microvilli : villi
B) lacteals : rugae
C) microvilli : lacteals
D) villi : microvilli
E) rugae : lacteals

Question 28

Which of the following sphincters is composed of skeletal muscle?

A) pyloric sphincter only
B) upper esophageal sphincter only
C) external anal sphincter only
D) both the pyloric and upper esophageal sphincters
E) both the upper esophageal and external anal sphincters

Question 29

What do the secretory cells in the crypts of Lieberkühn secrete?

A) pancreatic juice
B) gastric juice
C) intestinal juice
D) succus entericus
E) bile

Question 30

What do neck cells of gastric pits secrete?

A) intrinsic factor
B) gastrin
C) hydrogen ions
D) pepsinogen
E) mucus

Question 31

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the large intestine?

A) anus
B) vermiform appendix
C) rectum
D) cecum
E) colon

Question 32

A lacteal is a located in .

A) nerve : submucosal plexus
B) patch of immune tissue : submucosa
C) nerve : myenteric plexus
D) lymphatic vessel : villus
E) capillary : villus

Question 33

What is the primary function of the colon?

A) further digest protein within the chyme
B) further absorb carbohydrates
C) reduce the volume of the chyme
D) further digest fats within the chyme
E) regulate absorption of carbohydrates and amino acids

Question 34

What enzymes, secreted by the exocrine pancreas, degrade fats?

A) proteases
B) amylases
C) nucleases
D) lipases
E) endopeptidases

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT one of the components of saliva?

A) lipases
B) bicarbonate ions
C) mucus
D) lysozymes
E) amylases

Question 36

What region of the colon serves primarily as a storage depot for whatever material remains in the lumen after absorption has occurred?

A) sigmoid
B) transverse
C) resected
D) descending
E) ascending

Question 37

Once the chyme begins to enter the duodenum, it must first be in the pancreatic juices can be activated.

A) phosphorylated
B) hydrated
C) acidified
D) dehydrated
E) deacidified

Question 38

Which of the following secretes a bicarbonate -rich fluid?

A) liver only
B) salivary glands only
C) pancreas only
D) both salivary glands and pancreas
E) salivary glands, pancreas, and liver

Question 39

What protects the stomach wall from the acidic lumenal contents?

A) the presence of rugae
B) the gastric mucosal barrier
C) the gastric coat
D) a layer of adipose tissue lining the gastric mucosa
E) a layer of parietal cells

Question 40

Which of the following is the correct order of the components of the small intestine, from stomach to colon?

A) jejunum, ileum duodenum
B) duodenum, jejunum, ileum
C) duodenum, ileum, jejunum
D) ileum, jejunum, duodenum
E) jejunum, duodenum, ileum

Question 41

The flow of bile from the liver and juices from the exocrine pancreas converge at what structure?

A) bile duct
B) gallbladder
C) common hepatic duct
D) common bile duct
E) ampulla of Vater

Question 42

What is the functional unit of the liver?

A) sinusoid
B) lobule
C) lobe
D) hepatocyte
E) bile canaliculi

Question 43

What enzyme activates procarboxypeptidase?

A) trypsin
B) pepsin
C) enterokinase
D) aminopeptidase
E) carboxypeptidase

Question 44

The absorption of glucose involves _ basolateral membrane. across the apical membrane and _
Across the

A) secondary active transport : secondary active transport
B) facilitated diffusion : facilitated diffusion
C) simple diffusion : facilitated diffusion
D) secondary active transport : facilitated diffusion
E) secondary active transport : primary active transport

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT one of the hormone -related functions of the liver?

A) hormone modification
B) secretion of hormone -binding proteins
C) hormone storage
D) hormone degradation
E) hormone synthesis

Question 46

What degradation by -product of hemoglobin is removed from the blood by the liver, conjugated, and then secreted into the bile?

A) uric acid
B) bilirubin
C) lipoproteins
D) urea
E) iron

Question 47

Where are enzymes that breakdown disaccharides located?

A) in the lumen of the large intestine
B) on the apical membrane of enterocytes
C) inside enterocytes
D) on the basolateral membrane of enterocytes
E) in the lumen of the small intestine

Question 48

The absorption of fructose across the apical membrane of the lumenal epithelial cells occurs through what process?

A) facilitated diffusion
B) sodium -linked secondary active transport
C) paracellular transport
D) diffusion
E) primary active transport

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the liver?

A) removal of aged erythrocytes
B) synthesis and modification of hormones
C) secretion of bile
D) secretion of enzymes for digestion
E) synthesis of albumin

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT one of the wastes eliminated by the liver in bile?

A) certain drugs
B) bilirubin
C) trace metals
D) urea
E) cholesterol

Question 51

One side of a hepatocyte faces the blood while the other faces what?

A) bile canaliculus
B) common hepatic duct
C) enterocyte
D) acinar cells
E) sinusoid

Question 52

The enzyme amylase is able to cleave glycogen and starch into

A) limit dextrins only.
B) monosaccharides only.
C) disaccharides only.
D) both disaccharides and limit dextrins.
E) both monosaccharides and disaccharides.

Question 53

The digestion of proteins begins in the

A) stomach : pepsinogen
B) small intestine : trypsinogen
C) small intestine : chymotrypsinogen
D) mouth : pepsinogen
E) stomach : procarboxypeptidase

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT an enzyme that acts on the products of amylase digestion of glycogen and starch?

A) sucrase
B) maltase
C) glucoamylase
D) galactase
E) dextrinase

Question 55

Which of the following secretes lipase?

A) liver only
B) pancreas only
C) salivary glands only
D) both salivary glands and pancreas
E) pancreas and liver

Question 56

Proteolytic enzymes secreted in pancreatic juice are stored in secretory cells of the pancreas as

A) pepsinogen.
B) bile salts.
C) chylomicrons.
D) zymogens.
E) limit dextrins.

Question 57

What are Kupffer cells?

A) cells lining the crypts of Lieberkühn
B) macrophages in the liver
C) cells of the stomach that secrete hydrogen ions
D) hepatocytes
E) cells lining the pancreatic duct

Question 58

What are liver sinusoids?

A) the pathway for bile to exit the liver
B) bile -filled cavities that exchange material with the hepatocytes
C) the site of bile synthesis
D) air -filled cavities in the liver
E) blood -filled cavities that exchange material with the hepatocytes

Question 59

In order to convert amino acids to gluconeogenic precursors, their ammonium ion must be removed in the liver, which is then converted to what substance, thereby making it water soluble enough to be excreted by the kidneys?

A) uric acid
B) nitrogen
C) urea
D) bilirubin
E) ammonia

Question 60

What enzyme is responsible for cleavage of the amino acid at the amine portion of the peptide fragment?

A) aminopeptidase
B) trypsin
C) enterokinase
D) carboxypeptidase
E) chymotrypsin

Question 61

Carbonic anhydrase is located in which of the following digestive structures?

A) salivary glands only
B) lumen of the small intestine only
C) parietal cells only
D) both salivary glands and parietal cells
E) both parietal cells and lumen of the small intestine

Question 62

Which of the following is an enterogastrone?

A) gastrin
B) epinephrine
C) monoglyceride
D) bile
E) cholecystokinin

Question 63

In the jejunum, bicarbonate is

A) secreted : secreted
B) absorbed : absorbed
C) absorbed : secreted , while in the ileum and colon, bicarbonate is _.
D) absorbed : not transported in either direction
E) secreted : absorbed

Question 64

A lack of intrinsic factor can result in

A) diabetes.
B) pernicious anemia.
C) aplastic anemia.
D) diarrhea.
E) immune suppression.

Question 65

The absorption of sodium throughout the small intestine is driven by transport and is typically linked to the absorption of .

A) active : glucose
B) active : chloride
C) passive : glucose
D) passive : bicarbonate
E) active : bicarbonate

Question 66

Many individual amino acids enter the epithelial cells that line the lumen of the digestive tract via what transport process?

A) sodium -linked secondary active transport
B) primary active transport
C) facilitated diffusion
D) paracellular transport
E) simple diffusion

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT one of the hormones released by the gastrointestinal tract that regulates its function?

A) secretin
B) gastrin
C) glucose inhibitory peptide
D) cholecystokinin
E) glucose -dependent insulinotropic peptide

Question 68

Digestion products of lipases are readily exchanged in the lumen with

A) chylomicrons.
B) low -density lipoproteins.
C) polysaccharides.
D) cholesterol.
E) micelles.

Question 69

Pancreatic lipase degrades triglycerides into a

A) monoglyceride and 2 free fatty acids.
B) triglyceride whose free fatty acids have been shortened 2 carbons at a time.
C) monoglyceride and 1 free fatty acid.
D) glycerol and 3 free fatty acids.
E) diglyceride and 1 free fatty acid.

Question 70

Vitamin B₁₂ is absorbed in the through _.

A) duodenum : cotransport with sodium
B) jejunum : complexing with intrinsic factor
C) duodenum : facilitated diffusion
D) jejunum : facilitated diffusion
E) ileum : complexing with intrinsic factor

Question 71

The products of fat degradation are absorbed in the small intestines by what transport process?

A) facilitated diffusion
B) paracellular transport
C) sodium -linked secondary active transport
D) simple diffusion
E) primary active transport

Question 72

The central component of the long reflex pathway typically involves the which acts to promote an increase in gastrointestinal activity.

A) enteric
B) intrinsic
C) parasympathetic
D) somatic
E) sympathetic

Question 73

What enzyme cleaves trypsinogen to trypsin?

A) procarboxypeptidase
B) pepsin
C) enterokinase
D) chymotrypsin
E) amylase

Question 74

Gastric -phase control of gastrointestinal function refers to its site of origin, which is what?

A) the stomach
B) the intestines
C) the pancreas
D) the central nervous system
E) the colon

Question 75

In order to begin the process of fat digestion, the fat globules must be

A) emulsified by lipases.
B) coalesced by lipase.
C) emulsified by trypsin.
D) emulsified by bile salts.
E) coalesced by bile salts.

Question 76

Emulsification aids in the digestion of fats by

A) increasing the number of hydrophobic residues on the surface of the fat globule.
B) increasing the surface area of the fat globule exposed to enzymes.
C) the ability of bile salts to activate lipases that digest fats.
D) beginning the process of degrading the triglycerides within the fat globule.
E) increasing the number of fat globules.

Question 77

Bile salts are recycled by the

A) enterohepatic circulation.
B) mesenteric arteries.
C) biliary circulation.
D) hepatic arteries.
E) common bile duct.

Question 78

Which of the following substances does NOT require the interaction with a protein in the intestinal tract to be absorbed?

A) fat -soluble vitamins
B) calcium
C) sodium
D) iron
E) vitamin B₁₂

Question 79

Lipids are absorbed as into _ _.

A) chylomicrons : mesenteric capillaries
B) chylomicrons : lacteals
C) micelles : mesenteric capillaries
D) fatty acids and monoglycerides : mesenteric capillaries
E) micelles : lacteals

Question 80

Once the degradation products of triglycerides have entered the epithelial cells that line the small intestines, they

A) are further degraded to glycerol and a free fatty acid, which are packaged by the Golgi apparatus into chylomicrons.
B) cross the basolateral membrane and enter the circulation where they will be embedded into a chylomicron.
C) are reassembled into triglycerides and packaged by the Golgi apparatus into micelles.
D) are reassembled into triglycerides and packaged by the Golgi apparatus into chylomicrons.
E) are reassembled into triglycerides and released into the blood where they can be incorporated into chylomicrons.