Deck 6: The Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands and Hormone Actions

Question 1

Which of the following changes in plasma levels would be observed in a primary hyposecretion of cortisol?

A)decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
B)decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and increased cortisol
C)increased CRH, increased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
D)increased CRH, increased ACTH, and increased cortisol
E)increased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What is triiodothyronine?

A)a thyroid hormone, also known as T3, secreted from the thyroid gland
B)the hormone secreted from the thymus
C)the hormone secreted from the pineal gland
D)a catecholamine released from the adrenal medulla
E)a catecholamine released from the adrenal cortex

Answer 2

A

Question 3

When the response to two hormones is greater than the sum of the individual responses, the response is described as

A)agonistic.
B)antagonized.
C)synergistic.
D)permissive.
E)additive.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following hormones is NOT released from the adrenal gland?

A)adrenocorticotropic hormone
B)cortisol
C)androgens
D)aldosterone
E)epinephrine

Question 5

Secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by released from the .

A)releasing hormones : thalamus
B)oxytocin : hypothalamus
C)stimulating hormones : posterior pituitary
D)tropic hormones : hypothalamus
E)neurotransmitters : hypothalamus

Question 6

Which of the following is a CORRECT example of short- loop negative feedback?

A)TRH stimulates the release of thyroid hormones.
B)TSH inhibits the release of TRH.
C)Thyroid hormones inhibit the release of TSH.
D)TRH inhibits the release of TSH.
E)Thyroid hormones inhibit the release of TRH.

Question 7

What is the name of the stalk that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A)adenohypophysis
B)sella turcica
C)infundibulum
D)median eminence
E)neurohypophysis

Question 8

Where does the neural input for circadian rhythmicity of the pineal gland and hypothalamic tropic hormones originate?

A)suprachiasmatic nucleus
B)supraoptic nucleus
C)lateral geniculus
D)paraventricular nucleus
E)cerebrum

Question 9

What are the two hormones released in females in response to LH?

A)GnRH and GHRH
B)estrogens and progesterones
C)prolactin and oxytocin
D)ANP and EPO
E)androgens and estrogens

Question 10

An alteration within the anterior pituitary that decreases the secretion of thyroid hormone would be termed a disorder.

A)primary secretion
B)secondary secretion
C)tertiary secretion
D)TSH hypersecretion
E)secreting tumor

Question 11

What are the two classes of input that can alter the secretion of hormones?

A)anticipated input and reflexive input
B)compression and release
C)neural signals and humoral signals
D)chemical signals and mechanical input
E)motor signals and sensory signals

Question 12

What is the hormone whose release is stimulated by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)in men?

A)inhibin
B)testosterone
C)calcitonin
D)LH
E)GnRH

Question 13

Which tropic hormone is responsible for controlling the release of follicle stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary?

A)follicle stimulating releasing hormone
B)gonadotropin releasing hormone
C)growth hormone releasing hormone
D)follicle releasing hormone
E)corticotropin releasing hormone

Question 14

Parathyroid hormone regulates blood levels of what ion?

A)potassium
B)chloride
C)calcium
D)sodium
E)T3

Question 15

The thyroid gland secretes what hormone(s)?

A)thyroid hormones only
B)thymosin only
C)calcitonin only
D)both thyroid hormones and thymosin
E)both thyroid hormones and calcitonin

Question 16

Vasopressin works on the kidney to decrease urine output, as does aldosterone, but has an effect on blood vessels that is similar to yet another hormone, which is

A)ACTH.
B)cortisol.
C)atrial natriuretic peptide.
D)epinephrine.
E)rennin.

Question 17

What cells secrete epinephrine from the adrenal gland?

A)chromaffin cells
B)B cells
C)A cells
D)D cells
E)zona reticularis cells

Question 18

Which pancreatic cell type secretes glucagon?

A)alpha cells
B)F cells
C)beta cells
D)gamma cells
E)delta cells

Question 19

Which hormone's release is ultimately affected by TRH?

A)sex hormones
B)glucagon
C)cortisol
D)insulin- like growth factors
E)thyroid hormone

Question 20

Which of the following endocrine organs essentially secretes hormones from neurons?

A)gonads
B)thymus
C)adrenal cortex
D)pancreas
E)hypothalamus

Question 21

Which of the following correctly describes a pathway for secretion of a hormone under the control of tropic hormones?

A)TRH stimulates TSH release, which stimulates thymosin release.
B)CRH stimulates ACTH release, which stimulates somatomedin release.
C)PRH stimulates PH release, which stimulates prolactin release.
D)GnRH stimulates PH release, which stimulates prolactin release.
E)GHRH stimulates GH release, which stimulates insulin- like growth factor release.

Question 22

Inhibition of TRH release by the thyroid hormones is an example of

A)short loop negative feedback.
B)positive neuroendocrine reflex.
C)negative inhibition.
D)positive feedback.
E)long loop negative feedback.

Question 23

A secondary endocrine organ is one that

A)receives communication from at least two hormones.
B)is the target of tropic hormones.
C)secretes hormones, but is better known for another function.
D)secretes at least two hormones.
E)secretes tropic hormones.

Question 24

The mechanism of insulin catabolism in target cells is best described as degradation by

A)peroxisomal enzymes.
B)lysosomes following receptor- mediated endocytosis.
C)insulin- degrading enzyme following receptor- mediated endocytosis.
D)proteases in the extracellular fluid.
E)mitochondrial enzymes following receptor- mediated endocytosis.

Question 25

What is another name for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A)paraventricular nucleus
B)neurohypophysis
C)adenohypophysis
D)melanocyte
E)pineal gland

Question 26

What hormone, released from the thyroid gland, regulates blood calcium?

A)calcitonin
B)calcitrol
C)PTH
D)calciferol
E)calmodulin

Question 27

The concentration of free hormone in the blood depends on all of the following EXCEPT the

A)rate of hormone secretion.
B)amount of hormone temporarily stored in adipose tissue.
C)amount of hormone transported bound to carrier proteins.
D)rate of receptor downregulation.
E)rate at which the hormone is metabolized.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a hormone released from the anterior pituitary?

A)luteinizing hormone
B)follicle stimulating hormone
C)adrenocorticotropic hormone
D)growth hormone
E)prolactin inhibiting hormone

Question 29

Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the endocrine region of the pancreas?

A)insulin
B)cholecystokinin
C)glucagon
D)pancreatic polypeptide
E)somatostatin

Question 30

Which pancreatic cell type secretes insulin?

A)delta cells
B)beta cells
C)F cells
D)alpha cells
E)gamma cells

Question 31

Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by gonads?

A)androstenedione
B)estradiol
C)oxytocin
D)progesterone
E)testosterone

Question 32

What anterior pituitary hormone is NOT a tropic hormone?

A)follicle stimulating hormone
B)luteinizing hormone
C)adrenocorticotropic hormone
D)growth hormone
E)prolactin

Question 33

What hormone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa layer of the adrenal gland?

A)androgens
B)progesterone
C)epinephrine
D)cortisol
E)aldosterone

Question 34

What are hormones that regulate the release of other hormones?

A)stimulatory hormones
B)release regulating hormones
C)secondary hormones
D)primary hormones
E)tropic hormones

Question 35

The release of from the pineal gland is important for establishing .

A)melatonin : thirst
B)prolactin : circadian rhythm
C)melanin : thirst
D)melatonin : circadian rhythm
E)prolactin : breast milk production

Question 36

All of the following hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex EXCEPT

A)cortisol.
B)aldosterone.
C)androgens.
D)epinephrine.
E)both male and female sex hormone precursors.

Question 37

A 10- year- old with precocious puberty is found to have a space- occupying tumor in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, leading to excessive prolactin release. Which of the following correctly describes changes in plasma levels of hormones?

A)increased PRH, decreased PIH, and decreased prolactin
B)increased PRH, increased PIH, and increased prolactin
C)decreased PRH, decreased PIH, and increased prolactin
D)decreased PRH, decreased PIH, and decreased prolactin
E)decreased PRH, increased PIH, and increased prolactin

Question 38

A hormone is when a second hormone is required for the first hormone to have any activity.

A)additive
B)submissive
C)synergistic
D)tropic
E)permissive

Question 39

What layer of the adrenal cortex secretes androgens?

A)zona reticularis only
B)zona fasciculata only
C)zona glomerulosa only
D)both zonae reticularis and fasciculata
E)both zonae reticularis and glomerulosa

Question 40

Which of the following is a CORRECT example of long- loop negative feedback?

A)GH stimulates the release of GHIH.
B)TSH inhibits the release of TRH.
C)TSH stimulates the release of TRH.
D)Glucocorticoids inhibit the release of CRH.
E)FSH inhibits the release of GnRH.

Question 41

Which pancreatic cell type secretes somatostatin?

A)gamma cells
B)F cells
C)beta cells
D)delta cells
E)alpha cells

Question 42

All of the following paired hormones have antagonistic effects EXCEPT

A)epinephrine and norepinephrine.
B)insulin and glucagon.
C)calcitonin and PTH.
D)PRH and dopamine.
E)ANP and aldosterone.

Question 43

A person with a pheochromocytoma (a functioning adenoma)is experiencing symptoms created by its hypersecretion of epinephrine, including high blood pressure, elevated heart rate, excessive sweating, anxiety, and weight loss. Where would this neuroendocrine tumor be located?

A)adrenal medulla
B)neurohypophysis of pituitary gland
C)adrenal cortex
D)adenohypophysis of pituitary gland
E)hypothalamus

Question 44

What ensures that blood levels of a specific releasing hormone are locally high in order to stimulate the pituitary?

A)hepatic portal system
B)hypothalamic- pituitary portal system
C)degradation rates of tropic hormones
D)pulsatility of tropic hormone release
E)affinity of the tropic hormones

Question 45

Hormones transported in blood bound to proteins are metabolized more slowly than those traveling dissolved in plasma.

Question 46

A person with Cushing's disease is found to have a functioning adenoma in the anterior pituitary causing an increase in ACTH secretion. Which of the following CORRECTLY describes changes in plasma levels of hormones?

A)decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and increased cortisol
B)decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
C)increased CRH, increased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
D)increased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
E)decreased CRH, increased ACTH, and increased cortisol

Question 47

The hormones somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon are all produced by what mixed endocrine/exocrine gland?

A)pancreas
B)posterior pituitary
C)adrenal cortex
D)thyroid gland
E)adrenal medulla

Question 48

Which of the following tropic hormones is also known as the catecholamine, dopamine?

A)growth hormone
B)luteinizing hormone
C)prolactin inhibiting hormone
D)growth hormone inhibiting hormone
E)prolactin releasing hormone

Question 49

Oxytocin is produced by neurons of the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus, but is released into the bloodstream where?

A)hypothalamic- pituitary portal system
B)neurohypophysis
C)anterior pituitary
D)uterus and breast tissue
E)capillary beds of the median eminence

Question 50

What hormone is secreted by the heart?

A)erythropoietin
B)atrial natriuretic peptide
C)epinephrine
D)thymosin
E)somatostatin

Question 51

Abnormal hormone secretions from an endocrine gland due to altered tropic hormone release are called

A)primary secretion disorders.
B)tertiary secretion disorders.
C)hyposecretions.
D)secondary secretion disorders.
E)hypersecretions.

Question 52

Which of the following produces the hormone calcitonin?

A)posterior pituitary
B)pancreas
C)adrenal medulla
D)thyroid gland
E)adrenal cortex

Question 53

Acromegaly is caused by a(n)

A)cortisol deficiency.
B)decrease of insulin- like growth factors.
C)decrease in growth hormone in adults.
D)thyroid deficiency.
E)increase in growth hormone in adults.

Question 54

Which hormone's release is ultimately affected by CRH?

A)thyroid hormone
B)glucagon
C)insulin- like growth factors
D)sex hormones
E)cortisol

Question 55

What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down insulin, found in target and kidney cells?

A)enterokinase
B)insulin- degrading enzyme
C)insulin- tryptic factor
D)insulin peptidase
E)proteasomal peptidase

Question 56

Which of the following hormones regulates plasma calcium levels?

A)calcitonin only
B)calcitrol only
C)parathyroid hormone only
D)both calcitonin, and oxytocin
E)calcitonin, calcitrol, and parathyroid hormone

Question 57

Which pancreatic cell type secretes pancreatic polypeptide?

A)beta cells
B)gamma cells
C)delta cells
D)alpha cells
E)F cells

Question 58

Which hormone's release is governed by GnRH?

A)thyroid hormone
B)cortisol
C)glucagon
D)insulin- like growth factors
E)sex hormones

Question 59

What hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, functions in uterine contraction and milk letdown in the breast?

A)antidiuretic hormone
B)vasopressin
C)somatomedin
D)oxytocin
E)prolactin

Question 60

Which hormone's release is ultimately affected by GHRH?

A)cortisol
B)insulin- like growth factors
C)thyroid hormone
D)glucagon
E)sex hormones

Question 61

The secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is controlled by hypothalamic tropic hormones.

Question 62

Blood glucose levels are regulated by insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone.

Question 63

The magnitude of response at the target cell depends on both the concentration of hormone and the concentration of receptor.

Question 64

Lipophilic hormones may be temporarily stored in adipose tissue, thereby affecting free levels of the hormone in the blood.

Question 65

Secondary endocrine organs include the heart, liver, kidneys, stomach, duodenum, and skin.

Question 66

Insulin- like growth factors are secreted by the liver and function to promote tissue growth.

Question 67

Kidney cells contain insulin- degrading enzyme.

Question 68

A releasing hormone is a type of tropic hormone.

Question 69

The zona fasciculata secretes both androgens and glucocorticoids.

Question 70

The only non- peptide/protein tropic hormone is dopamine.

Question 71

The parafollicular cells of the thyroid are stimulated by FSH released from the anterior pituitary.

Question 72

All hormones of the adrenal cortex are steroid hormones.

Question 73

Growth hormone has direct action on target cells throughout the body.

Question 74

The hormone thymosin is released from the thyroid gland.

Question 75

Drinking the contents of an apple in the form of apple juice will cause a greater spike in serum glucose, and a subsequently greater insulin release, than by eating the apple in its natural state.

Question 76

In a short negative feedback loop, a tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary inhibits the release of its own releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.

Question 77

Regulation of insulin release by blood glucose levels is an example of humoral control of hormone secretion.

Question 78

Growth hormone functions as both a tropic hormone and as a hormone that acts on target cells throughout the body.

Question 79

The parathyroid glands secrete calcitonin.

Question 80

The hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary by the hypothalamic- pituitary portal system.