Deck 23: The Immune System

Question 1

Leukocyte movement from blood to the site of tissue damage or infection involves , leukocyte movement toward the blood vessel wall; , the movement of leukocytes between endothelial cells of the blood vessel; and , the movement within the tissue to the site of injury.

A)margination : chemotaxis : diapedesis
B)chemotaxis : margination : diapedesis
C)diapedesis : margination : chemotaxis
D)chemotaxis : diapedesis : margination
E)margination : diapedesis : chemotaxis

Answer 1

E

Question 2

What type of cell is important in fighting the early stages of viral infections?

A)plasma cells
B)mast cells
C)effector cells
D)dendritic cells
E)natural killer cells (NK cells)

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Polysaccharides on bacterial cells stimulate the production of antibodies by binding to

A)B cells that stimulate plasma and memory cell proliferation.
B)helper T cells that release interleukin- 1 to stimulate plasma cell proliferation.
C)helper T cells that directly stimulate plasma and memory cell proliferation.
D)B cells that stimulate plasma cell proliferation.
E)B cells that release interleukin- 2 to stimulate plasma cell proliferation.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT one of the body's nonspecific defenses against pathogens?

A)natural killer cell
B)complement system
C)interferons
D)inflammation
E)cytotoxic T cell

Question 5

Which of the following steps initiates an inflammatory response?

A)Macrophages engulf the debris or foreign material.
B)Arterioles dilate.
C)Leukocytes migrate to the infection.
D)Macrophages secrete cytokines.
E)Capillary permeability increases.

Question 6

During what process are cytokines released to initiate inflammation?

A)when capillaries dilate and become more permeable
B)the clearance of the infection by phagocytosis
C)when foreign matter is contained
D)when macrophages engulf debris and foreign matter
E)when additional leukocytes are recruited to the region

Question 7

What hormone, released in times of stress, directly inhibits the function of the immune system?

A)ADH
B)corticosteroid
C)aldosterone
D)epinephrine
E)glucagon

Question 8

Each antibody can bind

A)three epitopes of the same kind.
B)two epitopes of the same kind.
C)two epitopes of one kind and one epitope of a different kind.
D)two different types of epitopes.
E)one epitope only.

Question 9

Blood is classified into different types based on the presence or absence of certain on the surface of a person's red blood cells.

A)HLA molecules
B)MHC molecules
C)antibodies
D)IL- 2 molecules
E)antigens

Question 10

The primary mechanism whereby cytotoxic T cells are able to destroy infected cells involves

A)incorporation of the major attack complex.
B)activation of the complement system.
C)phagocytosis.
D)enzymatic degradation.
E)the incorporation of perforins into the cell membrane.

Question 11

Compared to humoral immunity, cell- mediated immunity is more likely to defend against which of the following?

A)virally infected cells only
B)transplanted tissue only
C)cancer cells only
D)both virally- infected cells and cancer cells
E)virally- infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted tissue

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT considered a peripheral lymphoid tissue?

A)appendix
B)tonsils
C)spleen
D)bone marrow
E)adenoids

Question 13

What type of cell found in the skin and mucosal linings secretes histamine?

A)monocyte
B)mast cell
C)macrophage
D)dendritic cell
E)basophil

Question 14

What cytokine helps induce proliferation and differentiation of B cells and T cells, stimulates release of acute phase proteins, and acts on the hypothalamus to induce fever?

A)interleukin- 4
B)interleukin- 1
C)interleukin- 5
D)interleukin- 10
E)interferon- y

Question 15

cells provide for a rapid secondary immune response.

A)Effector
B)Memory
C)Mast
D)Cytotoxic T cells
E)Dendritic

Question 16

In humans, the major histocompatibility (MHC)molecule is known as the

A)human leukocyte association.
B)human leukocyte antigen.
C)human lymphoid tissue.
D)human leukocyte antibody.
E)human lymphoid antibody.

Question 17

Natural killer cells secrete _ _, which forms pores in the membrane of infected or abnormal cells.

A)perforins
B)interferon
C)cytokines
D)C- reactive protein
E)pyrogens

Question 18

What causes the increase in interstitial osmotic pressure that occurs during edema?

A)recruitment of leukocytes
B)increased blood flow
C)leukocyte migration
D)increased capillary permeability
E)stimulation of sensory neurons

Question 19

People who have type O blood are considered because they .

A)universal donors : have no antibodies to A or B
B)universal donors : have no A or B antigens
C)universal recipients : have no antibodies to A or B
D)universalists : cannot receive blood transfusions
E)universal recipients : have no A or B antigens

Question 20

What cells are also called CD4 cells?

A)suppressor T cells
B)B cells
C)plasma cells
D)helper T cells
E)cytotoxic T cells

Question 21

Cells that leave the thymus with the ability to bind to class II major histocompatibility (MHC)molecules will develop into

A)suppressor T cells.
B)macrophages.
C)cytotoxic T cells.
D)helper T cells.
E)B cells.

Question 22

In the end, the complement system destroys invading bacteria by

A)release of lytic enzymes.
B)phagocytosis.
C)agglutination.
D)neutralization.
E)forming a membrane attack complex, which causes the cell to fill with fluid and lyse.

Question 23

Receptors on every T cell detect foreign antigens on cells of the body by their association with the on the surface of the infected cells of the body.

A)CD4
B)major histocompatibility (MHC)molecule
C)CD8
D)antibodies
E)membrane attack complex

Question 24

Cells that leave the thymus with the ability to bind to class I major histocompatibility (MHC)molecules will develop into

A)macrophages.
B)helper T cells.
C)suppressor T cells.
D)cytotoxic T cells.
E)B cells.

Question 25

What secretes cytokines that enhance the activity of B cells, cytotoxic T cells, suppressor T cells, and helper T cells?

A)macrophages
B)suppressor T cells
C)B cells
D)cytotoxic T cells
E)helper T cells

Question 26

While _ _ is released early in the inflammatory response to inhibit blood clotting, the that have leaked into the interstitial space become active and isolate the region of damage.

A)bradykinin : albumin molecules
B)heparin : clotting factors
C)histamine : clotting factors
D)histamine : defensive proteins
E)bradykinin : defensive proteins

Question 27

The complement cascade can be activated by binding to

A)carbohydrates present on bacterial cells only.
B)natural killer cells only.
C)antibodies attached to bacterial cells only.
D)either carbohydrates or antibodies on bacterial cells.
E)either natural killer cells or carbohydrates on bacterial cells.

Question 28

Recruited leukocytes that have invaded the vessel wall are directed to the pathogen by the process of

A)migration.
B)attachment.
C)opsonization.
D)chemotaxis.
E)diapedesis.

Question 29

The most abundant class of antibody in the body, what antibody can function by neutralization, agglutination, opsonization, complement activation, and enhancement of natural killer cell activity?

A)IgM
B)IgE
C)IgG
D)IgD
E)IgA

Question 30

Natural killer cells can kill infected or abnormal cells by the release of _, which form pores in the target cell's membrane.

A)perforins
B)antibodies
C)complement proteins
D)fragmentins
E)interferons

Question 31

A plasma cell secretes approximately antibody molecules per second over its life span of days.

A)10,000 : 4- 7
B)2000 : 7- 10
C)10,000 : 7- 10
D)2000 : 10- 20
E)2000 : 4- 7

Question 32

What phagocyte initiates inflammation?

A)mast cells
B)cytotoxic T cells
C)helper T cells
D)natural killer cells
E)macrophages

Question 33

Once bound by antibodies, an antigen is effectively opsonized and thus rendered more

A)likely to agglutinate.
B)to the complement cascade.
C)susceptible to phagocytosis.
D)to be recognized by natural killer cells.
E)likely to block the activity of a pathogen.

Question 34

Which of the following cells are activated by the release of interleukin- 10 from the helper T cells?

A)B cells
B)cytotoxic T cells
C)macrophages
D)mast cells
E)natural killer cells

Question 35

When a B cell contacts a foreign or abnormal antigen, it develops into a that releases .

A)plasma cell : antibodies
B)macrophage : antibodies
C)natural killer cell : antibodies
D)plasma cell : histamine
E)macrophage : histamine

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a primary immune response?

A)The response is short- lived.
B)It requires 10- 17 days to initiate.
C)Antigen- selected B or T cells proliferate.
D)Antigen- selected B or T cells differentiate into effector cells.
E)The response is especially strong.

Question 37

If bacteria are exposed to a B cell in the spleen, they will initiate a(n)

A)humoral immune response.
B)cell- mediated immune response.
C)response from the complement system.
D)nonspecific immune response.
E)inflammatory response.

Question 38

While some of the daughter helper T cells are secreting the appropriate interleukins, others form into _ cells.

A)cytotoxic T
B)plasma
C)memory B
D)suppressor T
E)memory T

Question 39

The most acute allergic response is anaphylactic shock, which can be deadly due to the histamine- induced

A)decrease in peripheral resistance that decreases mean arterial pressure.
B)decrease in peripheral resistance that increases cardiac output.
C)increase in capillary permeability.
D)local decrease in resistance with little effect on mean arterial pressure.
E)increase in peripheral resistance that decreases cardiac output.

Question 40

Phagocyte attachment to a pathogen is enhanced by a process known as

A)diapedesis.
B)chemotaxis.
C)margination.
D)leukocytosis.
E)opsonization.

Question 41

The increase in interstitial hydrostatic pressure associated with an edema will lead to a(n)

A)increased movement of water out of the capillaries.
B)release of bradykinin.
C)increase in blood flow.
D)decrease in the recruitment of leukocytes to the site of infection.
E)sensation of pain.

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT one of the important properties of the immune system that results from the action of B and T cells?

A)diversity
B)specificity
C)memory
D)self- tolerance
E)redundancy

Question 43

Diabetes mellitus can be caused by a form of autoimmune disease that attacks

A)the exocrine portion of the pancreas.
B)GLUT4 proteins as they insert into the membrane.
C)alpha cells of the pancreas, which destroys insulin production.
D)insulin receptors, preventing insulin from acting on cells.
E)beta cells of the pancreas, which destroys insulin production.

Question 44

What cell type secretes histamine at the site of an infection?

A)mast cells
B)macrophages
C)cytotoxic T cells
D)natural killer cells
E)helper T cells

Question 45

The protein on the cytotoxic T cell binds to the major histocompatibility (MHC)molecule on the infected cell.

A)CD8 : class I
B)CD6 : class I
C)CD4 : class I
D)CD8 : class II
E)CD4 : class II

Question 46

What cytokine is secreted by helper T cells, and stimulates proliferation of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells, proliferation and differentiation of B cells, and enhances the activity of natural killer cells?

A)interleukin- 4
B)interleukin- 5
C)interferon- 1
D)interleukin- 10
E)interferon- 2

Question 47

is dependent on antibodies being capable of binding more than one antigen.

A)Neutralization
B)Agglutination
C)Complement activation
D)Enhanced NK cell activity
E)Opsonization

Question 48

Which statement best describes why an individual's antibodies and T cells do not attack their own cells?

A)B and T cells have about 100,000 antigen receptors and so they can match anything in the human body.
B)Interferons interfere with antibodies trying to attach to the B and T cells
C)Opsonins keep leukocytes from binding to the B and T cells
D)B and T cells mature in the bone marrow and thymus; their antigen receptors are, in effect, tested for their potential to recognize and react against self.
E)B and T cells develop into plasma cells which dissolve automatically into the plasma, thus they are not recognized as foreign.

Question 49

The increase in blood flow to a site of infection acts to

A)bring more mast cells to the site of infection.
B)increase oxygen in the region to kill the invading bacteria.
C)wash the invading bacteria from the region of the infection.
D)recruit more leukocytes to the site of infection.
E)facilitate the migration of the leukocytes into the interstitial space.

Question 50

Tissue transplantation has been made possible by our ability to

A)competitively inhibit HLA molecules.
B)closely match HLA molecules between individuals.
C)inhibit the binding of helper T cells to the HLA.
D)alter the expression of the HLA molecules.
E)inhibit interleukin- 5.

Question 51

What cytokine inhibits cytokine production from macrophages to down- regulate the immune response?

A)interleukin- 10
B)interleukin- 4
C)interleukin- 5
D)interferon- y
E)interferon- a

Question 52

What class of antibody functions through neutralization and agglutination of antigen, but cannot cross epithelial cells? (It is also an antigen receptor on B cells.)

A)IgM
B)IgE
C)IgG
D)IgD
E)IgA

Question 53

The incorporation of perforins into the cell membrane results in the cell's

A)being marked for degradation by macrophages.
B)shrinkage and subsequent death.
C)binding of the helper T cell.
D)being bound by antibodies.
E)swelling and subsequent lysis.

Question 54

Which statement best describes the mechanism of neutralization?

A)Pathogens are bound by antibodies and are more susceptible to phagocytosis.
B)Cells are neutralized by toxins injected by natural killer cells.
C)Antigens clump together and are more susceptible to phagocytosis.
D)An antibody blocks an antigen's activity by binding to it.
E)It causes pathogenic cells to lyse.

Question 55

What antibody is most involved in the allergic response?

A)IgM
B)IgG
C)IgA
D)IgE
E)IgD

Question 56

The immune system consists of two components: and _.

A)leukocytes : lymphoid tissues
B)antigens : antibodies
C)lymphocytes : phagocytes
D)leukocytes : lymphocytes
E)plasma cells : cytotoxic T cells

Question 57

What cell type secretes antibodies?

A)helper T cells
B)plasma cells
C)macrophages
D)natural killer cells
E)mast cells

Question 58

In order to be completely functional, a T cell must be activated by

A)the lymph nodes.
B)the thyroid gland.
C)bone marrow.
D)the parathyroid gland.
E)the thymus gland.

Question 59

A natural form of passive immunity involves the transfer of

A)IgG antibodies by kissing.
B)IgG antibodies to an infant through the mother's milk.
C)IgE antibodies by sneezing.
D)IgA antibodies across the placenta.
E)IgA antibodies to an infant through the mother's milk.

Question 60

When leukocytes release the contents of their cytoplasmic granules, the process is called

A)opsonization.
B)complement cascade.
C)leukocytosis.
D)degranulation.
E)inflammation.

Question 61

The development of memory B cells in response to an antigen requires the secretion of from cells.

A)interleukin- 2 : cytotoxic T cells
B)interferon- y : cytotoxic T cells
C)interleukin- 6 : helper T cells
D)interleukin- 2 : helper T cells
E)tumor necrosis factor- a : natural killer cells

Question 62

Why is a secondary immune response stronger?

A)Effector cells produced during the primary response are still present circulating in the blood.
B)Antibodies produced during the primary response are still present circulating in the blood.
C)Body cells develop resistance to the pathogen.
D)Body cells are primed to produce antibodies against the pathogen.
E)Exposure to a previously encountered antigen gives rise not only to effector cells but also to clones of long- lived memory T cells and memory B cells.

Question 63

At the site of infection, leukocytes are stimulated to express , which causes them to attach to the endothelial cells before moving into the vessel wall.

A)attachins
B)marginin
C)selectins
D)chemotactic factor
E)integrins

Question 64

Secreted in breast milk, what class of antibody helps protect the newborn through neutralization and agglutination of antigen?

A)IgM
B)IgE
C)IgG
D)IgD
E)IgA

Question 65

Interferons a and fi are released from _ and act to inhibit viral replication by .

A)phagocytotic cells : degrading RNA
B)neutrophils : digesting the virus
C)infected cells : degrading RNA
D)T lymphocytes : degrading RNA
E)phagocytotic cells : digesting the virus

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT one of the four steps involved in phagocytosis?

A)interleukin release
B)degradation
C)internalization
D)attachment
E)exocytosis

Question 67

What step of inflammation involves adhesion molecule expression in blood vessel walls and leukocytes?

A)Capillaries dilate and become more permeable.
B)Foreign matter is contained.
C)Infection is cleared by phagocytosis.
D)Macrophages engulf debris and foreign matter.
E)Additional leukocytes are recruited to the region.

Question 68

The process of antigen- induced lymphocyte proliferation is called

A)the membrane attack complex.
B)specificity.
C)clearing.
D)diversity.
E)clonal selection.

Question 69

In order to mount a response, particular B or T cells must express the appropriate _ that will bind to the _ .

A)antigen : antigen receptor
B)epitope : antigen
C)antigenic determinant : antigen
D)antigen receptor : antigen
E)antigen : antibody

Question 70

Which of the antibody classes is able to cross epithelial cells and is therefore present in breast milk?

A)IgM only
B)IgG only
C)IgA only
D)both IgG and IgM
E)both IgM and IgA

Question 71

During allergic reactions, what class of antibody causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine?

A)IgM
B)IgE
C)IgG
D)IgD
E)IgA

Question 72

Which of the antibody classes is able to destroy an antigen by activating the nonspecific killing action of the natural killer cells?

A)IgM only
B)IgE only
C)IgG only
D)both IgG and IgM
E)both IgM and IgE

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT an action of interleukins released by phagocytic cells?

A)stimulating the production of acute phase proteins from the liver
B)stimulation of the release of neutrophils from bone marrow
C)acting as opsonins to facilitate phagocytosis
D)acting as endogenous pyrogens to increase body temperature
E)increasing endothelial cell synthesis of adhesion molecules

Question 74

What step of inflammation includes the steps of margination, attachment, diapedesis, and chemotaxis?

A)the clearance of the infection by phagocytosis
B)when capillaries dilate and become more permeable
C)when additional leukocytes are recruited to the region
D)when foreign matter is contained
E)when macrophages engulf debris and foreign matter

Question 75

Proteins that bind to foreign matter making it easier for phagocytosis are called

A)heparin.
B)selectins.
C)integrins.
D)leukotins.
E)opsonins.

Question 76

The complement system consists of several proteins that form a(n)that forms a pore in the membrane of bacteria during the nonspecific immune response.

A)cell- mediated antigen
B)acute phase complex
C)membrane attack complex
D)perforin
E)endogenous pyrogen

Question 77

Inflammation is an example of a defense.

A)active
B)passive
C)internalization
D)nonspecific
E)specific

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT one of the four classic symptoms of inflammation?

A)heat
B)pain
C)rash
D)swelling
E)redness

Question 79

The pathway is important in early nonspecific responses to infection because it occurs in the absence of antibodies.

A)clonal selection
B)humoral
C)alternative
D)cell- mediated
E)classic

Question 80

The antigen- binding region of an antibody is formed by the

A)variable region composed of two heavy chains.
B)constant region composed of two light chains.
C)constant region composed of a heavy chain and a light chain.
D)variable region composed of a heavy chain and a light chain.
E)variable region composed of two light chains.