Deck 21: The Endocrine System: Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Growth

Question 1

Epiphyseal plate closure is triggered by

A)sex hormones.
B)osteocytes.
C)osteoclasts.
D)osteoblasts.
E)somatomedins.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The decrease in blood glucose activates glucose receptors in the brain, which leads directly to a(n)

A)decrease in parasympathetic activity.
B)increase in the release of insulin.
C)increase in parasympathetic activity.
D)decrease in the release of insulin.
E)increase in sympathetic activity.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The release of T3 and T4 occurs through , and they can bind to to be transported in the bloodstream.

A)exocytosis : transthyretin
B)endocytosis : albumin
C)exocytosis : thyroxine- binding globulin
D)endocytosis : transthyretin
E)diffusion : albumin

Answer 3

E

Question 4

What cell type is surrounded by calcified bone and secretes matrix to support bone?

A)osteoid
B)osteoblast
C)chondrocytes
D)osteoclast
E)osteocyte

Question 5

What organ secretes insulin- like growth factors into the bloodstream?

A)skeletal muscle
B)liver
C)all organs
D)pancreas
E)adipose tissue

Question 6

In the young, the epiphyseal plate is composed of , which plays an important role in the during growth.

A)cartilage : thickening of bone
B)bone : thickening of bone
C)bone marrow : elongation of bone
D)bone marrow : thickening of bone
E)cartilage : elongation of bone

Question 7

The increase in bone thickness stimulated by growth hormone involves which of the following?

A)increased osteoblast activity on the outer surface of the bone and increased osteoclast activity on the inner surface of bone
B)increased chondrocyte activity on the inner surface of bone and increased osteoclast activity on the outer surface of the bone
C)increased osteoclast and chondrocyte activity at the epiphyseal plate
D)increased osteoclast activity on the outer surface of the bone and increased osteoblast activity on the inner surface of bone
E)increased osteoblast and chondrocyte activity at the epiphyseal plate

Question 8

Somatostatin is also known as

A)growth hormone (GH).
B)insulin- like growth factor (IGF).
C)growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH).
D)growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH).
E)epinephrine.

Question 9

What is the ultimate cause of the increase in body temperature associated with an infection (fever)?

A)increased error signal
B)change in the thermoregulatory integrator from one area of the brain to another
C)decrease in skin blood flow
D)increased rate of sweating
E)pyrogen- induced upward movement of the set point

Question 10

Which of the following does NOT enhance the release of growth hormone?

A)sleep
B)exercise
C)stress
D)increased plasma amino acids
E)increased plasma glucose

Question 11

What does an increase in cAMP levels in thyroid follicular cells cause?

A)increase in secretion of calcitonin
B)decrease in secretion of thyroid hormones
C)decrease in secretion of calcitonin
D)increase in secretion of thyroid hormones
E)increase in secretion of parathyroid hormone

Question 12

In what state would plasma glucagon levels increase?

A)absorptive state only
B)postabsorptive state only
C)both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
D)neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
E)conversion state

Question 13

What condition occurs when heat production exceeds heat loss?

A)normothermia
B)hyperthermia
C)poikilothermia
D)hypothermia
E)ectothermia

Question 14

The hormone insulin is for the regulation of growth due to its stimulation of _ .

A)required : muscle growth
B)required : bone growth
C)required : nervous system development
D)permissive : insulin- like growth factor secretion
E)permissive : growth hormone secretion

Question 15

In what state is glycerol converted by the liver to glucose?

A)absorptive state only
B)postabsorptive state only
C)both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
D)neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
E)conversion state

Question 16

During the postabsorptive state, what happens to the blood levels of insulin and glucagon?

A)Insulin decreases, whereas blood levels of glucagon increase.
B)Insulin and glucagon both decrease.
C)Insulin increases, whereas blood levels of glucagon decrease.
D)Glucagon increases, whereas insulin levels do not change.
E)Insulin and glucagon both increase.

Question 17

Glucagon secretion in diabetes mellitus because .

A)decreases : the beta cells in the pancreas are responding to the hyperglycemia
B)increases : it will enhance the secondary active transport of glucose into the cells
C)increases : the plasma glucose levels are unstable and glucagon prevents hypoglycemia
D)increases : the alpha cells in the pancreas are signaling for more glucose
E)decreases : there is often an increase in sympathetic system activity in diabetes mellitus

Question 18

Crystals called give bone a mineral component that is able to withstand compressive forces.

A)hydroxyapatite
B)osteoids
C)calcium chloride
D)calcium bisphosphate
E)sodium chloride

Question 19

Addison's disease is associated with what endocrine malfunction?

A)decrease in thyroid hormones
B)decrease in cortisol
C)increase in growth hormone in adults
D)increase in epinephrine
E)decrease in growth hormone in children

Question 20

Nutrients that are absorbed in excess of the body's needs are

A)stored in the skeletal muscles.
B)excreted as waste products.
C)stored as glycogen.
D)stored in skeletal and smooth muscle.
E)stored as fat.

Question 21

A patient would be considered to be hypoglycemic when his or her fasting blood glucose level is

A)140 mg/dL.
B)60 mg/dL.
C)110 mg/dL.
D)300 mg/dL.
E)200 mg/dL.

Question 22

What type of cells form cartilage?

A)chondrocytes
B)chondroblasts
C)osteoblasts
D)osteoclasts
E)osteocytes

Question 23

Which of the following is a function of osteoclasts?

A)calcification of bone
B)breakdown of cartilage
C)secretion of osteoid
D)formation of cartilage
E)release of enzymes that degrade the osteoid

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Cushing's syndrome?

A)bruising easily
B)deposition of fat in the face
C)deposition of fat in the abdomen
D)hypoglycemia
E)protein depletion (wasting)

Question 25

Which of the following stimuli does NOT stimulate insulin secretion?

A)increased epinephrine
B)increased blood amino acids
C)increased parasympathetic nervous activity
D)increased blood glucose
E)increased glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide

Question 26

The metabolic adjustments that occur in the body during the switch from postabsorptive to absorptive state are largely triggered by increases in what hormone?

A)insulin
B)glucagon
C)cortisol
D)epinephrine
E)thyroid hormone

Question 27

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that involves insulin and how it affects the body. Which of the following statements correctly describes the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A)There are fewer people in the population with type 2 diabetes mellitus than there are people with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
B)Type 1 diabetes mellitus is often associated with lifestyle habits while type 2 diabetes mellitus is almost always genetic.
C)People with type 2 diabetes are most often diagnosed during adulthood while type 1 diabetics are diagnosed early in life.
D)Type 2 diabetes mellitus is usually the result of a person's auto- immunity to the cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin.
E)The cells of people with type 1 diabetes mellitus are less sensitive to insulin than the cells of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Question 28

What is the process whereby energy is transferred to and from the body through electromagnetic waves called?

A)radiation
B)conduction
C)evaporation
D)convection
E)sweating

Question 29

The release of glucagon during the absorptive state by certain amino acids in a high- protein meal would facilitate the

A)synthesis of proteins.
B)maintenance of blood glucose in a low- carbohydrate meal.
C)synthesis of triglycerides.
D)uptake of amino acids.
E)growth of muscle.

Question 30

Which of the following is a function of osteoblasts?

A)production of cartilage
B)release of a chemical that triggers the conversion of cartilage cells to bone cells
C)production of osteoid
D)release of enzymes that digest osteoid
E)dissolving of calcium phosphate crystals

Question 31

In what state are carbohydrates converted to fat?

A)absorptive state only
B)postabsorptive state only
C)both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
D)neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
E)conversion state

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of the loss of heat by conversion of a liquid to a vapor?

A)conduction
B)convection
C)evaporation
D)radiation
E)thermogenesis

Question 33

The glycogen that is stored in skeletal muscle cells

A)can only be used by that skeletal muscle cell.
B)is released into the blood to maintain blood glucose.
C)can be used by any skeletal muscle cell.
D)is rarely used for energy.
E)is more hygroscopic than liver glycogen.

Question 34

When a person sits on a metal chair on a cold day, they feel the cold of the metal. This is an example of

A)evaporation.
B)radiation.
C)convection.
D)cold feet.
E)conduction.

Question 35

Which statement best describes the "wind chill factor"?

A)Wind chill is the result of convection transferring heat away from your body due to the movement of air.
B)Wind chill will occur regardless of air temperature.
C)Wind chill occurs when the air in the environment is colder than your body temperature.
D)Wind chill is to the result of evaporation of sweat from your skin.
E)Wind chill is to the result of conduction transferring your body heat via the movement of air.

Question 36

Which statement best describes why exercise can increase the ability of the body to utilize insulin more effectively?

A)Exercise increases the secretion of glucagon.
B)Exercise triggers the formation of GLUT4 receptors on the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes.
C)Exercise stimulates the beta cells of the pancreas to produce more insulin.
D)Exercise increases your metabolic activity rate.
E)Exercise increases your heart rate and therefore your blood flow getting insulin to the cells faster.

Question 37

Under which of the following conditions is the basal metabolic rate measured?

A)lying down, awake, and having fasted for 12 hours
B)sitting, awake, and having fasted for 24 hours
C)standing, awake, and having fasted for 12 hours
D)lying down, sleeping, and having fasted for 24 hours
E)lying down, sleeping, and having fasted for 12 hours

Question 38

Glucagon is secreted from cells of the pancreas and stimulates .

A)beta : catabolism
B)delta : anabolism
C)alpha : catabolism
D)alpha : anabolism
E)beta : anabolism

Question 39

Glucagon increases plasma glucose concentration by promoting _ and in the liver.

A)glycogenolysis : triglyceride synthesis
B)ketone synthesis : triglyceride synthesis
C)gluconeogenesis : glycogenolysis
D)glycogen synthesis : triglyceride synthesis
E)lipolysis : glycogenolysis

Question 40

Which cell type stores the majority of the body's glycogen?

A)nervous tissue
B)kidney
C)liver
D)adipocyte
E)skeletal muscle

Question 41

Which of the following hormones inhibits growth?

A)somatomedins
B)thyroid hormones
C)growth hormone
D)insulin- like growth factors
E)glucocorticoids

Question 42

In what state is glucose stored as glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle?

A)absorptive state only
B)postabsorptive state only
C)both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
D)neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
E)conversion state

Question 43

The increase in the set point of body temperature that occurs during a fever is caused by the release of substances from that affect the hypothalamic temperature set point.

A)erythrocytes
B)red blood cells
C)nerve cells
D)bacteria
E)white blood cells

Question 44

Which metabolic pathway would be utilized for sprinting?

A)lipolysis
B)glycolysis
C)Krebs cycle
D)formation of acetyl CoA
E)electron transport chain

Question 45

What is the primary hormone mediating the stress response (or general adaptation syndrome)?

A)growth hormone
B)insulin
C)cortisol
D)glucagon
E)thyroid hormone

Question 46

Which of the following increases the release of glucagon?

A)decreased blood glucose, decreased sympathetic activity, and decreased blood amino acids
B)increased blood glucose, increased sympathetic activity, and increased blood amino acids
C)decreased blood glucose, increased sympathetic activity, and increased blood amino acids
D)increased blood glucose, decreased sympathetic activity, and increased blood amino acids
E)increased blood glucose, increased sympathetic activity, and decreased blood amino acids

Question 47

Breakdown of glycogen stores in what organ is required for the maintenance of blood glucose?

A)liver
B)skeletal muscle
C)skin
D)adipose tissue
E)pancreas

Question 48

Glucose molecules derived from glycogen must be in order to exit a cell.

A)phosphorylated
B)dephosphorylated
C)converted to a fatty acid
D)converted to a metabolic intermediate
E)deaminated

Question 49

In what state does the liver convert fatty acids to ketones?

A)absorptive state only
B)postabsorptive state only
C)both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
D)neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
E)conversion state

Question 50

In what state does glucose transport into most body cells increase?

A)absorptive state only
B)postabsorptive state only
C)both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
D)neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
E)conversion state

Question 51

Often a person with a fever will feel cold, have chills, and may actually start shivering. Which statement explains this phenomenon?

A)Fever stimulates the release of acetylcholine which causes contraction in muscle.
B)Pathogens that are causing the fever absorb heat and decrease the core temperature.
C)The body temperature falls below room temperature so the person suddenly feels cold.
D)Pyrogens released by white blood cells decrease core temperature leading to hypothermia.
E)The thermoregulatory center increases the set point for core temperature.

Question 52

An organic compound called gives bone its ability to withstand tensile forces.

A)osteoid
B)elastin
C)hydroxyapatite
D)collagen
E)calcium chloride

Question 53

In which state does the brain utilize glucose for energy?

A)absorptive state only
B)postabsorptive state only
C)both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
D)neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
E)conversion state

Question 54

Most energy stores for the body are in the form of _ and are stored in .

A)glycogen : the liver
B)glycogen : adipose tissue
C)glycogen : skeletal muscle
D)triglycerides : adipose tissue
E)triglycerides : the liver

Question 55

What cell type resorbs bone during remodeling?

A)osteoids
B)osteoblasts
C)chondrocytes
D)osteocytes
E)osteoclasts

Question 56

What organ requires a steady supply of glucose, which is why blood glucose concentration must be maintained between meals?

A)skeletal muscles
B)kidneys
C)liver
D)heart
E)brain

Question 57

What cell type deposits bone during remodeling?

A)chondrocytes
B)osteoclasts
C)osteocytes
D)osteoblasts
E)osteoids

Question 58

What happens to glucose during the postabsorptive state?

A)Glucose is converted to fat for storage.
B)Glucose is stored as glycogen and spared for use by the nervous system.
C)Glucose is stored as glycogen and is the primary energy source for all body cells.
D)Glucose is synthesized by gluconeogenesis and glycolysis and is spared for use by the nervous system.
E)Glucose is synthesized by gluconeogenesis and glycolysis and is the primary energy source for all body cells.

Question 59

Which statement best describes why proteins are not synthesized into storage molecules?

A)The body has no enzymes that can break down proteins.
B)Proteins primarily have a structural function in connective tissues and play many functional roles such as enzymes and hormones.
C)Proteins cannot be stored because they produce toxic waste products.
D)Proteins cannot be stored because their peptide bonds cannot be broken.
E)Proteins denature too easily.

Question 60

The enzyme located on capillary endothelial cells that breaks down triglycerides is called

A)pancreatic lipase.
B)gastric lipase.
C)amylase.
D)lipoprotein lipase.
E)pepsin.

Question 61

Prolonged exposure to a cold environment can cause

A)normothermia.
B)ectothermia.
C)hyperthermia.
D)poikilothermia.
E)hypothermia.

Question 62

Which of the following is an example of the exchange of heat by direct contact with an object?

A)conduction
B)convection
C)evaporation
D)radiation
E)thermogenesis

Question 63

What is the fate of most of the amino acids that enter the liver?

A)They are converted to glycogen.
B)They are synthesized into proteins.
C)They are converted to keto acids that become fatty acids.
D)They are stored in very- low- density lipoproteins in their native form.
E)They are converted directly into energy.

Question 64

provide an energy storage that is used primarily in times of starvation and are not metabolized by nervous tissue.

A)Fats
B)Proteins
C)Carbohydrates
D)Ketones
E)Nucleic acid

Question 65

The secretion of growth hormone releasing hormone is stimulated by which of the following?

A)decrease in insulin- like growth factor release from the liver
B)decrease in plasma glucose concentration
C)increase in glycogenolysis in the liver
D)increase in gluconeogenesis in the kidneys
E)decrease in plasma amino acid concentration

Question 66

Thyroid stimulating hormone activates what signal transduction mechanism within the follicle cell that will result in the release of thyroid hormone?

A)cAMP
B)diacylglycerol
C)cGMP
D)opening of ligand- gated calcium channels
E)inositol triphosphate

Question 67

Glucose is "spared" for use by the central nervous system in what state?

A)absorptive state only
B)postabsorptive state only
C)both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
D)neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
E)conversion state

Question 68

In the postabsorptive state, what do most cells use for energy?

A)glucose
B)amino acids
C)glycogen
D)lipids
E)cellulose

Question 69

Which of the following best describes acetyl CoA?

A)Acetyl CoA is produced from catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and it directly provides electrons to the electron transport chain.
B)Acetyl CoA is a breakdown product of lipid catabolism and a substrate for carbohydrate synthesis.
C)Acetyl CoA is produced from catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and it is a substrate for the Krebs cycle and for lipid synthesis.
D)Acetyl CoA provides electrons to the electron transport chain and is a substrate for fatty acid synthesis.
E)Acetyl CoA is a breakdown product of lipid catabolism and is produced in the cytosol by glycolysis.

Question 70

Which of the following is an example of the exchange of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves?

A)conduction
B)convection
C)evaporation
D)radiation
E)thermogenesis

Question 71

What do peripheral thermoreceptors detect?

A)temperature in the hypothalamus
B)core body temperature
C)blood temperature
D)temperature in the heart
E)skin temperature

Question 72

How does insulin increase cellular uptake of glucose?

A)activating the Na+/K+ pump
B)causing GLUT4 to be incorporated into the plasma membrane of some cells
C)increasing the activity of the sodium- linked glucose transporter
D)causing GLUT1 to be incorporated into the membrane of cells
E)causing the sodium- linked glucose transporter to be incorporated into the membrane of cells

Question 73

The most abundant form of thyroid hormone secreted into the blood is ; the most active form at the target cell is _; and the form that provides long- loop negative feedback is .

A)T4 : T4 : T3
B)T3 : T3 : T4
C)T3 : T4 : T4
D)T4 : T3 : T4
E)T3 : T4 : T3

Question 74

What is the hypothalamic tropic hormone that regulates cortisol secretion?

A)corticotropin releasing hormone
B)growth hormone releasing hormone
C)adrenocorticotropic hormone
D)oxytocin
E)thyrotropin releasing hormone

Question 75

What is glucose sparing?

A)an increase in gluconeogenesis to conserve glycogen stores
B)cells utilize fatty acids for energy instead of glucose
C)an increase in glycogenolysis to mobilize glycogen stores
D)an increase in glycogenesis to increase glycogen stores
E)cells utilize glucose for energy instead of fatty acids

Question 76

In what state does the liver convert amino acids into fatty acids?

A)absorptive state only
B)postabsorptive state only
C)both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
D)neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
E)conversion state

Question 77

The primary function of thyroid hormone is to

A)regulate temperature in the body.
B)raise the basal metabolic rate (BMR).
C)maintain potassium homeostasis.
D)lower the basal metabolic rate (BMR).
E)maintain calcium homeostasis.

Question 78

Which of the following is an example of the movement of heat by the movement of a gas or liquid carrying the heat?

A)conduction
B)convection
C)evaporation
D)radiation
E)thermogenesis

Question 79

What is the precursor compound located within colloid that is converted into thyroid hormone?

A)thyroglobulin
B)calcitonin
C)preiodotyrosine
D)iodotyrosine
E)proiodotyrosine

Question 80

When amino acids are used for energy, they must be deaminated. In the process, is produced, and eventually eliminated from the body in the form of .

A)nitrogen : nitrous oxide and water
B)nitrogen : bilirubin
C)ammonia : urea
D)ammonia : nitrous oxide
E)carbonic acid : carbon dioxide and water