Deck 14: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure

Question 1

A constriction of an arteriole in response to stretch of the arteriole smooth muscle is called

A)active hyperemia.
B)hypoxia.
C)myogenic response.
D)reactive hyperemia.
E)ischemia.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that alters the balance between filtration and absorption in the body?

A)decreasing plasma protein synthesis in cases of liver damage
B)increasing capillary hydrostatic pressure within the feet as one stands
C)increasing the permeability of the capillaries in regions of tissue damage
D)increasing hydrostatic pressure gradient in cases of enhanced interstitial protein
E)increasing the elimination of plasma proteins in cases of kidney damage

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What type of adrenergic receptor is found in the smooth muscle of most systemic arterioles?

A)alpha only
B)beta1 only
C)beta2 only
D)beta3 only
E)both alpha and beta1

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The portion of osmotic pressure exerted by in the blood is known as colloid osmotic pressure (or oncotic pressure).

A)large ions
B)lipids
C)steroids
D)proteins
E)small ions

Question 5

Of the following choices, which has the elastic recoil of its walls during diastole, causing a continuation of blood flow throughout the cardiac cycle?

A)vein
B)venule
C)capillary
D)arteriole
E)artery

Question 6

The respiratory pump facilitates the return of blood to the heart by

A)decreasing the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during inspiration.
B)squeezing blood from the rhythmic contraction of the diaphragm muscle.
C)raising the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during inspiration.
D)decreasing the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during expiration.
E)raising the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during expiration.

Question 7

Glucose moves across continuous capillary walls by what mechanism?

A)diffusion
B)facilitated
C)primary active transport
D)transcytosis
E)secondary active transport

Question 8

The primary mechanism for exchange of substances across the capillary wall is

A)diffusion.
B)active transport.
C)vesicle transport.
D)bulk flow.
E)mediated transport.

Question 9

In response to a decrease in tissue metabolic activity, tissue oxygen concentrations , which causes a(n).

A)decrease : increase in tissue ischemia
B)decrease : active hyperemic response
C)increase : active hyperemic response
D)decrease : dilation of the arterioles
E)increase : constriction of the arterioles

Question 10

Which of the following does NOT occur in response to baroreceptors detecting an increase in mean arterial pressure?

A)decreased frequency of sinoatrial node action potentials
B)decreased heart rate
C)decreased end- diastolic volume
D)decreased venous compliance
E)vasoconstriction

Question 11

Despite seeming counterproductive, an increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels activates , which causes a(n)in heart rate and a(n)in total peripheral resistance.

A)baroreceptors : increase : increase
B)baroreceptors : decrease : increase
C)baroreceptors : decrease : decrease
D)chemoreceptors : decrease : increase
E)chemoreceptors: decrease : decrease

Question 12

The total cross- sectional area is greatest in which blood vessels?

A)veins
B)venules
C)arteries
D)arterioles
E)capillaries

Question 13

Foreign materials are filtered out of the lymphatic fluid by what type of cell located within the lymph nodes?

A)erythrocytes
B)leukocytes
C)macrophages
D)mast cells
E)platelets

Question 14

An increase in blood flow to tissues in response to increased metabolic activity is called

A)ischemia.
B)active hyperemia.
C)reactive hyperemia.
D)myogenic response.
E)hypoxia.

Question 15

Which of the following is an important vasodilator in coronary arteries?

A)adenosine
B)endothelin- 1
C)oxygen
D)nitric oxide
E)bradykinin

Question 16

The effects of epinephrine on vascular resistance are dependent upon which of the following?

A)relative distribution of alpha and beta receptors
B)relative distribution of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
C)direction of change in mean arterial pressure
D)concentration of local metabolites
E)specific baroreceptor activated (low or high pressure)

Question 17

The blood vessels of largest diameter are the _ _, and the blood vessels with the thickest walls are the _ .

A)arteries : arteries
B)arteries : arterioles
C)veins : veins
D)arteries : veins
E)veins : arteries

Question 18

Which of the following accurately describes sympathetic control of blood vessels in the skin during thermoregulation?

A)Heat causes an increase in sympathetic activity, resulting in vasoconstriction.
B)Heat causes a decrease in sympathetic activity, resulting in vasodilation.
C)Heat activates the parasympathetic activity and has no effect on the sympathetic nervous system.
D)Heat causes an increase in sympathetic activity, resulting in vasodilation.
E)Heat causes a decrease in sympathetic activity, resulting in vasoconstriction.

Question 19

An increase in the concentration of which of the following within the interstitial space surrounding an arteriole would cause that vessel to constrict?

A)lactic acid
B)prostacyclin
C)nitric oxide
D)adenosine
E)oxygen

Question 20

Where is the cardiovascular control center?

A)adrenal cortex
B)medulla oblongata
C)pons
D)hypothalamus
E)adrenal medulla

Question 21

An increase in the stretch of a baroreceptor will cause venomotor tone to while ventricular contractility will .

A)decrease : decrease
B)increase : increase
C)increase : not change
D)remain constant : not change
E)increase : decrease

Question 22

Drugs that block angiotensin- converting enzyme would cause which of the following?

A)stimulation of reactive hyperemia
B)decreased heart rate
C)activation of the parasympathetic nervous system
D)decrease in epinephrine release
E)decreased mean arterial pressure

Question 23

Angiotensin II has what effect on systemic arterioles?

A)vasodilation
B)vasoconstriction
C)vasoconstriction and vasospasm
D)vasospasm
E)neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm

Question 24

Which of the following is the smallest of blood vessels with thin walls allowing for ready exchange of material between blood and tissue?

A)vein
B)venule
C)arteriole
D)capillary
E)artery

Question 25

As mean arterial pressure increases, the , informing the medulla oblongata that blood pressure has indeed increased.

A)number of neurons stimulated within the aortic arch increases
B)blood flow to the brain increases
C)frequency of action potentials from the baroreceptors increases
D)number of sympathetic neurons activated decreases
E)amplitude of the action potentials from the baroreceptors increases

Question 26

Which of the following structures contains high pressure baroreceptors?

A)aortic arch only
B)carotid sinus only
C)right atrium only
D)both the aortic arch and carotid sinus
E)aortic arch, right atrium, and carotid sinus

Question 27

Where are the arterial baroreceptors located?

A)coronary sinuses and aortic arch
B)brachiocephalic artery
C)the pons
D)coronary arteries
E)aortic arch and carotid sinuses (carotid arteries)

Question 28

What is the driving force for blood flow through the systemic circuit?

A)left ventricular pressure
B)central venous pressure
C)mean arterial pressure
D)capillary hydrostatic pressure
E)right atrial pressure

Question 29

What is a decrease in blood flow that is less than what is necessary to keep up with metabolic demands called?

A)ischemia
B)hyperemia
C)hypoxia
D)infarction
E)hypoxemia

Question 30

Calculate the net filtration pressure given the following information: capillary blood pressure = 40 mm Hg; interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure = 2 mm Hg; plasma osmotic pressure = 20 mm Hg; and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure = 5 mm Hg. Does filtration or absorption occur across this capillary wall?

A)23 mm Hg; filtration
B)67 mm Hg; absorption
C)27 mm Hg; absorption
D)27 mm Hg; filtration
E)17 mm Hg; filtration

Question 31

The high compliance of veins allows them to

A)rapidly change central venous pressure with small changes in blood volume.
B)hold only small volumes of blood.
C)provide the driving force for the movement of blood through the vasculature during diastole.
D)accommodate large volumes of blood with little change in pressure.
E)act as pressure reservoirs.

Question 32

Which of the following chemicals' concentration is NOT increased by an elevation in metabolic activity?

A)potassium
B)carbon dioxide
C)oxygen
D)hydrogen
E)pyruvic acid

Question 33

What structures of the cardiovascular system are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, but are NOT by the parasympathetic nervous system?

A)arteriolar smooth muscle
B)arteriolar smooth muscle and venous smooth muscle
C)SA node, AV node, and bundle of His
D)ventricular myocardium, arteriolar smooth muscle and venous smooth muscle
E)SA node and AV node

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a component of the microcirculation?

A)capillaries
B)arterioles
C)venules
D)veins
E)metarterioles

Question 35

What is a decrease in tissue oxygen called?

A)hypoxia
B)hyperemia
C)hyperoxia
D)hypoxemia
E)ischemia

Question 36

Mean arterial pressure can be increased by all of the following EXCEPT

A)increasing blood volume.
B)increasing sympathetic activity.
C)increasing venous return.
D)decreasing end- diastolic volume.
E)increasing heart rate.

Question 37

Which of the following has the regulation of its radius determining blood flow through specific organs?

A)capillary
B)venule
C)artery
D)arteriole
E)vein

Question 38

In response to a decrease in the stretch of a baroreceptor, sympathetic nervous activity will while parasympathetic nervous activity will .

A)increase : decrease
B)not change : remain constant
C)decrease : remain constant
D)decrease : increase
E)not change : increase

Question 39

During exercise, carbon dioxide produced by muscle cells causes vasodilation in skeletal muscle. This is an example of

A)hypoxia.
B)active hyperemia.
C)ischemia.
D)flow autoregulation.
E)reactive hyperemia.

Question 40

An increase in blood flow to tissues in response to a previous reduction in blood flow is called

A)active hyperemia.
B)hypoxia.
C)ischemia.
D)myogenic response.
E)reactive hyperemia.

Question 41

Resistance to blood flow is regulated primarily by what blood vessels?

A)ventricle
B)veins
C)capillaries
D)arteries
E)arterioles

Question 42

An increase in total peripheral resistance, in the absence of any change in cardiac output, would

A)reduce mean arterial pressure.
B)decrease pulmonary venous pressure.
C)decrease central venous pressure.
D)reduce the stretch on the aorta.
E)elevate mean arterial pressure.

Question 43

What are blood vessels that normally bypass capillary beds are called?

A)venules
B)pararterioles
C)A- V malformations
D)pre- capillary sphincters
E)metarterioles.

Question 44

Which of the following would decrease central venous pressure?

A)activity of skeletal muscles
B)standing up
C)increased respiratory activity
D)increased sympathetic activity
E)increased blood volume

Question 45

The increase in stroke volume that occurs during exercise is caused primarily by a(n)

A)increase in venous return.
B)increase in end- diastolic volume.
C)increase in myocardial contractility.
D)decrease in peripheral resistance.
E)decrease in end- systolic volume.

Question 46

Smooth muscle in the veins has what type of adrenergic receptor?

A)alpha cholinergic
B)beta2
C)cholinergic
D)gamma
E)alpha

Question 47

Which of the following will NOT occur as a consequence of the activation of the baroreceptor reflex that would occur in response to an increased heat load within the body?

A)an increase in stroke volume
B)an increase in heart rate
C)a decrease in resistance within the skeletal muscle vasculature
D)an increase in resistance within the skin vasculature
E)an increase in venoconstriction

Question 48

What is bulk flow of fluid from inside a capillary into interstitial fluid called?

A)absorption
B)secretion
C)filtration
D)adsorption
E)excretion

Question 49

Arteries have _ compliance and _ resistance to flow.

A)high : low
B)low : low
C)zero : high
D)high : high
E)low : high

Question 50

In cardiac and skeletal muscle vasculature, the distribution of alpha and beta receptors is such that epinephrine will

A)induce a constriction that decreases blood flow to these tissues.
B)have no effect on peripheral resistance.
C)induce a dilation that increases blood flow to these tissues.
D)increase myocardial contractility.
E)increase skeletal muscle contractility.

Question 51

Which of the following substances is secreted by endothelial cells and causes vasoconstriction?

A)oxygen
B)nitric oxide
C)endothelin- 1
D)bradykinin
E)adenosine

Question 52

Parasympathetic nervous activity has what effect on systemic arterioles?

A)vasodilation
B)vasospasm
C)neither vasoconstriction and vasodilation
D)neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm
E)vasoconstriction

Question 53

Vasopressin has what effect on systemic arterioles?

A)vasodilation
B)vasoconstriction
C)vasoconstriction and vasospasm
D)neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm
E)vasospasm

Question 54

Blood pressure is usually estimated from indirect measurements of the pressure in what structure?

A)radial artery
B)left ventricle
C)femoral artery
D)brachial artery
E)aorta

Question 55

Information about mean arterial pressure is integrated within what area of the central nervous system?

A)medulla oblongata
B)pons
C)cervical spinal cord
D)hypothalamus
E)cerebellum

Question 56

Which of the following will NOT occur in response to a decrease in the extent of stretch detected by a baroreceptor?

A)increased heart rate
B)increased peripheral resistance
C)increased venomotor tone
D)increased ventricular contractility
E)increased urine flow

Question 57

The hormone vasopressin acts in the short term to and in the long term to , thereby increasing mean arterial pressure.

A)vasodilate arterioles : decrease urine outflow
B)vasoconstrict arterioles : decrease urine outflow
C)decrease urine outflow : vasoconstrict arterioles
D)increase urine outflow : vasodilate arterioles
E)vasodilate arterioles : increase urine outflow

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that enables molecules to move across capillary endothelial cells?

A)movement of exchangeable proteins across endothelial cells
B)diffusion of lipid- soluble molecules directly across the endothelial cell
C)rapid diffusion of water- soluble molecules directly across the endothelial cells
D)movement through water- filled gaps between endothelial cells
E)transcytosis across endothelial cells

Question 59

Under normal conditions, which Starling forces favor filtration?

A)capillary hydrostatic pressure and plasma oncotic pressure
B)capillary hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
C)capillary hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
D)interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
E)interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure and plasma oncotic pressure

Question 60

What are local controls that tend to keep blood flow constant called?

A)extrinsic factors
B)autonomics
C)flow autoregulation
D)osteogenic factors
E)flow telemetry

Question 61

Which of the following equations correctly relates flow, pressure, and resistance?

A)resistance = flow × pressure
B)flow = pressure + resistance
C)flow = pressure - resistance
D)pressure = flow × resistance
E)flow = pressure × resistance

Question 62

Which of the following is the equation relating cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and total peripheral resistance?

A)MAP + CO + TPR = pulse pressure
B)CO = TPR/MAP
C)TPR = CO/MAP
D)MAP = CO - TPR
E)MAP = CO × TPR

Question 63

In comparison to the systemic circuit, the pulmonary circuit

A)transports deoxygenated blood.
B)has an equal pressure gradient to drive blood flow.
C)is under greater pressure.
D)has lower resistance to blood flow.
E)has lower blood flow.

Question 64

Given that the net filtration of fluid out of the capillaries averages about 3 liters per day, how is blood volume maintained in light of this apparent fluid loss?

A)The lymphatic system returns filtered fluid to the blood.
B)While fluid moves out across the capillary, it tends to move inward across veins.
C)The net filtration is equally balanced by absorption.
D)Gravity moves the fluid to the lowest point in the body, where the fluid is absorbed.
E)The kidneys are involved in the reabsorption of the remaining fluid.

Question 65

Which of the following is an incorrect description of a blood vessel type?

A)Most of the blood volume at rest is in the systemic veins.
B)Capillary walls are comprised of only two cell layers, minimizing the distance for exchange.
C)Arteries are elastic.
D)The radius of arterioles can be regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic controls.
E)Veins have high compliance.

Question 66

What organ has capillaries that are the most restrictive to movement of hydrophilic solutes?

A)liver
B)bone marrow
C)brain
D)skeletal muscle
E)kidneys

Question 67

Carbon dioxide has what effect on systemic arterioles?

A)neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm
B)vasodilation
C)vasoconstriction and vasospasm
D)vasospasm
E)vasoconstriction

Question 68

Which of the following would cause relaxation of precapillary sphincters?

A)sympathetic activity
B)carbon dioxide
C)parasympathetic activity
D)vasopressin
E)epinephrine

Question 69

What is the purpose of extrinsic control of arteriolar smooth muscle contractile activity?

A)regulate heart rate
B)regulate cardiac output
C)regulate stroke volume
D)regulate blood flow through specific capillary beds
E)regulate mean arterial pressure

Question 70

Nitric oxide has what effect on systemic arterioles?

A)vasoconstriction
B)vasospasm
C)vasoconstriction and vasospasm
D)vasodilation
E)neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm

Question 71

Which of the following accurately compares active hyperemia to reactive hyperemia?

A)One involves vasodilation, the other vasoconstriction.
B)One is an increase in blood flow, the other is a decrease.
C)One is caused by an increase in metabolites, the other to a decrease in perfusion pressure.
D)One is caused by increased metabolic activity, the other in response to an increase in metabolites from an occlusion to blood flow.
E)One is an intrinsic response, the other an extrinsic response.

Question 72

Epinephrine triggers vasodilation by binding to which receptors and vasoconstriction by binding to which receptors?

A)beta : cholinergic
B)alpha : beta2
C)alpha2 : beta2
D)alpha1 : beta1
E)beta2 : alpha

Question 73

Arteriolar smooth muscle in which of the following tissues tends to have beta2 receptors predominating?

A)brain
B)skeletal muscle
C)gastrointestinal tract
D)skin
E)liver

Question 74

What is an increase in blood flow in response to an increase in tissue metabolic activity called?

A)hypoxia
B)active hyperemia
C)ischemia
D)reactive hyperemia
E)hyperoxia

Question 75

Which of the following blood vessels is slightly larger than capillaries, allowing for some exchange between blood and the tissue?

A)arteriole
B)vein
C)venule
D)capillary
E)artery

Question 76

A decrease in pressure within an arteriole will initiate a(n)

A)sinus arrhythmia.
B)arterial baroreceptor reflex.
C)cardiac and venous baroreceptor reflex.
D)myogenic response.
E)active hyperemia.

Question 77

What is the fluid within the lymphatic vessels called?

A)plasma
B)filtrate
C)exudates
D)lymph
E)pus

Question 78

Which of the following would increase blood flow through a capillary bed?

A)decrease in blood pressure in the arteriole leading into the capillary bed
B)increase in venous pressure
C)constriction of the arteriole leading into the capillary bed
D)contraction of smooth muscle in the metarterioles bypassing the capillary bed
E)contraction of precapillary sphincters in the capillary bed

Question 79

Which of the following is a decrease in blood supply to the tissue such that it does not meet the metabolic demands of the tissue?

A)myogenic response
B)active hyperemia
C)ischemia
D)reactive hyperemia
E)hypoxia

Question 80

The reduction in organ blood flow that results from a decrease in mean arterial pressure would be exacerbated by the that occurs as a consequence of the baroreceptor reflex.

A)increased ventricular contractility
B)increased stroke volume
C)increased peripheral resistance
D)increased venous return
E)decreased compliance of the veins