Deck 8: Foundations of Individual and Group Behavior

Question 1

Which theory argues that behavior is a function of its consequences?

A)social learning theory
B)fundamental attribution theory
C)self- serving bias
D)operant conditioning

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Travis observes that one of his employees always refuses to look him in the eye. He wonders if the employee lacks respect for him. Later, Travis sees that other employees also fail to look him in the eye. Travis decides that the employees are not disrespectful of him, but rather that he must intimidate them. Travis makes this attribution- based on__________ .

A)distinctiveness
B)consensus
C)a self- serving bias
D)stereotyping

Answer 2

consensus

Question 3

Which of the following is a hidden aspect of organizational behavior?

A)formal authority
B)group norms
C)strategies
D)technology

Answer 3

B

Question 4

__________is the systematic reinforcement of behavior at successive steps to move an individual closer to a desired behavior or goal.

A)Negative reinforcement
B)Shaping behavior
C)Positive reinforcement
D)Classical conditioning

Question 5

Application of Shortcuts Used in Judging Others
Frederic has 15 sales employees for whom he is responsible. In the next month, he must conduct performance evaluations for all of his employees. His employees are all so different, sometimes it seems to Frederic there is no way to give an honest appraisal of each individual. Just this morning, for example, two employees were late for the weekly sales meeting. Frederic can never remember Jake being late before, but Carol is late every week. Carol's constant tardiness for their weekly meeting is the primary characteristic that comes to mind when Frederic sits down to do her performance appraisal. Jake, on the other hand, is always on time, always has his reports in by their due date, and always meets all deadlines. Then there is George.
George is his outstanding salesperson. Each month Frederic expects more business to be written by George than the previous month, and George never lets him down. At least Frederic knows he can depend on George.
If Jake's evaluation is primarily based on his consistency in timeliness, which of the following will have occurred?

A)self- fulfilling prophecy
B)assumed similarity
C)stereotyping
D)halo effect

Question 6

__________is the study of actions of people-specifically people at work.

A)Organizational behavior
B)Human resource management
C)Organizational training
D)Organizational development

Question 7

According to Holland's Typology of Personality and Sample Occupations, a corporate manager or an accountant should have which of the following personality types?

A)enterprising
B)conventional
C)social
D)realistic

Question 8

If the dissonance- producing behavior is required due to a supervisor's direct order over which the individual has little control, then the pressure to reduce the dissonance

A)stays the same.
B)is less.
C)is greater.
D)is not affected.

Question 9

All except which of the following determine whether a behavior was internally or externally controlled?

A)distinctiveness
B)consistency
C)selective perception
D)consensus

Question 10

Application of Cognitive Dissonance
Marjorie has always believed that the most effective way to manage people is to be caring and compassionate. She felt the workplace should be a pleasant environment where people could enjoy coming to work. That worked fine for 15 years until the recent hiring of a new vice- president. Not only does he want the work environment changed so that "people spend more time working and less time on social issues," but he has informed Marjorie she must lay off 10 employees in her department in order to cut costs.

-Marjorie is probably suffering __________due to the directives issued by the vice- president.

A)cognitive dissonance
B)organizational development
C)cognitive dispersion
D)organizational behavior

Question 11

Joe is always Joe. No matter where he is, he is the same loud, obnoxious, outgoing person. Joe has

A)high self- monitoring.
B)high Machiavellianism.
C)low self- esteem.
D)low self- monitoring.

Question 12

Jill has been teaching for 18 years. Each day she arrives at work smiling and ready to teach another room full of students. She loves her job. This describes which of the following?

A)organizational commitment
B)job satisfaction
C)job involvement
D)organizational development

Question 13

Which of the following is not a factor in the Big- Five model?

A)conscientiousness
B)extroversion
C)introversion
D)agreeableness

Question 14

Application of Shortcuts Used in Judging Others
Frederic has 15 sales employees for whom he is responsible. In the next month, he must conduct performance evaluations for all of his employees. His employees are all so different, sometimes it seems to Frederic there is no way to give an honest appraisal of each individual. Just this morning, for example, two employees were late for the weekly sales meeting. Frederic can never remember Jake being late before, but Carol is late every week. Carol's constant tardiness for their weekly meeting is the primary characteristic that comes to mind when Frederic sits down to do her performance appraisal. Jake, on the other hand, is always on time, always has his reports in by their due date, and always meets all deadlines. Then there is George.
George is his outstanding salesperson. Each month Frederic expects more business to be written by George than the previous month, and George never lets him down. At least Frederic knows he can depend on George.
Carol's behavior seems consistent to Frederic. He will probably conclude that her behavior is

A)externally caused.
B)internally caused.
C)distinctive.
D)a self- fulfilling prophecy.

Question 15

When determining the degree to which someone is sociable, talkative, and assertive, which factor of the Big- Five model would be discussed?

A)conscientiousness
B)extroversion
C)openness to experience
D)agreeableness

Question 16

When Ronald told his girlfriend, "Most women are more emotional and open than men," he was expressing a(n)__________.

A)stereotype
B)attribution
C)perception
D)self- serving bias

Question 17

__________refers to systematically reinforcing behavior at each successive step that moves an individual closer to a desired behavior.

A)Fundamental attribution theory
B)Operant conditioning
C)Shaping behavior
D)Social learning theory

Question 18

Which of the following is not one of the five dimensions of Emotional Intelligence?

A)self- motivation
B)self- control
C)self- management
D)self- awareness

Question 19

Application of Cognitive Dissonance
Marjorie has always believed that the most effective way to manage people is to be caring and compassionate. She felt the workplace should be a pleasant environment where people could enjoy coming to work. That worked fine for 15 years until the recent hiring of a new vice- president. Not only does he want the work environment changed so that "people spend more time working and less time on social issues," but he has informed Marjorie she must lay off 10 employees in her department in order to cut costs.

-Just because employees and managers experience dissonance, they will not necessarily move directly toward consistency, that is, toward __________.

A)elimination of the dissonance
B)compromising the dissonance
C)reduction of the dissonance
D)avoidance of the dissonance

Question 20

Research has concluded that people seek consistency between which of the following?

A)beliefs and attitudes
B)perceptions and behaviors
C)attitudes and behaviors
D)attitudes and perceptions

Question 21

Which of the following is a false statement?

A)If cohesiveness is low and goals are supported, productivity increases but at a reduced level.
B)The more cohesive a group, the more members will follow its goals.
C)If cohesiveness is high and attitudes are unfavorable, productivity increases.
D)Highly cohesive groups are more effective than less cohesive groups.

Question 22

After having a very bad experience waiting on line for 3 hours at the Motor Vehicles Bureau, Gretchen tells her father, "In the future, I am going to renew my license on the website and am never going back to wait on that long line again." This is an example of which component of an attitude?

A)the conceptual component
B)the behavioral component
C)the cognitive component
D)the affective component

Question 23

Individuals in groups behave__________ than individuals acting alone.

A)worse
B)differently
C)better
D)none of the above

Question 24

Since Jessi is now a manager, she is expected to wear professional attire, take her breaks in the manager's lounge, and eat lunch at the restaurants where the other managers eat. This expected behavior pattern is an example of a__________ .

A)group cohesiveness
B)status system
C)role
D)norm

Question 25

Which of the following is not a characteristic of highly committed and satisfied employees?

A)lower rates of conflict
B)greater turnover and absenteeism
C)greater rate of job success
D)none of the above

Question 26

__________is the part of an attitude that is comprised of beliefs, opinions, knowledge, and information.

A)The behavioral component
B)The affective component
C)The emotional component
D)The cognitive component

Question 27

The__________ dimension of the Myers- Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)indicates an individual's reliance on information gathered from the external world or from the world of ideas.

A)judging- perceiving
B)extroversion- introversion
C)thinking- feeling
D)sensing- intuitive

Question 28

Susan expects her employees to meet their sales goals each month. She holds high expectations for all her employees, and they usually reach them. This is an example of

A)assumed differences.
B)stereotyping.
C)self- fulfilling prophecy.
D)selectivity.

Question 29

Lenore is an ambitious student who believes that if she works hard enough, she will receive the grades that she deserves. Lenore has__________ .

A)an internal locus of control
B)a high level of extraversion
C)an external locus of control
D)none of the above

Question 30

Which of the following strengthen a desired response and increase the probability of repetition?

A)extinction and negative reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement
C)punishment and positive reinforcement
D)punishment and extinction

Question 31

Application of Personality Traits and Predicting Work- Related Behaviors
Talk about personalities! Samantha is sure she has one of everything in her very diverse workforce. Sometimes she wonders if her 20 employees have anything in common. Yesterday Jon came in complaining and blaming her for his poor performance evaluation. He seemed to forget the five differing times during the last six months he and Samantha had sat down and discussed the fact that his continual tardiness and absences were going to affect his evaluation. Then there was Joe, who was always Joe. He was a likable enough person, but he was always loud and outspoken and bordered on being rude. Even when the president of the company had been in the office last week, Joe was still the same Joe. Then there was Cassie who made daily the statement that the end justifies the means. Samantha, more than once, had to remind Cassie of the company code of ethics. Finally, though, there was Jennifer who quietly and efficiently did her work on a consistent basis. She was always ready for a new assignment and trusted that she had the abilities needed in order to succeed on the next project. For Samantha, she was a safety net in times of crisis.

-Cassie is judgmental. She tends to stereotype people, and she has a great deal of trouble adapting to change. She doesn't like new ideas, and her interests outside of work are limited to shopping and swimming. From this description, you would describe Cassie as having a low level of __________ .

A)negative emotionality
B)agreeableness
C)self- efficacy
D)openness

Question 32

__________is/are a set of processes through which individuals become aware of and interpret information about their environment.

A)Attributions
B)Stereotypes
C)Operant conditioning
D)Perceptions

Question 33

Jason joined the newcomers club at work the first day on the job in order to make friends in his new environment. This fulfilled his need.

A)self- esteem
B)goal achievement
C)status
D)affiliation

Question 34

The theory that people can learn through observation and direct experience is

A)the self- serving bias.
B)operant conditioning.
C)social learning theory.
D)the fundamental attribution theory.

Question 35

The Asch study provides insight into group behaviors. The tendency is for individual members of a group to go along with the pack. To diminish the negative aspects of conformity, managers should create a climate of __________ in which employees are __________ without fear of retaliation.

A)openness; expected to conform
B)autonomy; free to discuss problems
C)openness; free to discuss problems
D)trust; warned

Question 36

An employee who blames his/her supervisor for a poor performance evaluation has a(n)__________.

A)low self- esteem
B)high Machiavellianism
C)internal locus of control
D)external locus of control

Question 37

__________is any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.

A)Learning
B)Attribution
C)Shaping
D)Perception

Question 38

Jason and Marie are shift leaders at GyrCo, Inc. They both try hard to provide a satisfying work place for their employees. Middle management told both of them not to confuse satisfied workers with__________ workers.

A)committed
B)challenged
C)nonunion
D)productive

Question 39

If your performance appraisal reflects the extra hours you spent on your job, which was a considerable amount of overtime, what are you likely to do for your next performance appraisal, according to operant conditioning?

A)Spend fewer hours on the job- no overtime.
B)Spend more hours on the job- many hours of overtime.
C)The number of hours of overtime you put in will have nothing to do with your performance appraisal.
D)Spend the same amount of hours- no overtime.

Question 40

John arrived fifteen minutes late for work every day for the past month. This is an example of

A)low consistency.
B)high consensus.
C)high distinctiveness.
D)none of the above.

Question 41

If the factors creating the dissonance are relatively important, the pressure to reduce the dissonance

A)is less.
B)is greater.
C)stays the same.
D)is not affected.

Question 42

Application of Shortcuts Used in Judging Others
Frederic has 15 sales employees for whom he is responsible. In the next month, he must conduct performance evaluations for all of his employees. His employees are all so different, sometimes it seems to Frederic there is no way to give an honest appraisal of each individual. Just this morning, for example, two employees were late for the weekly sales meeting. Frederic can never remember Jake being late before, but Carol is late every week. Carol's constant tardiness for their weekly meeting is the primary characteristic that comes to mind when Frederic sits down to do her performance appraisal. Jake, on the other hand, is always on time, always has his reports in by their due date, and always meets all deadlines. Then there is George.
George is his outstanding salesperson. Each month Frederic expects more business to be written by George than the previous month, and George never lets him down. At least Frederic knows he can depend on George.
Frederick can only think about Carol's tardiness at their weekly meetings when it comes time to conduct her performance appraisal. Frederick is guilty of:

A)halo effect.
B)attribution theory.
C)perception.
D)fundamental attribution theory.

Question 43

Gilbert is the head of the Newall County Volunteer Fighter Fighters Brigade. He believes that tall people make better fire fighters than do short people. As a result, when he evaluates his candidates, he forgets any positive information about the shorter fire fighters' performance. Gilbert is evaluating his candidates for the volunteer fire department based on__________ .

A)a self- serving bias
B)stereotyping
C)real differences
D)a self- fulfilling prophecy

Question 44

The __________dimension of the Myers- Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)reflects an individual's preference for evaluating information in an analytical manner or on the basis of values and beliefs.

A)sensing- intuitive
B)thinking- feeling
C)extroversion- introversion
D)judging- perceiving

Question 45

__________is one of the more widely used methods of identifying personalities.

A)Five- factor model of personality
B)Personality Inventory
C)Machiavellianism Inventory
D)Myers- Briggs Type Indicator

Question 46

Application of Personality Traits and Predicting Work- Related Behaviors
Talk about personalities! Samantha is sure she has one of everything in her very diverse workforce. Sometimes she wonders if her 20 employees have anything in common. Yesterday Jon came in complaining and blaming her for his poor performance evaluation. He seemed to forget the five differing times during the last six months he and Samantha had sat down and discussed the fact that his continual tardiness and absences were going to affect his evaluation. Then there was Joe, who was always Joe. He was a likable enough person, but he was always loud and outspoken and bordered on being rude. Even when the president of the company had been in the office last week, Joe was still the same Joe. Then there was Cassie who made daily the statement that the end justifies the means. Samantha, more than once, had to remind Cassie of the company code of ethics. Finally, though, there was Jennifer who quietly and efficiently did her work on a consistent basis. She was always ready for a new assignment and trusted that she had the abilities needed in order to succeed on the next project. For Samantha, she was a safety net in times of crisis.

-Jon is relaxed around people and has a high comfort level with relationships therefore he is high on__________ .

A)extraversion
B)conscientiousness
C)self- efficacy
D)agreeableness

Question 47

When we describe people in terms such as quiet, passive, loud, aggressive, ambitious, or loyal, we are addressing __________ .

A)attitudes
B)personality traits
C)behaviors
D)needs and wants

Question 48

Application of Cognitive Dissonance
Marjorie has always believed that the most effective way to manage people is to be caring and compassionate. She felt the workplace should be a pleasant environment where people could enjoy coming to work. That worked fine for 15 years until the recent hiring of a new vice- president. Not only does he want the work environment changed so that "people spend more time working and less time on social issues," but he has informed Marjorie she must lay off 10 employees in her department in order to cut costs.
Marjorie spent time in developing which job- related attitude?

A)organizational behavior
B)organizational commitment
C)job involvement
D)job satisfaction

Question 49

Application of Cognitive Dissonance
Marjorie has always believed that the most effective way to manage people is to be caring and compassionate. She felt the workplace should be a pleasant environment where people could enjoy coming to work. That worked fine for 15 years until the recent hiring of a new vice- president. Not only does he want the work environment changed so that "people spend more time working and less time on social issues," but he has informed Marjorie she must lay off 10 employees in her department in order to cut costs.
Which of the following is not a choice that Marjorie has in order to deal with her dissonance?

A)Develop a rationalization for the discrepancy.
B)Alter her behavior.
C)Alter her perceptions.
D)Alter her attitudes.

Question 50

Helen is a very pleasant person with whom to work. She is consistently very positive and enthusiastic about her work. Her supervisor rated her high in every area on her performance evaluation based upon this characteristic. This is an example of which of the following?

A)selectivity
B)self- fulfilling prophecy
C)halo effect
D)stereotyping

Question 51

"Most women will not relocate for a promotion." This statement is an example of which of the following?

A)halo effect
B)selectivity
C)stereotyping
D)self- fulfilling prophecy

Question 52

Holland's research strongly supports the hexagonal diagram in which the closer two fields or orientations are in the hexagon, the more __________they are.

A)compatible
B)unattractive
C)antagonistic
D)unpredictable

Question 53

Which of the following is not one of the Big 5 personality traits?

A)openness
B)cooperativeness
C)emotional stability
D)agreeableness

Question 54

__________is the tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.

A)Self- fulfilling prophecy
B)Self- serving bias
C)Stereotyping
D)Fundamental attribution error

Question 55

Application of Personality Traits and Predicting Work- Related Behaviors
Talk about personalities! Samantha is sure she has one of everything in her very diverse workforce. Sometimes she wonders if her 20 employees have anything in common. Yesterday Jon came in complaining and blaming her for his poor performance evaluation. He seemed to forget the five differing times during the last six months he and Samantha had sat down and discussed the fact that his continual tardiness and absences were going to affect his evaluation. Then there was Joe, who was always Joe. He was a likable enough person, but he was always loud and outspoken and bordered on being rude. Even when the president of the company had been in the office last week, Joe was still the same Joe. Then there was Cassie who made daily the statement that the end justifies the means. Samantha, more than once, had to remind Cassie of the company code of ethics. Finally, though, there was Jennifer who quietly and efficiently did her work on a consistent basis. She was always ready for a new assignment and trusted that she had the abilities needed in order to succeed on the next project. For Samantha, she was a safety net in times of crisis.

-Although not mentioned above, one of the employees is willing to take chances and accept the success or failure. This person has the propensity for__________ .

A)willing to spend additional budgetary funds
B)risk taking
C)willing to be fired
D)none of the above

Question 56

Which Big- Five factor predicted job performance for all five occupational groups in the study cited in the text?

A)conscientiousness
B)emotional stability
C)openness to experience
D)agreeableness

Question 57

"I will not work with Jim anymore" is an example of which of the following?

A)the affective component of an attitude
B)the behavioral component of an attitude
C)the cognitive component of an attitude
D)the emotional component of an attitude

Question 58

Cognitive dissonance is the conflict that individuals experience among

A)conflicting or contradictory behaviors.
B)conflicting or contradictory perceptions.
C)conflicting or contradictory values.
D)conflicting or contradictory attitudes.

Question 59

__________would be displayed by someone who was effective at sales, public speaking, or dealing with groups of people.

A)Extroversion
B)Conscientiousness
C)Agreeableness
D)Openness to experience

Question 60

Application of Cognitive Dissonance
Marjorie has always believed that the most effective way to manage people is to be caring and compassionate. She felt the workplace should be a pleasant environment where people could enjoy coming to work. That worked fine for 15 years until the recent hiring of a new vice- president. Not only does he want the work environment changed so that "people spend more time working and less time on social issues," but he has informed Marjorie she must lay off 10 employees in her department in order to cut costs.
Which of the following will not affect the amount of dissonance Marjorie experiences in this situation?

A)The degree of influence she has over the elements involved.
B)The importance of the elements involved.
C)The rewards that may be involved.
D)The ability of the individual.

Question 61

Application of Personality Traits and Predicting Work- Related Behaviors
Talk about personalities! Samantha is sure she has one of everything in her very diverse workforce. Sometimes she wonders if her 20 employees have anything in common. Yesterday Jon came in complaining and blaming her for his poor performance evaluation. He seemed to forget the five differing times during the last six months he and Samantha had sat down and discussed the fact that his continual tardiness and absences were going to affect his evaluation. Then there was Joe, who was always Joe. He was a likable enough person, but he was always loud and outspoken and bordered on being rude. Even when the president of the company had been in the office last week, Joe was still the same Joe. Then there was Cassie who made daily the statement that the end justifies the means. Samantha, more than once, had to remind Cassie of the company code of ethics. Finally, though, there was Jennifer who quietly and efficiently did her work on a consistent basis. She was always ready for a new assignment and trusted that she had the abilities needed in order to succeed on the next project. For Samantha, she was a safety net in times of crisis.

-Jennifer gets her energy from solitude, prefers detail- oriented concrete projects, uses logical reasoning, and enjoys seeing a finished product. Her traits illustrate the __________dimensions of the Myers- Briggs Type Indicator

A)introvert, sensing, thinking, judge
B)extrovert, intuitive, feeling, judge
C)introvert, intuitive, feeling, judge
D)extrovert, intuitive, thinking, judge

Question 62

An individual who __________ is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.

A)is high in self- monitoring
B)has high self- esteem
C)has an external locus of control
D)is high Machiavellianism

Question 63

Kathy joined the highly esteemed women's club in order to achieve the prestige that came from belonging to that group. This fulfilled which need?

A)self- esteem
B)status
C)affiliation
D)goal achievement

Question 64

Holland's Typology of Personality and Sample Occupations suggests that the "investigative" personality would be well suited for all of the following occupations except

A)economist.
B)mathematician.
C)biologist.
D)lawyer.

Question 65

__________Machiavellian people tend to be__________ and__________ .

A)More; rational; non- emotional
B)Less; irrational; non- emotional
C)More; irrational; non- emotional
D)More; rational; emotional

Question 66

Application of Personality Traits and Predicting Work- Related Behaviors
Talk about personalities! Samantha is sure she has one of everything in her very diverse workforce. Sometimes she wonders if her 20 employees have anything in common. Yesterday Jon came in complaining and blaming her for his poor performance evaluation. He seemed to forget the five differing times during the last six months he and Samantha had sat down and discussed the fact that his continual tardiness and absences were going to affect his evaluation. Then there was Joe, who was always Joe. He was a likable enough person, but he was always loud and outspoken and bordered on being rude. Even when the president of the company had been in the office last week, Joe was still the same Joe. Then there was Cassie who made daily the statement that the end justifies the means. Samantha, more than once, had to remind Cassie of the company code of ethics. Finally, though, there was Jennifer who quietly and efficiently did her work on a consistent basis. She was always ready for a new assignment and trusted that she had the abilities needed in order to succeed on the next project. For Samantha, she was a safety net in times of crisis.
Why should Samantha be concerned about the differing personalities in her workforce?

A)It gives her a basis to fire employees.
B)It is important information to record for performance evaluations.
C)It helps her in the selection process of matching jobs with employees.
D)It is always interesting.

Question 67

__________conscientious people tend to be __________performers than conscientious people across a variety of jobs.

A)More; poorer; less
B)Less; poorer; less
C)More; better; less
D)Less; better; more

Question 68

Jill's sales for last month were 15% less than usual. Ordinarily she meets her sales goal every month. This is an example of

A)low consensus.
B)high consistency.
C)high distinctiveness.
D)high consensus.

Question 69

The Myers- Briggs __________dimension measures an individual's orientation toward the inner world of ideas or the external world of the environment.

A)extroversion- introversion
B)judging- perceiving
C)sensing- intuitive
D)thinking- feeling

Question 70

Nancy tells a member of her workgroup, "I really enjoy working on special projects but, but I really hate doing expense reports and paperwork." Nancy is expressing which component of her attitude about work?

A)cognitive component
B)behavioral component
C)affective component
D)emotional component

Question 71

Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes, or between behavior and attitudes is known as__________ .

A)cognitive dispersion
B)organizational development
C)cognitive dissonance
D)organizational behavior

Question 72

A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. The factors can reside in the perceiver, in the target being perceived, or in the

A)emotional intelligence of the perceiver.
B)consensus of perceivers.
C)context of the situation.
D)personality of the person being perceived.

Question 73

__________strengthens a behavior and increases the likelihood that it will be repeated.

A)Extinction
B)Positive reinforcement
C)Halo effect
D)Punishment

Question 74

Jennifer has which of the following?

A)high self- esteem
B)high self- monitoring
C)low self- monitoring
D)high Machiavellianism

Question 75

Application of Shortcuts Used in Judging Others
Frederic has 15 sales employees for whom he is responsible. In the next month, he must conduct performance evaluations for all of his employees. His employees are all so different, sometimes it seems to Frederic there is no way to give an honest appraisal of each individual. Just this morning, for example, two employees were late for the weekly sales meeting. Frederic can never remember Jake being late before, but Carol is late every week. Carol's constant tardiness for their weekly meeting is the primary characteristic that comes to mind when Frederic sits down to do her performance appraisal. Jake, on the other hand, is always on time, always has his reports in by their due date, and always meets all deadlines. Then there is George.
George is his outstanding salesperson. Each month Frederic expects more business to be written by George than the previous month, and George never lets him down. At least Frederic knows he can depend on George.
Frederic tells himself that Carol's lateness is to be expected since she's a working mom. What shortcut is Frederic using to judge Carol?

A)assumed similarity
B)self- fulfilling prophecy
C)halo effect
D)stereotyping

Question 76

An office with a window or a reserved parking space is a sign of__________ .

A)status systems
B)roles
C)group cohesiveness
D)norms

Question 77

Application of Cognitive Dissonance
Marjorie has always believed that the most effective way to manage people is to be caring and compassionate. She felt the workplace should be a pleasant environment where people could enjoy coming to work. That worked fine for 15 years until the recent hiring of a new vice- president. Not only does he want the work environment changed so that "people spend more time working and less time on social issues," but he has informed Marjorie she must lay off 10 employees in her department in order to cut costs.

-Since the decision to lay off 10 people is a directive over which Marjorie has little control, her dissonance level will be__________ if she were in control.

A)less than
B)greater than
C)no relationship
D)the same as

Question 78

Informal groups tend to form around

A)organizational goals and friendships.
B)social contacts and organizational goals.
C)friendships and common interests.
D)common interests and directed organizational goals.

Question 79

Application of Personality Traits and Predicting Work- Related Behaviors
Talk about personalities! Samantha is sure she has one of everything in her very diverse workforce. Sometimes she wonders if her 20 employees have anything in common. Yesterday Jon came in complaining and blaming her for his poor performance evaluation. He seemed to forget the five differing times during the last six months he and Samantha had sat down and discussed the fact that his continual tardiness and absences were going to affect his evaluation. Then there was Joe, who was always Joe. He was a likable enough person, but he was always loud and outspoken and bordered on being rude. Even when the president of the company had been in the office last week, Joe was still the same Joe. Then there was Cassie who made daily the statement that the end justifies the means. Samantha, more than once, had to remind Cassie of the company code of ethics. Finally, though, there was Jennifer who quietly and efficiently did her work on a consistent basis. She was always ready for a new assignment and trusted that she had the abilities needed in order to succeed on the next project. For Samantha, she was a safety net in times of crisis.
Jon has which of the following?

A)internal locus of control
B)high Machiavellianism
C)external locus of control
D)low self- esteem

Question 80

Which of the following is not listed in your text as a shortcut that people use in perceiving and interpreting the behavior of others?

A)self- fulfilling prophecy
B)assumed differences
C)stereotyping
D)selectivity