Deck 38: Chemical Control of the Animal Body: the Endocrine System

Question 1

Endocrine glands secrete their products

A) into ducts that open into a body cavity.
B) into a gap junction.
C) into a synapse.
D) directly into target cells.
E) into interstitial fluid.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Endocrine hormones are

A) electrical signals that move between adjacent cells.
B) released from gap junctions directly into the cytoplasm of the connected cell.
C) chemicals released by cells into the surrounding extracellular fluid and affect only other nearby cells.
D) chemicals released from certain cells that travel via the blood to target cells.
E) released from a nerve cell and diffuse across a synaptic gap to influence the target cells.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Local hormones are

A) released from gap junctions directly into the cytoplasm of the connected cell.
B) released by a cell into the surrounding interstitial fluid and affect only other nearby cells.
C) released from one cell and transferred via the blood to target cells throughout the body.
D) electrical signals that move between adjacent cells.
E) released from a nerve cell and then diffuse across a synaptic gap to influence the target cells.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

During childbirth, the hormone oxytocin stimulates the smooth muscles of the uterus to contract; however, smooth muscles lining the digestive tract are not affected by oxytocin. Which statement correctly explains this scenario?

A) Smooth muscles of the digestive tract do not contain receptors for oxytocin.
B) Oxytocin is a local hormone released by the uterus, so other muscles do not receive its signals.
C) Endocrine hormones such as oxytocin do not travel through the blood, so they do not make contact with digestive tract muscles.
D) The digestive tract muscles of the motherʹs body are temporarily paralyzed by the anti -pain medications administered during labor.
E) Oxytocin is released by the fetus and diffuses into the amniotic fluid inside the uterus. Therefore, only uterine muscles are stimulated.

Question 5

You woke up this morning with a headache from staying up cramming last night, so you took an aspirin. This should

A) help because aspirin blocks the production of endorphins.
B) help because aspirin inhibits prostaglandin synthesis.
C) help because aspirin stimulates the production of prostaglandins.
D) help because aspirin increases neurotransmitter levels.
E) make the headache worse because aspirin increases the production of endorphins.

Question 6

Which of these are made at sites of tissue damage, where they cause inflammation and pain as part of the healing process?

A) Nitric oxide
B) Gap junctions
C) Prostaglandins
D) Neurotransmitters
E) Protein receptors

Question 7

Testosterone is made in the testes, where it stimulates sperm development. Additionally, testosterone is carried in the blood throughout the body, stimulating the growth of facial hair and muscles. Therefore, testosterone is

A) both a neurotransmitter and an endocrine hormone.
B) a neurotransmitter.
C) both a local and an endocrine hormone.
D) an endocrine hormone.
E) a local hormone.

Question 8

Histamine is an example of a(n)

A) synaptic messenger.
B) neurotransmitter.
C) prostaglandin.
D) endocrine hormone.
E) local hormone.

Question 9

How do endocrine hormones affect their target cells?

A) They cause changes in cell metabolism and/or gene transcription.
B) They affect gene transcription only.
C) They increase the permeability of the target cell.
D) They cause changes in cell metabolism only.
E) They stimulate the synthesis of glycogen.

Question 10

Which of the following proteins are required for target cells to interact with hormones?

A) Cyclic adenosine monophosphates (AMPs)
B) Neurotransmitters
C) Response proteins
D) Receptors
E) Neuromodulators

Question 11

The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is regulated by negative feedback. Which of the following statements is correct about ADH regulation?

A) Loss of water from your bloodstream will limit further production of ADH.
B) A high blood concentration of ADH will increase the rate of ADH production.
C) A high blood concentration of ADH will cause you to excrete dilute urine.
D) Drinking a lot of water will increase the rate of ADH production.
E) A high blood concentration of ADH will make you feel thirsty.

Question 12

What are prostaglandins?

A) Modified fatty acids
B) Peptides or proteins
C) Carbohydrates
D) Modified amino acids
E) Steroids

Question 13

When the hormone epinephrine binds to receptors on the surface of a heart muscle cell, a new molecule, called cyclic AMP, is produced. Cyclic AMP then causes the heart muscle cells to contract more strongly, increasing blood flow throughout the body. In this example, cyclic AMP is acting as a(n)

A) second messenger.
B) hormone.
C) target cell.
D) energy carrier.
E) intercellular enzyme.

Question 14

Which of the following causes cervical dilation and helps stimulate uterine contractions during labor?

A) Oxytocin
B) Progesterone
C) Acetylcholine
D) Prostaglandins
E) Estrogen

Question 15

Because steroid hormones are lipid soluble, they

A) dissolve easily in water.
B) can pass through the plasma membrane.
C) only affect muscle cells with high lipid content.
D) are repelled by the plasma membrane.
E) must bind to receptor proteins on the surface of the plasma membrane.

Question 16

Neurotransmitters are

A) chemicals released by cells into the surrounding extracellular fluid and affect only other nearby cells.
B) chemicals released from certain cells that travel via the blood to target cells.
C) released from a nerve cell and diffuse across a synaptic gap to influence the target cells.
D) released from gap junctions directly into the cytoplasm of the connected cell.
E) electrical signals that move between adjacent cells.

Question 17

Peptide hormones, amino acid-derived hormones, and steroid hormones are types of

A) neurotransmitters.
B) endocrine hormones.
C) paracrine hormones.
D) hormone receptors.
E) local hormones.

Question 18

Endocrine communication depends on

A) chemicals secreted into the blood for delivery.
B) electrical signals within individual cells.
C) target cells not binding to a hormone.
D) chemicals secreted through ducts.
E) cytoplasmic movement through gap junctions.

Question 19

Water-soluble hormones bind to receptors located _________of the target cell.

A) in the nucleus
B) on the mitochondria
C) on DNA
D) in the cytoplasm
E) on the plasma membrane

Question 20

A diet that lacks cholesterol would limit the production of

A) cyclic AMP.
B) steroid hormones.
C) amino acid derivatives.
D) acetylcholine.
E) peptide hormones.

Question 21

Most of the normal variation in human height is due to the influence of

A) testosterone.
B) epinephrine and norepinephrine.
C) thyroxine.
D) ADH.
E) growth hormone.

Question 22

Steroid hormones can diffuse into all cells of the body; however, not all cells respond to steroid hormones. Why?

A) Only cells containing cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors to the steroid hormone can respond.
B) Not all cells are lipid soluble and therefore they cannot respond to steroid hormones.
C) Only cells displaying plasma membrane receptors can respond to a lipid-soluble hormone.
D) Not all cells contain the genes necessary to respond to steroid hormones.
E) Only cells with surface protein receptors can respond to steroid hormones.

Question 23

A common occurrence for nursing mothers is ʺmilk let-down,ʺ which stimulates the motherʹs mammary glands to eject milk. Which hormone is responsible for the milk letdown reflex?

A) Oxytocin
B) Prolactin
C) Estrogen
D) Progesterone
E) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 24

The_________ pituitary releases hormones produced by cells in the hypothalamus.

A) dorsal
B) ventral
C) posterior
D) median
E) anterior

Question 25

All releasing hormones produced by neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus are

A) modified fatty acids.
B) ions.
C) modified amino acids.
D) peptides.
E) steroids.

Question 26

Oxytocin and ADH are produced by the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus; however, they are stored in and released from the

A) adrenal medulla.
B) pancreas.
C) thyroid.
D) parathyroid.
E) posterior pituitary.

Question 27

When you scratch a mosquito bite, you damage some cells. Damaged cells release histamine, which causes localized swelling that can crush additional cells, causing the release of more histamine. This is an example of

A) positive feedback.
B) negative feedback.
C) neurotransmitter activity.
D) paracrine communication.
E) synaptic communication.

Question 28

Which of these hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

A) Cortisol
B) Gonadotropins
C) Growth hormone
D) ADH
E) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 29

When you eat a bag of cookies, your blood sugar level increases. As blood sugar levels rise, insulin levels increase to move the sugar into the cells and lower the blood sugar level. As the blood sugar level drops, so does the level of insulin. This is an example of

A) positive feedback.
B) negative feedback.
C) neurotransmitter activity.
D) paracrine communication.
E) synaptic communication.

Question 30

Sometimes when a new mother is nursing her baby, she experiences abdominal cramping. Which hormone is responsible?

A) FSH
B) Oxytocin
C) Prolactin
D) Progesterone
E) Estrogen

Question 31

Which of the following glands produces hormones that regulate the secretory activity of other endocrine glands?

A) Ovaries and testes
B) Adrenal cortex
C) Pancreas
D) Thyroid
E) Anterior pituitary

Question 32

Thymosin is a hormone produced by the thymus gland. If production of thymosin is inhibited, then

A) dehydration occurs.
B) T cells do not develop.
C) bone density decreases.
D) progesterone production stops.
E) blood glucose levels fluctuate wildly.

Question 33

Children who are pituitary dwarfs can now grow to normal height because of

A) the invention of synthetic growth hormone.
B) genetically engineered production of growth hormone by bacteria.
C) pituitary transplants.
D) large supplies of growth hormone from dead animals.
E) genetic repair before birth.

Question 34

After hiking for an hour in the desert without drinking water, your circulating levels of ADH will be

A) above average.
B) below average.
C) average.

Question 35

Dwarfism is sometimes due to inadequate levels of a hormone produced by which gland?

A) Adrenal medulla
B) Parathyroid
C) Adrenal cortex
D) Anterior pituitary
E) Pancreas

Question 36

Most steroid hormones are synthesized from

A) glucose.
B) amino acids.
C) insulin.
D) cholesterol.
E) linoleic acid.

Question 37

If basal metabolism drops, which anterior pituitary hormone is released to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine?

A) ADH
B) ACTH
C) TSH
D) Prolactin
E) FSH

Question 38

ADH increases fluid retention when the body sweats and decreases fluid retention when someone has consumed large amounts of water. This is an example of

A) positive feedback.
B) negative feedback.
C) neurotransmitter activity.
D) paracrine communication.
E) synaptic communication.

Question 39

You arrive at the beach only to discover that you forgot your water bottle. You decide to tough it out. However, after spending 4 hours in the sun you decide to head home. If you were to take a blood sample now, you would expect to find elevated levels of

A) FSH.
B) ADH.
C) TSH.
D) ACTH.
E) insulin.

Question 40

Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the production of anterior pituitary hormones are called

A) thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSHs).
B) inhibiting hormones.
C) ACTH.
D) secondary messengers.
E) releasing hormones.

Question 41

Iodized salt provides the essential nutrient iodine. Iodine is important in preventing

A) gigantism.
B) diabetes.
C) menstrual cramps.
D) high blood pressure.
E) a goiter.

Question 42

Several hours after a meal, glucagon increases blood glucose levels by activating an enzyme that breaks down glycogen, which is stored primarily in the

A) small intestine.
B) heart.
C) kidneys.
D) pancreas.
E) liver.

Question 43

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

A) Growth hormone
B) Glucagon
C) Estrogen
D) Insulin
E) Cortisol

Question 44

Diabetes mellitus is due to an inability to produce or respond to which hormone?

A) Thyroxine
B) Insulin
C) ADH
D) Glucocorticoids
E) Glucagon

Question 45

If you eat a meal that is high in sugar, which hormone will stimulate your cells to remove the sugar from your blood?

A) Glucagon
B) Glycogen
C) Glucocorticoids
D) Insulin
E) Thyroxine

Question 46

Which of the following hormones suppresses the immune response?

A) ACTH
B) Cortisol
C) FSH
D) LH

Question 47

Thymosin, produced by the thymus, stimulates the maturation of

A) all white blood cells.
B) B cells.
C) both T and B cells.
D) red blood cells.
E) T cells.

Question 48

The adrenal medulla produces hormones in response to

A) stress or exercise.
B) signals from the anterior pituitary.
C) light.
D) signals from the posterior pituitary.
E) reduced blood levels of thyroxine.

Question 49

Which pair of hormones is responsible for maintaining relatively constant blood glucose levels?

A) Thyroxine and thymosin
B) Aldosterone and insulin
C) Calcitonin and TSH
D) Insulin and glucagon
E) ADH and growth hormone

Question 50

Due to negative feedback mechanisms, high levels of thyroxine in the blood decrease the

A) release of TSH.
B) rate of cell division.
C) metabolic rate.
D) growth rate.
E) rate of insulin production.

Question 51

Which of the following best explains why anabolic steroid abuse by male athletes can lead to a decrease in testes size?

A) High levels of anabolic steroids decrease the production of testosterone through negative feedback, which decreases the size of the testes.
B) Circulating anabolic steroids increase the release of FSH and LH, which slow down growth and function of the testes.
C) Circulating anabolic steroids decrease the release of FSH and LH, which slow down growth and function of the testes.
D) High levels of anabolic steroids cause the adrenal glands to release more estrogen.
E) High levels of anabolic steroids increase the production of testosterone through positive feedback, which decreases the size of the testes.

Question 52

Inadequate levels of thyroxine during infancy results in retardation of mental and physical growth. This syndrome is known as

A) diabetes.
B) acromegaly.
C) beriberi.
D) goiter.
E) cretinism.

Question 53

Which of the following is a hormone that is released by fat cells?

A) Prolactin
B) Oxytocin
C) Epinephrine
D) Leptin
E) Glucagon

Question 54

The thymus produces _________, a hormone that stimulates the maturation of specialized white blood cells called T cells.

A) testosterone
B) ACTH
C) insulin
D) thymosin
E) thyroxine

Question 55

Which hormone prepares the uterus to receive and nourish a fertilized egg?

A) FSH
B) Insulin
C) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
D) Oxytocin
E) Progesterone

Question 56

Which of the following triggers the release of calcium from bones?

A) Calcitonin
B) Oxytocin
C) Insulin
D) Prolactin
E) Parathyroid hormone

Question 57

Islet cells in the pancreas produce which hormone(s)?

A) They produce insulin only.
B) Each cell produces either glucagon or insulin.
C) They produce glucagon only.
D) Islet cells do not produce hormones.
E) Each cell produces both glucagon and insulin.

Question 58

Insulin_________ blood glucose, whereas glucagon _________blood glucose.

A) decreases; increases
B) does not affect; controls
C) makes; destroys
D) controls; does not affect
E) increases; decreases

Question 59

Aldosterone release is stimulated by

A) decreased blood glucose concentrations.
B) decreased levels of blood sodium.
C) increased levels of blood sodium.
D) increased levels of growth hormone.
E) increased blood glucose concentrations.

Question 60

What is the effect of increased levels of parathyroid hormone?

A) Increased blood calcium levels
B) Decreased metabolism
C) Increased estrogen levels
D) Decreased blood calcium levels
E) Increased metabolism

Question 61

Low blood oxygen levels trigger the release of erythropoietin.

Question 62

Positive feedback mechanisms enhance changes in the body.

Question 63

Increased levels of stress and trauma may enhance the release of cortisol.

Question 64

Decreased levels of ADH cause

A) fever.
B) dehydration.
C) hunger.
D) increased metabolism.
E) water weight gain.

Question 65

Contractions of the uterus during childbirth are stimulated by oxytocin.

Question 66

Only mammals produce hormones.

Question 67

Which gland responds to light and is involved in daily rhythms in some animals?

A) Thymus
B) Adrenal
C) Pineal
D) Pituitary
E) Pancreas

Question 68

Taking this exam might have caused your adrenal cortex to produce cortisol, the most common glucocorticoid. Cortisol is usually produced in response to

A) inactivity.
B) the release of adrenaline.
C) increased brain activity.
D) a drop in blood pressure.
E) stress or anxiety.

Question 69

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and diffuse through the plasma membrane into a cell.)

Question 70

Overproduction of thyroxine causes a decrease in metabolic rate and energy levels.

Question 71

In paracrine communication, paracrine glands secrete their products directly into the bloodstream.

Question 72

Alcohol prevents dehydration by increasing the production of ADH.

Question 73

Histamine is a local hormone.

Question 74

Only males make the hormone testosterone.

Question 75

As TSH levels increase, thyroxine levels should decrease.

Question 76

A second messenger, such as cyclic AMP, carries a hormonal signal to molecules inside a cell.

Question 77

Thyroxine is an amino acid-derived hormone that binds to plasma membrane receptors on the surface of target cells.

Question 78

Neurosecretory cells connect the hypothalamus directly to the posterior pituitary.

Question 79

Insulin production is regulated by a positive feedback loop that helps maintain healthy blood sugar levels.

Question 80

Peptide hormones such as insulin cannot pass through the plasma membrane so they bind to receptors on the target cellʹs surface, triggering the production of second messengers.