Deck 36: The Urinary System

Question 1

Which of the following describes the role of urinary systems in maintaining cellular homeostasis?

A) Urinary systems ensure the delivery of the proper amount of nitrogen to the cells.
B) Urinary systems are important for the generation of urea, which cells can use as an energy source when carbohydrates become scarce.
C) Urinary systems filter out diseased and damaged cells that can be excreted from the body.
D) Urinary systems regulate water balance, pH, and the concentrations of ions in body fluids for cells.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What is the thin, muscular tube through which urine leaves each mammalian kidney?

A) Nephron
B) Ureter
C) Urethra
D) Bladder
E) Collecting duct

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of these structures most closely resembles a vertebrate nephron?

A) Malpighian tubule
B) Nephrostome
C) Protonephridium
D) Flame cell
E) Nephridium

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Birds excrete their nitrogenous wastes in the form of

A) uric acid.
B) amino acids.
C) urea.
D) ammonia.
E) amine groups.

Question 5

Which type of animal would you dissect to locate a nephridium?

A) Insect
B) Reptile
C) Flatworm
D) Bird
E) Earthworm

Question 6

Insect urinary systems consist of

A) Malpighian tubules.
B) flame cells.
C) protonephridia.
D) nephridia.
E) nephrostomes.

Question 7

Which of the following is closest to the external surface of the kidney?

A) Renal medulla
B) Renal pelvis
C) Collecting ducts
D) Renal cortex
E) Nephron loops

Question 8

Nitrogenous waste products, such as urea and uric acid, are primarily formed because of the digestion of

A) proteins.
B) lipids.
C) carbohydrates.
D) salts.

Question 9

The human kidneys are located

A) in the abdominal cavity just above the rectum.
B) on either side of the esophagus.
C) in the chest cavity.
D) at about the level of the waist.
E) in front of the large intestine.

Question 10

The feces of which of the following would contain a high concentration of uric acid?

A) Mollusk
B) Insect
C) Bird
D) Flatworm

Question 11

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

A) Peritubular capillaries
B) Glomerular capsule
C) Glomerulus
D) Collecting duct
E) Nephron

Question 12

Which of the following has a urinary system that makes use of flame cells?

A) Mollusk
B) Flatworm
C) Shark
D) Bird
E) Earthworm

Question 13

Which of these structures converts highly toxic ammonia into urea, a less toxic form of nitrogenous waste?

A) Spleen
B) Kidney
C) Pancreas
D) Muscles
E) Liver

Question 14

Which sequence properly describes the flow of filtrate through the nephron?

A) Glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, renal artery, arteriole, venule, renal vein
B) Glomerular capsule, peritubular capillaries, nephron loop, distal tubule, collecting duct
C) Glomerular capsule, proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule, collecting duct
D) Proximal tubule, nephron loop, glomerular capsule, distal tubule, collecting duct
E) Collecting duct, distal tubule, nephron loop, proximal tubule, glomerular capsule

Question 15

You have conscious control over

A) the internal urethral sphincter.
B) muscles that cause the bladder to contract.
C) muscles that propel urine from the kidney to the bladder.
D) the external urethral sphincter.

Question 16

All of the following are part of the nephron EXCEPT the

A) renal medulla.
B) glomerulus.
C) proximal tubule.
D) glomerular capsule.
E) nephron loop.

Question 17

Which of the following correctly traces the path of urine?

A) Renal pelvis → urethra → bladder → ureter
B) Renal pelvis → bladder → ureter → urethra
C) Renal pelvis → uterus → bladder → urethra
D) Ureter → urethra → bladder → renal pelvis
E) Renal pelvis → ureter → bladder → urethra

Question 18

Which portion of the nephron receives filtrate from the glomerular capsule?

A) Distal tubule
B) Glomerulus
C) Nephron loop
D) Proximal tubule
E) Collecting duct

Question 19

Which of the following nitrogenous waste products is the least toxic, but requires the most energy to produce?

A) Urea
B) Ammonia
C) Urine
D) Uric acid

Question 20

The funnel-like chamber of the kidney that collects urine is called the

A) glomerulus.
B) renal pelvis.
C) smooth muscle.
D) renal cortex.
E) renal medulla.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a function of the vertebrate urinary system?

A) Regulating body temperature
B) Eliminating cellular wastes
C) Adjusting water and ion concentrations
D) Secreting hormones
E) Maintaining blood pH

Question 22

Cellular wastes and excess ions are moved from the blood into nephrons by

A) secretion only.
B) filtration and secretion.
C) filtration and reabsorption.
D) filtration only.
E) reabsorption only.

Question 23

In a healthy kidney, glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed into the blood at which location in the nephron?

A) Ureter
B) Glomerulus
C) Proximal tubule
D) Distal tubule
E) Nephron loop

Question 24

What is the force that drives glomerular filtration (movement of fluid from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule)?

A) Blood pressure
B) Smooth muscle contraction
C) pH gradients
D) Osmosis
E) Salt gradients

Question 25

Which of the following explains why a sample of the filtrate taken from the proximal tubule is NOT ideal for conducting a drug test or toxicology screen?

A) As soon as the toxins and drugs enter the proximal tubule, they are immediately reabsorbed.
B) Some of the toxins and drugs do not enter the filtrate until they are secreted in the distal tubule.
C) Many of the toxins and drugs are not added to urine until it enters the bladder.
D) Only a blood test can detect drugs and toxins because they are too large to enter the kidney tubule system.

Question 26

Filtration of the blood occurs when fluid is forced by blood pressure out of the

A) proximal tubule.
B) glomerular capsule.
C) distal tubule.
D) nephron loop.
E) glomerulus.

Question 27

Which of these is normally found in the glomerular filtrate?

A) Na+
B) White blood cells
C) Large proteins
D) Erythrocytes
E) Fat droplets

Question 28

Glomerular filtrate contains many components that need to be reabsorbed (returned to the blood). Which of the following is (are) reabsorbed by osmosis?

A) Water
B) Urea
C) Amino acids
D) Red blood cells
E) Glucose

Question 29

Most reabsorption takes place in what part of the tubule system in the kidney?

A) Distal tubule
B) Collecting duct
C) Nephron loop
D) Glomerular capsule
E) Proximal tubule

Question 30

The composition of urine varies to help maintain homeostasis within the body. With this in mind, which of the following would you NOT expect to find in the urine of a healthy individual?

A) Hydrogen ions
B) Glucose
C) Potassium ions
D) Ammonia
E) Drug metabolites

Question 31

An average hemodialysis session usually lasts 4 hours and occurs about

A) three times a week.
B) 7 days a week.
C) once a week.
D) once a month.
E) three times a month.

Question 32

What is the process by which water and nutrients are removed from the filtrate and returned to the blood?

A) Secretion
B) Elimination
C) Excretion
D) Reabsorption
E) Filtration

Question 33

During reabsorption, organic nutrients and ions are moved by diffusion or active transport from the renal tubule into the

A) glomerulus.
B) peritubular capillaries.
C) outgoing arteriole.
D) glomerular capsule.
E) incoming arteriole.

Question 34

Hormones regulate reabsorption in which region of the kidney tubule system?

A) Distal tubule
B) Glomerulus
C) Nephron loop
D) Proximal tubule
E) Glomerular capsule

Question 35

Which of the following is the most likely to be secreted into the renal tubule for excretion?

A) Glucose
B) Excess Na+
C) Vitamins
D) Water
E) Amino acids

Question 36

Which structure collects the water and small dissolved molecules forced out of the bloodstream during the process of filtration?

A) Nephron loop
B) Proximal tubule
C) Glomerular capsule
D) Distal tubule
E) Glomerulus

Question 37

In a healthy kidney, which of the following would you NOT expect to find in the filtrate?

A) Large proteins
B) Drugs
C) Glucose
D) Water
E) Salt

Question 38

Kidney failure or end-stage renal disease is most commonly associated with

A) a high-fat diet and low blood pressure.
B) a low-carbohydrate diet.
C) low blood pressure.
D) diabetes and high blood pressure.
E) a low-protein diet.

Question 39

In what region of the nephron does most secretion take place?

A) Distal tubule
B) Collecting duct
C) Nephron loop
D) Glomerulus
E) Proximal tubule

Question 40

Which sequence properly describes the flow of blood through a kidney?

A) Renal artery, incoming arteriole, glomerulus, outgoing arteriole, peritubular capillaries, venule, renal vein
B) Glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, outgoing arteriole, renal artery, incoming arteriole, venule, renal vein
C) Renal vein, venule, glomerulus, outgoing arteriole, peritubular capillaries, incoming arteriole, renal artery
D) Peritubular capillaries, incoming arteriole, glomerulus, glomerular capsule, outgoing arteriole, renal artery

Question 41

An animal whose kidneys have a high percentage of long -looped nephrons probably lives in a__________ environment.

A) rain-forest
B) freshwater
C) desert
D) seasonally wet
E) saltwater

Question 42

ADH is released into the blood by the

A) kidney.
B) liver.
C) pituitary gland.
D) small intestine.

Question 43

Which of the following is (are) produced by the kidney and is (are) important in the regulation of blood pressure?

A) Aldosterone only
B) Aldosterone and ADH
C) Renin and angiotensin
D) Erythropoietin
E) ADH only

Question 44

Officials associated with international track and field competitions have noted an increase in the number of athletes who use a synthetic form of erythropoietin. Athletes use this drug because it

A) stimulates the release of ADH, which then goes on to cause an increase in the number of red blood cells and helps athletes increase their aerobic capacity for an event.
B) decreases blood pressure so that they can be more focused and relaxed during a competition.
C) increases urine output so that they can shed weight just prior to an important competition.
D) increases the number of oxygen-transporting red blood cells, which helps athletes increase their aerobic capacity for an event.

Question 45

Long nephron loops correlate with

A) urine isotonic to the blood.
B) more concentrated urine.
C) urine with glucose in it.
D) urine hypotonic to the blood.
E) more dilute urine.

Question 46

The ascending limb of the nephron loop

A) pulls salt from the renal medulla to make the filtrate more concentrated.
B) is the primary site of tubular secretion.
C) is permeable to salt.
D) is permeable to water.
E) responds to high levels of ADH in the blood.

Question 47

ADH exerts its effect on which of the following?

A) Descending portion of the nephron loop
B) Collecting duct and proximal tubule
C) Proximal and distal tubules
D) Collecting duct and distal tubule
E) Proximal tubule and nephron loop

Question 48

Which of these hormones enables us to excrete concentrated urine?

A) Renal diluting hormone
B) Aldosterone
C) Diuretic hormone
D) ADH
E) Homeostatic hormone

Question 49

How would the kidneys respond to a decrease in blood pH caused by a high protein diet?

A) Increased HCO₃- secretion and H+ reabsorption
B) Increased production of renin and ADH
C) Increased H+ secretion and HCO₃- reabsorption
D) Increased secretion of both H+ and HCO₃-
E) Increased reabsorption of both H+ and HCO₃-

Question 50

Water may be reabsorbed from many regions of the nephron; however, which regions can do so only if the blood levels of ADH are elevated?

A) Proximal and distal tubules
B) Proximal tubule and nephron loop
C) Distal tubule and collecting duct
D) Glomerulus and the glomerular capsule
E) Nephron loop and distal tubule

Question 51

You analyze a blood sample taken from a man who survived for 2 days in the desert with no water to drink. Based on your knowledge of kidney physiology, you are not surprised to find that his blood level of ADH is

A) higher than normal.
B) normal.
C) lower than normal.
D) zero.

Question 52

A person taking antibiotics must take pills several times each day to maintain effective concentrations in the blood. This is because of

A) secretion.
B) osmoregulation.
C) a decrease in angiotensin.
D) a decrease in antidiuretic hormone.
E) reabsorption.

Question 53

What are the two main functions of the nephron loop?

A) Creates a high salt concentration in the renal medulla and reabsorbs salt and water
B) Creates a high salt concentration in the renal cortex and reabsorbs some salt and water
C) Creates a low salt concentration in the renal medulla and reabsorbs salt and water
D) Creates a high glucose concentration in the renal cortex and releases extra salt into the filtrate
E) Filters cellular wastes from blood in the capillaries and reabsorbs some salt and water

Question 54

The descending limb of the nephron loop

A) responds to high levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the blood.
B) pulls water from the renal medulla to make the filtrate more dilute.
C) is permeable to salt and urea.
D) is not permeable to water.
E) loses water to the medulla as the filtrate becomes more concentrated.

Question 55

What effect will increased blood levels of ADH have on blood volume?

A) It will have no effect on blood volume because ADH affects only urine output.
B) It will increase blood volume.
C) Only the plasma (fluid) part of the blood will decrease.
D) It will decrease blood volume.

Question 56

Which of the following increases the reabsorption of water by inserting aquaporins into the membranes of the distal tubule and collecting duct cells?

A) Erythropoietin
B) Aldosterone
C) Angiotensin
D) Renin
E) ADH

Question 57

How much urine does the average adult human excrete per day?

A) 500 milliliters (1 pint)
B) 1,500 milliliters (1.5 quarts)
C) 250 milliliters (1 cup)
D) 1,000 milliliters (1 quart)
E) 125 milliliters (1/2 cup)

Question 58

Which of the following hormones increases blood pressure by constricting arterioles all over the body?

A) Angiotensin
B) Aldosterone
C) Erythropoietin
D) ADH

Question 59

What percentage of the water that enters a nephron is reabsorbed into the blood in the absence of ADH?

A) 50%
B) 80%
C) 25%
D) 99%

Question 60

Which of these animals has the greatest proportion of long-looped nephrons in their kidneys?

A) A desert mammal, such as a sand rat
B) A saltwater fish
C) A freshwater fish
D) A freshwater mammal, such as a beaver
E) A human

Question 61

Flatworms have simple kidneys consisting of tubular structures called nephridia.

Question 62

Urine is the watery liquid that contains substances filtered from the blood or the__________fluid that bathes all cells.

Question 63

Urea is more toxic to the human body than is ammonia.

Question 64

Which type of fish is more likely to live in an environment that has a lower osmolarity than that of its body fluids?

A) Saltwater fish
B) Brackish water fish (salt- and freshwater combined)
C) Freshwater fish

Question 65

Which type of fish stores urea in its tissues to keep its body the same osmolarity as the water in which it lives?

A) Shrimp
B) Goldfish
C) Shark
D) Tuna
E) Trout

Question 66

The primary nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine of all mammals is__________ .

Question 67

Earthworms utilize Malpighian tubules to conserve water and excrete cellular wastes.

Question 68

Alcohol increases urine output by inhibiting the release of ADH.

Question 69

The__________ is the region of the kidney involved in producing concentrated urine.

Question 70

The glomerulus, like all other capillary beds, empties into a venule.

Question 71

Animals vary the composition of their urine depending on their environment and their need to conserve water.

Question 72

People whose kidneys have failed can eat and drink whatever they like as long as they go to dialysis three times a week as scheduled.

Question 73

The kidneys help regulate blood pressure.

Question 74

The primary nitrogenous waste product of aquatic organisms is__________ .

Question 75

Why do mammals adapted to dry climates tend to have considerably more long -looped nephrons than those adapted to wet climates?

A) So that a lower concentration of salt can be produced in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla, causing less water to be reabsorbed into the capillaries
B) So that their blood pressure does not drop to dangerously low levels during periods of drought
C) So that a higher concentration of salt can be produced in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla, causing more water to be reabsorbed into the capillaries
D) So that the wastes can be excreted as uric acid instead of urine
E) So that the excess urea they produce as a result of dehydration can be properly filtered by the nephrons and excreted

Question 76

Osmolarity is the

A) pH concentration of a solution.
B) ratio of oxygen to carbon dioxide.
C) concentration of dissolved solutes in solution.
D) pressure within a closed system.

Question 77

The funnel-shaped opening of a nephridium is known as a__________ .

Question 78

Ammonia, uric acid, and urea are products of the breakdown of that accumulate__________ because of protein digestion.

Question 79

The composition of glomerular filtrate is almost identical to that of urine.

Question 80

Your entire blood volume is filtered by your kidneys approximately 60 times per day.