Deck 34: Respiration

Question 1

You are a veterinarian working for the San Diego Zoo. Today, you are performing an autopsy on a 22.7-gram frog and a 21.2-gram lizard, both of which appear to have died of a respiratory infection. Why are you not surprised to find that the lungs of the lizard have a larger internal surface area than those of the frog?

A) Lizards lay shelled eggs on land, whereas frogs lay jelly-like eggs in water.
B) Lizards are more susceptible than frogs to atmospheric pollutants.
C) Lizards have dry, scaly skin, whereas frogs have thin, moist skin.
D) Lizards have a higher metabolic rate than frogs.
E) The lizard is larger than the frog.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Birds are able to sustain long flights at high altitudes because they

A) can extract oxygen during both inhalation and exhalation.
B) decrease their heart rate during flight.
C) are able to lower their body temperature during flight.
D) use anaerobic metabolism during flight.
E) have thicker blood than other animals, with many more red blood cells.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Air flow into and out of the lungs is an example of

A) diffusion.
B) osmosis.
C) active transport.
D) facilitated diffusion.
E) bulk flow.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

In the lungs, oxygen moves from air into blood by

A) bulk flow.
B) diffusion.
C) osmosis.
D) facilitated diffusion.
E) active transport.

Question 5

Why does a typical fish die quickly when it is removed from water?

A) The gills collapse and dry out in the air.
B) Water contains more oxygen, per unit volume, than does air.
C) Oxygen diffuses more rapidly in water than it does in air.
D) Gills split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen, which is used for cellular respiration.

Question 6

Why is gas exchange in an aquatic environment more challenging than gas exchange in the air?

A) The countercurrent exchange process limits the amount of oxygen that can be extracted from water.
B) The large surface area of gills makes them more susceptible to drying out.
C) Gills have a poor blood supply.
D) Less oxygen is available in water than in air.
E) Carbon dioxide is eliminated by active transport in an aquatic environment.

Question 7

Identify the animal that lacks a specialized respiratory organ.

A) Trout
B) Sponge
C) Bat
D) Bird
E) Grasshopper

Question 8

What are spiracles?

A) Openings into the alveoli of the lungs
B) Openings between the gills of a frog tadpole
C) Openings to the bronchi
D) Openings into the tracheae of insects
E) Openings to the parabronchi

Question 9

Which of the following groups of animals is most efficient at extracting oxygen from the atmosphere?

A) Mammals
B) Amphibians
C) Insects
D) Reptiles
E) Birds

Question 10

Which of the following structures is NOT part of an insect respiratory system?

A) Tracheoles
B) Tracheae
C) Parabronchi
D) Spiracles

Question 11

If a respiratory surface dries out, gas exchange will

A) not be affected.
B) decrease for carbon dioxide but increase for oxygen.
C) not occur.
D) decrease for oxygen but increase for carbon dioxide.
E) increase.

Question 12

The carbon dioxide that is exhaled when you breathe is produced during

A) cellular respiration.
B) nitrogen fixation.
C) intracellular digestion.
D) diffusion.
E) glycolysis.

Question 13

Sea jellies lack specialized organs for gas exchange because

A) their tissues have low energy demands.
B) they donʹt need oxygen.
C) their digestive system eliminates carbon dioxide.
D) they use their circulatory system to deliver oxygen to their cells.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about gas exchange in animals with interacting circulatory and respiratory systems is FALSE?

A) Gases are transported in the circulatory system by the bulk flow of blood.
B) Carbon dioxide moves from the tissues into the blood by diffusion.
C) Air or water moves across the respiratory surface by bulk flow.
D) Oxygen is actively transported into the circulatory system.
E) Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through respiratory membranes by diffusion.

Question 15

Which of these animals use gills to respire?

A) Spiders
B) Tadpoles
C) Insects
D) Earthworms
E) Jellyfishes

Question 16

Which of the following structures protects the delicate gills of many fish?

A) An operculum
B) Tracheoles
C) Lamellae
D) Spiracles
E) An alveolus

Question 17

All organisms that generate energy (ATP) aerobically need to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from their bodies. This process is known as

A) absorption.
B) conduction.
C) ingestion.
D) elimination.
E) respiration.

Question 18

Which of the following structures decreases diffusion distances for oxygen and carbon dioxide by delivering air directly to body cells?

A) Tracheoles
B) Bronchi
C) Spiracles
D) Parabronchi
E) Gill filaments

Question 19

All of the following are respiratory surfaces EXCEPT for

A) tracheae of a fly.
B) skin of earthworms.
C) gills of fish.
D) alveoli of dogs.
E) air sacs of birds.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a feature shared by all animal respiratory surfaces?

A) They are thin.
B) They are moist.
C) They have a large surface area.
D) They are associated with a capillary bed.

Question 21

Which of these structures is analogous in function to the tracheoles of insects?

A) Body surface of a flatworm
B) Skin of an earthworm
C) Gills of a fish
D) Bronchi of a human

Question 22

During inhalation, the diaphragm

A) contracts and becomes dome-shaped.
B) contracts and flattens.
C) relaxes and becomes dome-shaped.
D) relaxes and flattens.

Question 23

The respiratory systems of fishes, frogs, sponges, and earthworms are similar in that they

A) have a countercurrent exchange system.
B) employ an extensive system of air sacs that ensures a unidirectional flow of air.
C) exchange gases across a moist respiratory surface.
D) have internal respiratory structures.
E) utilize a complex network of air-conducting tubes.

Question 24

Which sequence of animals represents the evolution of animal respiratory systems?

A) Bird, lizard, salamander, fish
B) Fish, salamander, lizard, bird
C) Fish, lizard, salamander, bird
D) Salamander, lizard, fish, bird
E) Lizard, fish, bird, salamander

Question 25

Which of the following represents the correct air pathway during exhalation?

A) Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, larynx, trachea
B) Bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli, trachea, larynx
C) Trachea, larynx, bronchi, alveoli, bronchioles
D) Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 26

What structure prevents food from entering the larynx?

A) Bronchus
B) Intercostal muscle
C) Respiratory membrane
D) Diaphragm
E) Epiglottis

Question 27

The vocal cords are located in the

A) trachea.
B) bronchi.
C) epiglottis.
D) larynx.
E) pharynx.

Question 28

Which of these structures is analogous in function to the alveoli of humans?

A) Skin of an alligator
B) Parabronchi of a bird
C) Spiracles of a grasshopper
D) Trachea of a frog
E) Operculum of a fish

Question 29

The cells that line the human respiratory passageways secrete

A) hormones.
B) enzymes.
C) water.
D) blood.
E) mucus.

Question 30

A thin slice of lung tissue looks like a cross-section of

A) a blown-up balloon.
B) a sponge.
C) a carrot.
D) a ball of worms.
E) a piece of wood.

Question 31

The function of the epiglottis is to

A) produce surfactant.
B) prevent food from entering the larynx.
C) facilitate gas exchange in the lungs.
D) assist the vocal cords in sound production.
E) keep the bronchi from collapsing.

Question 32

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs as a result of

A) active transport of gases between the blood and the alveolus.
B) facilitated diffusion of gases between the hemoglobin and the alveolus.
C) facilitated diffusion of gases between the blood and the alveolus.
D) diffusion of gases between the blood and the alveolus.
E) active transport of gases between hemoglobin and the alveolus.

Question 33

How much air enters the lungs of an average-sized adult when breathing normally?

A) 275 milliliters
B) 750 milliliters
C) 1,000 milliliters
D) 125 milliliters
E) 500 milliliters

Question 34

Which of the following organisms would use its skin as a primary respiratory surface?

A) Lizard
B) Bird
C) Turtle
D) Snake
E) Salamander

Question 35

Which of the following structures is the site of gas exchange in the human lung?

A) Larynx
B) Alveoli
C) Bronchi
D) Trachea
E) Bronchioles

Question 36

Most of the carbon dioxide released from cells is transported in the blood as

A) dissolved carbon monoxide.
B) carbohydrates, such as glucose.
C) carbon dioxide attached to hemoglobin.
D) bicarbonate ions in the plasma.

Question 37

The respiratory control center is located in the

A) medulla.
B) diaphragm.
C) cortex.
D) spinal cord.
E) hypothalamus.

Question 38

Alveoli

A) are blind sacs that extend from tracheae.
B) are thick-walled.
C) have a moist surface.
D) are found in gills.
E) are not permeable to dissolved oxygen.

Question 39

Most of the oxygen in the blood is transported

A) as bicarbonate ions.
B) by white blood cells.
C) bound to hemoglobin.
D) combined with carbon dioxide.
E) in the plasma.

Question 40

During inhalation, air leaving the nasal cavity passes into the

A) larynx.
B) trachea.
C) bronchi.
D) pharynx.
E) bronchioles.

Question 41

Which of the following passageways delivers air directly into each lung?

A) Bronchus
B) Bronchiole
C) Pharynx
D) Trachea
E) Larynx

Question 42

What happens during inhalation?

A) The heart pumps blood to the lungs.
B) Air exits the alveoli.
C) The intercostal muscles relax.
D) The chest cavity decreases in size.
E) The diaphragm contracts.

Question 43

Which of the following events initiates the process of exhalation?

A) Contraction of the diaphragm
B) Contraction of the intercostal (rib) muscles
C) Expansion of the lungs
D) Relaxation of the diaphragm

Question 44

A layer of smooth muscle in the wall of this tiny air -conducting tube allows it to regulate its diameter.

A) Larynx
B) Pharynx
C) Alveolus
D) Bronchiole
E) Trachea

Question 45

Carbon dioxide can be transported in the blood by all of the following methods, EXCEPT

A) as CO within red blood cells.
B) carried in plasma as HCO3-.
C) dissolved in plasma as CO2.
D) bound to hemoglobin.

Question 46

The respiratory membrane is a combination of

A) bronchi and air sacs.
B) bronchioles and capillary walls.
C) bronchi and bronchioles.
D) alveolar and capillary walls.
E) bronchioles and air sacs.

Question 47

What is the function of surfactant?

A) It stimulates activity of the cilia lining the walls of the alveoli.
B) It prevents the alveoli from sticking together and collapsing.
C) It increases surface tension.
D) It increases alveolar expansion.
E) It enhances contraction of the inspiratory muscles.

Question 48

The receptors in the respiratory center are most sensitive to a small

A) increase in blood pH.
B) increase in blood carbon dioxide levels.
C) decrease in blood nitrogen levels.
D) increase in blood oxygen levels.
E) decrease in blood oxygen levels.

Question 49

Where does gas exchange occur in the mammalian lung?

A) Bronchi
B) The pharynx
C) The trachea
D) Bronchioles
E) Alveoli

Question 50

What causes smokerʹs cough?

A) Carbon monoxide in the smoke triggers the cough reflex.
B) Smoking damages the cilia that normally remove debris-laden mucus.
C) Nicotine irritates the lining of the lung.
D) Smoking affects the respiratory center neurons in the medulla.

Question 51

What keeps the trachea from collapsing?

A) Surface tension of water
B) Surfactant
C) Cilia
D) Semicircular rings of cartilage

Question 52

Which of the following occurs in the lungs?

A) Air loses all of its oxygen.
B) As oxygen-poor blood travels through the lungs, it releases all of its carbon dioxide.
C) Gases move by bulk flow into and out of the blood.
D) Some of the oxygen in the air moves into the blood, and some of the carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the air.
E) Oxygen and carbon dioxide move from a lower concentration to a higher concentration.

Question 53

Imagine that a patient is admitted to the hospital after falling from the second-story window of her apartment. Tests reveal no injuries other than some swelling in the brain. Why, then, would her breathing become irregular?

A) Her tissues require more oxygen for healing.
B) The respiratory center in the lungs is malfunctioning due to a lack of carbon dioxide.
C) The damage to the brain is affecting the respiratory center in the medulla.
D) Her swollen brain is causing a decrease in blood pressure.
E) The blood returning to the lungs from the brain is too high in oxygen.

Question 54

Which of the following structures serves as a passageway for both air and food?

A) Bronchi
B) Larynx
C) Bronchioles
D) Trachea
E) Pharynx

Question 55

An emergency room physician has withdrawn blood from a vessel in your arm. The dark red color of the blood indicates that it was

A) going away from the heart.
B) on its way to the tissues of the arm.
C) taken from an artery.
D) coming from the lungs.
E) taken from a vein.

Question 56

The respiratory control center consists of

A) the anterior portion of the pituitary gland.
B) a cluster of nerve cells in the medulla.
C) the alveoli.
D) a group of highly modified cells located in the hypothalamus.
E) a cluster of nerve cells in the lungs.

Question 57

The respiratory center is very sensitive to changes in l_________evels, but not very sensitive to changes in _________levels.

A) blood sugar; hormone
B) carbon dioxide; oxygen
C) temperature; blood pressure
D) oxygen; carbon dioxide
E) hormone; blood sugar

Question 58

All of the following are possible EXCEPT

A) a voluntary decrease in the rate of breathing.
B) inhibition of the respiratory centers in the brain.
C) a voluntary increase in the rate of breathing.
D) an involuntary increase in the rate of breathing.
E) voluntarily holding oneʹs breath until death occurs.

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT part of the conducting portion of the human respiratory system?

A) Pharynx
B) Bronchi
C) Larynx
D) Trachea
E) Alveoli

Question 60

Hemoglobin is a respiratory protein. Its function is to

A) remove toxins from plasma.
B) provide structural integrity to red blood cells.
C) attract lymphocytes to damaged tissues.
D) increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.
E) assist in blood clotting.

Question 61

How can a sponge deliver oxygen to every cell of its body without a respiratory system?

Question 62

What three features are common to all respiratory systems?)

Question 63

In humans, the respiratory rate is primarily regulated by levels of_________ in the blood, which is detected by nerve cells in the respiratory center.

Question 64

During gas exchange in the lungs, _________diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream capillaries, and _________diffuses from the bloodstream capillaries into the alveoli.

Question 65

What happens during countercurrent exchange in fishes?

A) Oxygen enters the blood by active transport, and carbon dioxide exits the blood by diffusion.
B) Gas exchange occurs as blood and water move in the same direction across a respiratory surface.
C) Oxygen and carbon dioxide move in opposite directions across the respiratory surface by facilitated diffusion.
D) Oxygen enters the blood by diffusion, and carbon dioxide exits the blood by active transport.
E) Gas exchange occurs as blood and water move in opposite directions across a respiratory surface.

Question 66

Some fishes can extract 80% of the oxygen from water flowing through their gills through countercurrent exchange.

Question 67

How are cellular respiration and organismal respiration related?

Question 68

When a cell is active, the levels of carbon dioxide are_________ inside the cell than outside the cell, causing the gas to diffuse out of the cell.

Question 69

For smokers who quit smoking, when does healing begin?

A) After a year
B) After 6 months
C) Almost immediately
D) After 5 years

Question 70

What structures make up the large surface area for gas exchange in fishes?

Question 71

When a bumblebee lands on a flower, it pumps its abdomen up and down to move oxygen into its system of tracheae through the round openings called_________ on its abdomen.

Question 72

All flatworms use their skin as a respiratory organ.

Question 73

Smokerʹs cough is the result of

A) dehydration of respiratory passages.
B) an accumulation of mucus.
C) emphysema.
D) nicotine exposure.
E) carbon monoxide irritation in the throat.

Question 74

The cells of cnidarians use relatively little energy, so their demand for oxygen is quite low. They deliver oxygen to their internal cells by pumping water into and out of a central chamber called the_________ .

Question 75

Most carbon dioxide is transported in red blood cells bound to hemoglobin.

Question 76

Fish gills consist of a series of

A) parabronchi.
B) spiracles.
C) opercula.
D) filaments.
E) interconnected bronchioles.

Question 77

The surface area of all respiratory systems must be large compared with the size of the animal involved because diffusion is a relatively slow process.

Question 78

Gills are respiratory structures found in fish, nudibranch mollusks, and some amphibians.

Question 79

Vertebrate lungs probably evolved from simple outpocketings of the digestive tract of a freshwater fish.

Question 80

Which of the following is a consequence of breathing secondhand smoke?

A) Nonsmoking spouses of smokers have a 30% lower risk of heart attack.
B) Smokers are more likely to have increased lung capacity.
C) Nonsmoking children of smokers are less likely to develop atherosclerosis.
D) Nonsmoking children of smokers are more likely to contract pneumonia.